Certified Food Safety Management Systems Assessed through the Lenses of Food Safety Culture and Locus of Control: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Case Studies
2.2. FS-Culture and Locus of Control Questionnaires
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Shared FS-Culture, Risk Perception, and Optimistic Bias
3.2. Individual Level of FS-Culture
3.2.1. Age
3.2.2. Seniority in the Food Company
3.2.3. Locus of Control
4. Practical Implications, Limitations, and Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Company A | Company B | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Leadership 1 | 4.1 ± 1.1 | 3 proactive | 3.5 ± 1.3 | 2 active |
Communication 1 | 3.9 ± 1.2 | 2 active | 3.6 ± 1.3 | 2 active |
Knowledge 2 | 6.7 | 2 active | 6 | 2 active |
Commitment 1 | 3.5 ± 1.4 | 2 active | 3.3 ± 1.6 | 2 active |
Risk perception 3 | −1.4 ± 1.8 | 1 reactive | −1.2 ± 2.1 | 1 reactive |
Work pressure and normative beliefs 1 | 4.1 ± 1.3 | 3 proactive | 4.0 ± 1.4 | 2 active |
Work environment 1 | 4.6 ± 0.8 | 3 proactive | 3.8 ± 1.3 | 2 active |
Management system 1 | 3.4 ± 1.4 | 2 active | 3.2 ± 1.4 | 2 active |
Company A | Company B | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Risk-related questions 1,2 | ||||
- If a consumer eats contaminated food, what is the risk of a foodborne disease being severe or lethal to him/her? (question R 4) | 0.1 ± 1.5 | 0.38 ± 2.1 | ||
- What is the consumer’s likelihood of presenting abdominal pain and/or vomiting (foodborne disease) after eating a meal prepared by … | ||||
- … you (question R 2) | −2.2 ± 1.4 | −2.1 ± 1.6 | ||
- … a food handler similar to you (with similar age and who participated in the same amount of training as you), but who works for another establishment (question R 1) | −1.4 ± 1.9 | p = 0.001 (OB 1) | −1.3 ± 2.1 | p = 0.01 (OB 1) |
- … one of your colleagues (food handler who works at the same establishment) (question R 3) | −1.8 ± 1.5 | p = 0.02 (OB 2) | −1.7 ± 1.7 | p = 0.09 (no OB 2) |
Commitment to FS 1,3 | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 4.5 ± 0.9 |
Company A | Company B | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age Groups 1 | Age Groups 1 | |||||
≤30 | 31–40 | >40 | ≤40 | 41–50 | >50 | |
Affective commitment 2,3 | 3.3 A ± 1.1 | 3.6 AB ± 0.9 | 3.8 B ± 1.0 | 2.6 A ± 1.2 | 3.3 AB ± 0.9 | 3.3 B ± 1.3 |
Continuous commitment 2,3 | 2.5 A ± 1.0 | 2.7 A ± 1.2 | 3.2 B ± 1.2 | 2.3 A ± 0.9 | 2.6 A ± 1.2 | 3.3 B ± 1.3 |
Normative commitment 2,3 | 2.7 A ± 1.0 | 2.8 A ± 1.1 | 3.3 B ± 1.0 | 3.2 A ± 1.1 | 3.9 B ± 0.9 | 3.7 AB ± 1.1 |
Leadership 2,3 | 4.1 ± 1.0 | 4.0 ± 0.8 | 4.0 ± 0.9 | 3.1 A ± 1.3 | 3.4 AB ± 1.1 | 3.8 B ± 1.0 |
Communication 2,3 | 4.0 ± 1.1 | 3.9 ± 0.9 | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 3.2 A ± 1.1 | 3.9 B ± 0.9 | 3.7 AB ± 1.1 |
Affective commitment-related questions | ||||||
- I feel like the company’s problems are mine. | 2.7 A ± 1.4 | 3.2 AB ± 1.1 | 3.4 B ± 1.4 | 2.4 ± 1.3 | 2.8 ± 1.3 | 3.0 ± 1.4 |
- This company has great personal meaning for me. | 3.1 A ± 1.5 | 3.6 B ± 1.2 | 3.7 B ± 1.4 | 2.6 A ± 1.3 | 3.4 B ± 1.2 | 3.3 B ± 1.5 |
- This company deserves my loyalty. | 3.7 ± 1.5 | 3.9 ± 1.2 | 4.0 ± 1.6 | 3.0 ± 1.5 | 3.5 ± 1.2 | 3.5 ± 1.6 |
- Working at this company is both a need and a wish. | 3.5 ± 1.6 | 3.6 ± 1.2 | 3.9 ± 1.2 | 2.7 ± 1.4 | 3.3 ± 1.5 | 3.3 ± 1.3 |
- I would be pleased to dedicate the rest of my career to this company. | 3.2 ± 1.5 | 3.4 ± 1.2 | 3.8 ± 1.6 | 2.5 A ± 1.4 | 3.3 AB ± 1.4 | 3.4 B ± 1.6 |
Normative commitment-related questions | ||||||
- I would not quit my job right now because I have a moral obligation to the staff around. | 2.3 ± 1.2 | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 2. 2 ± 1.2 | 2.0 ± 1.2 | 2.4 ± 1.4 |
- I would feel guilty if I quit my job right now. | 2.7 ± 1.4 | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 3.1 ± 1.5 | 2.3 ± 1.4 | 2.3 ± 1.6 | 2.6 ± 1.7 |
- Even if it was an advantage for me, I feel like it is not correct to quit my job now. | 2.1 A ± 1.3 | 2.6 B ± 1.7 | 3.0 B ± 1.3 | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 2.0 ± 1.3 | 2.5 ± 1.6 |
Continuous commitment-realated questions | ||||||
- If I decide to quit my job now, my life would be really disrupted. | 2.5 A ± 1.3 | 2.8 AB ± 1.3 | 3.3 B ± 1.3 | 2.5 ± 1.3 | 2.2 ± 1.1 | 2.7 ± 1.6 |
- I think I would have a few options if I quit my job now. | 2.1 A ± 1.2 | 2.5 A ± 1.3 | 3.2 B ± 1.3 | 2.0 A ± 1.3 | 2.4 A ± 1.6 | 3.7 B ± 1.4 |
- Even if I wanted to, it would be really hard for me to quit my job now. | 2.8 ± 1.3 | 3.0 ± 1.4 | 3.0 ± 1.3 | 2.3 A ± 1.30 | 3.1 AB ± 1.6 | 3.7 B ± 1.6 |
Company A | Company B | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Slope | R | Slope | R | |
Sum of normative beliefs scores | 0.71 ± 0.14 | 0.38 ** | 0.65 ± 0.15 | 0.42 ** |
Normative beliefs related questions 1 | ||||
- My boss thinks that I need to follow good practices for food handling in all my tasks. | 0.55 ± 0.13 | 0.35 ** | 0.68 ± 0.16 | 0.44 ** |
- My work partners think that I need to follow the hygiene norms in all my tasks. | 0.35 ± 0.11 | 0.25 ** | 0.37 ± 0.13 | 0.31 * |
- The health surveillance authorities think that I need to follow the hygiene norms in all my tasks. | 0.65 ± 0.12 | 0.14 ** | 0.57 ± 0.14 | 0.42 ** |
- The clients of this establishment think that I need to follow the hygiene norms in all my tasks. | 0.70 ± 0.14 | 0.38 ** | 0.49 ± 0.15 | 0.35 * |
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Forte, G.; Tornielli, S.; Parini, D.; Lavelli, V. Certified Food Safety Management Systems Assessed through the Lenses of Food Safety Culture and Locus of Control: A Pilot Study. Foods 2024, 13, 2759. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172759
Forte G, Tornielli S, Parini D, Lavelli V. Certified Food Safety Management Systems Assessed through the Lenses of Food Safety Culture and Locus of Control: A Pilot Study. Foods. 2024; 13(17):2759. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172759
Chicago/Turabian StyleForte, Giada, Simona Tornielli, Daniela Parini, and Vera Lavelli. 2024. "Certified Food Safety Management Systems Assessed through the Lenses of Food Safety Culture and Locus of Control: A Pilot Study" Foods 13, no. 17: 2759. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172759