Bioactive Polysaccharides from Gracilaria lemaneiformis: Preparation, Structures, and Therapeutic Insights
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Extraction of GLPs
2.1. Traditional Extraction Method
2.2. Microwave-Assisted Extraction Method
2.3. Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Method
2.4. Enzymatic-Assisted Extraction Method
2.5. Other Extraction Techniques
3. Purification of GLPs
4. Structural Characterization of GLPs
4.1. Monosaccharide Composition
4.2. Molecular Weight
4.3. Glycosidic Linkages
5. Biological Activities of GLPs
5.1. Antioxidant Activities
5.2. Immuno-Modulatory Activity
5.3. Anti-Tumor Activity
5.4. Intestinal Health and Gut Microbiota
Bioactivities | Mechanism | Ref. |
---|---|---|
Antioxidant | Radical (hydroxyl, DPPH, and ABTS) scavenging capacity, regulation of antioxidant enzyme levels (MDA, SOD) in HK-2 cells, and decreases ROS levels. | [146] |
Antioxidant | Radical (ABTS, hydroxyl, and nitrite) scavenging capacity. | [22] |
Antioxidant | Decreases senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity and suppression of p21 and p53 gene expression. | [72] |
Antitumor | Inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in vitro through the apoptosis-related Fas/FasL signaling pathway. | [62] |
Antitumor | Inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in vitro, enhancement of NK cell activity, and increases levels of serum cytokines in vivo. | [106] |
Hypoglycemic | Regulation of blood sugar levels. Increases in SOD, GSH-Px, and total antioxidant capacity. | [73] |
Hypoglycemic | Inhibition of α-glucosidase activity. | [147] |
Intestinal health | Modulation of gut microbiota and increases short-chain fatty acids. | [142] |
Intestinal health | Modulates gut microbiota, increases short-chain fatty acids, and enhances the expression of tight junction proteins and MUC-2. | [17,139] |
Anti-influenza virus | Inhibits viral replication and decreases viral adsorption ability. | [148] |
Wound healing | Promotes cell proliferation and migration through activation of the PI3K/aPKC signaling pathway. Enhances epithelial layer thickness and collagen deposition in vivo. | [57] |
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wang, M.; Zhu, Z.; Wu, X.; Cheong, K.; Li, X.; Yu, W.; Yao, Y.; Wu, J.; Cao, Z. Bioactive Polysaccharides from Gracilaria lemaneiformis: Preparation, Structures, and Therapeutic Insights. Foods 2024, 13, 2782. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172782
Wang M, Zhu Z, Wu X, Cheong K, Li X, Yu W, Yao Y, Wu J, Cao Z. Bioactive Polysaccharides from Gracilaria lemaneiformis: Preparation, Structures, and Therapeutic Insights. Foods. 2024; 13(17):2782. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172782
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Min, Zhen Zhu, Xiaocheng Wu, Kitleong Cheong, Xiaohua Li, Wanli Yu, Yinlin Yao, Jiang Wu, and Zhanhui Cao. 2024. "Bioactive Polysaccharides from Gracilaria lemaneiformis: Preparation, Structures, and Therapeutic Insights" Foods 13, no. 17: 2782. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172782