Identification of Volatile Organic Compounds and Analysis of Aroma Characteristics in Ten Pear Syrups
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Chemicals
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. HS-SPME Conditions
2.4. GC-MS Analysis
2.5. Data Processing and Statistical Analysis
2.5.1. VOC Content
2.5.2. Odor Activity Values (OAVs)
2.5.3. Multivariate Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Identification and Quantification of VOCs
3.2. Multivariate Statistical Analysis of VOCs
3.2.1. Common and Characteristic VOCs
3.2.2. Cluster Analysis of VOCs
3.2.3. Difference Analysis of VOCs in 10 Pear Syrups
3.3. Key VOCs of 10 Pear Syrups
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
VOCs | Volatile organic compounds |
HS-SPME | Headspace solid-phase microextraction |
GC-MS | Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry |
OPLS-DA | Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis |
OAV | Odor activity value |
DVB/CAR/PDMS | Divinylbenzene, carboxin, and polydimethylsiloxane |
EI | Electron ionization |
PCA | Principal component analysis |
VIP | Variable importance projection |
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No. | Product Name | Brand | List |
---|---|---|---|
LG01 | Laiyang pear syrup | Happy domain | Laiyang pear |
LG02 | Korla pear syrup | Jiangying | Korla pear |
LG03 | Pear syrup | Huilu food | Xuehua pear |
LG04 | Laiyang Cili pear syrup | Jian Pu | Laiyang Cili |
LG05 | Red pear syrup | Wang Jinji | Red pear |
LG06 | Dangshan pear syrup | Longrui Tangji | Dangshan suli |
LG07 | Datao Wuming pear syrup | Yancheng Xifeng Datao Wuming pear Co., Ltd. Jiangsu, China | Datao Wuming pear |
LG08 | Pear syrup | Yafeng | Yali |
LG09 | Nanguoli pear syrup | Zhenglitou | Nanguoli |
LG10 | Pear syrup | Xiaolimei | Ningling suli |
Compounds Name | Content (µg/kg FW) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LG01 | LG02 | LG03 | LG04 | LG05 | LG06 | LG07 | LG08 | LG09 | LG10 | |
Alcohols | ||||||||||
1,3-Butanediol, (S)- | 2.66 ± 0.26 b | - | - | 6.63 ± 0.12 a | - | - | - | - | 1.64 ± 0.18 c | - |
2-Furanmethanol, tetrahydro- | 0.95 ± 0.20 b | - | - | - | 1.51 ± 0.44 b | - | - | - | 1.74 ± 0.03 a | - |
1-Hexanol | 3.42 ± 0.05 bc | 4.16 ± 0.16 a | - | 4.10 ± 0.32 a | 2.30 ± 0.13 d | 3.12 ± 0.40 c | 3.67 ± 0.06 b | 2.99 ± 0.1 c | 4.46 ± 0.34 a | 2.05 ± 0.26 d |
1-Octen-3-ol | - | - | - | - | 2.23 ± 0.47 | - | - | - | - | - |
Benzyl alcohol | 3.02 ± 0.21 a | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.85 ± 0.2 a | - | - |
3-Pentanol | 1.67 ± 0.17 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
1-Nonanol | 3.37 ± 0.76 a | 1.73 ± 0.19 b | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
1-Hexanol, 2-ethyl- | 263.75 ± 2.03 ab | 249.66 ± 5.78 abc | 230.85 ± 17.22 c | 255.67 ± 16.76 abc | 237.55 ± 18.70 bc | 185.71 ± 17.14 d | 272 ± 15.53 a | 250.84 ± 19.02 abc | 258.20 ± 4.16 ab | 269.78 ± 5.23 a |
Linalool | - | - | - | - | 15.54 ± 0.53 | - | - | - | - | - |
1-Octanol, 2,7-dimethyl- | - | - | - | - | 6.68 ± 0.19 | - | - | - | - | - |
α-Terpineol | - | - | 1.66 ± 0.27 bc | - | 5.01 ± 0.24 b | 0.23 ± 0.03 c | 38.88 ± 3.68 a | - | - | - |
10-Undecen-1-ol | - | 18.05 ± 0.71 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Isophytol | - | - | - | - | 0.22 ± 0.04 | - | - | - | - | |
Cyclohexanol, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)- | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.88 ± 0.08 | - | - | - |
Cyclohexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-, (1S,2R,5S)- | - | - | - | 1.49 ± 0.04 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
2-Furanmethanol | 0.95 ± 0.20 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
3-Furanmethanol | - | 4.75 ± 0.29 c | 119.27 ± 21.63 a | 6.80 ± 0.36 c | 3.59 ± 0.34 c | 46.49 ± 10.75 b | 16.98 ± 0.26 c | 11.57 ± 0.65 c | 4.82 ± 0.57 c | 2.89 ± 0.07 c |
2-Furanmethanol, 5-methyl- | - | 0.75 ± 0.02 d | 6.12 ± 0.47 a | 2.17 ± 0.31 b | - | 1.66 ± 0.03 c | - | 0.57 ± 0.05 d | - | 0.96 ± 0.13 d |
(Z)-linalool oxide (furanoid) | 1.71 ± 0.33 c | 2.04 ± 0.30 c | 11.58 ± 1.49 b | - | 18.69 ± 0.36 a | 3.05 ± 0.10 c | - | - | - | - |
2-Octanol, 2,6-dimethyl- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.37 ± 0.38 a | - | - |
Aldehydes | ||||||||||
Butanal | 5.09 ± 0.10 c | 5.26 ± 0.27 c | 7.54 ± 0.61 b | - | 5.73 ± 0.21 c | 8.37 ± 0.53 a | - | - | 7.19 ± 0.17 b | 8.82 ± 0.27 a |
Butanal, 3-methyl- | 2.06 ± 0.11 f | - | 5.09 ± 0.09 c | 12.81 ± 0.31 a | 3.82 ± 0.05 e | 5.49 ± 0.34 c | 9.84 ± 0.36 b | - | 4.49 ± 0.04 d | - |
Butanal, 2-methyl- | 17.07 ± 0.66 f | 62.79 ± 3.61 b | 34.83 ± 3.51 d | 104.29 ± 2.90 a | 22.22 ± 1.33 e | 37.83 ± 2.05 d | 48.99 ± 0.90 c | - | - | 13.68 ± 0.37 f |
Hexanal | - | 7.11 ± 2.31 a | - | - | - | - | 4.53 ± 0.41 a | 5.20 ± 0.85 a | - | 6.05 ± 0.75 a |
Furfural | 57.20 ± 4.88 gh | 67.52 ± 1.93 g | 593.71 ± 44.69 c | 400.19 ± 13.82 e | 650.18 ± 28.70 b | 238.06 ± 18.49 f | 704.49 ± 7.60 a | 658.83 ± 33.00 b | 539.44 ± 23.78 d | 19.58 ± 2.03 h |
Heptanal | 0.36 ± 0.04 bc | 0.41 ± 0.05 b | 0.17 ± 0.00 e | - | 0.28 ± 0.03 cd | - | 0.30 ± 0.05 c | 0.21 ± 0.02 de | 0.31 ± 0.10 c | 0.97 ± 0.01 a |
2-Heptenal, (E)- | - | - | - | - | 1.52 ± 0.30 | - | - | - | - | - |
Octanal | 5.76 ± 0.82 a | 3.10 ± 0.71 b | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.28 ± 0.29 c | 6.84 ± 0.60 a |
Benzeneacetaldehyde | 1.57 ± 0.31 b | 1.85 ± 0.21 b | 0.62 ± 0.04 c | 4.91 ± 1.31 a | 1.96 ± 0.19 b | 1.49 ± 0.23 bc | 1.10 ± 0.16 bc | - | 1.12 ± 0.15 bc | 1.27 ± 0.08 bc |
2-Octenal, (E)- | - | - | - | - | 2.16 ± 0.19 | - | - | - | - | - |
2,5-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2TMS derivative | 6.78 ± 1.22 a | 4.47 ± 1.74 a | - | 0.35 ± 0.14 b | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Decanal | - | - | - | 3.50 ± 0.42 b | - | 4.47 ± 0.94 b | - | - | - | 15.99 ± 0.67 a |
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural | - | - | 22.20 ± 3.50 b | 3.82 ± 0.30 cd | 1.48 ± 0.39 d | 3.58 ± 0.35 cd | 25.17 ± 2.04 a | 4.88 ± 1.04 c | 20.23 ± 1.84 b | 2.77 ± 0.22 cd |
Hexadecanal | - | 0.72 ± 0.10 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Undecanal | 2.93 ± 0.34 a | 0.65 ± 0.17 b | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Dodecanal | 1.85 ± 0.63 a | 0.49 ± 0.10 b | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-methyl- | - | 23.08 ± 1.18 f | 292.07 ± 16.56 b | 86.84 ± 7.19 c | 53.04 ± 5.38 d | 39.55 ± 3.27 e | 432.76 ± 8.13 a | 58.96 ± 5.20 d | 34.72 ± 2.59 ef | - |
5-Acetoxymethyl-2-furaldehyde | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.61 ± 0.07 | - | - | - |
Ketones | ||||||||||
3-Hexanone | - | - | 3.88 ± 0.54 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
2-Hydroxy-gamma-butyrolactone | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 24.92 ± 2.54 |
3-Pentanone | 19.69 ± 0.74 f | 22.81 ± 0.59 e | 17.31 ± 1.10 g | 24.48 ± 0.38 de | 26.34 ± 1.00 d | 26.62 ± 1.94 d | 18.72 ± 0.54 fg | 32.84 ± 1.62 c | 35.88 ± 0.66 b | 40.60 ± 2.64 a |
1,2-Cyclopentanedione, 3-methyl- | - | - | 0.22 ± 0.05 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl- | - | - | 12.35 ± 0.07 a | - | - | 1.35 ± 0.23 b | - | - | - | - |
3-Pentanone, 2-methyl- | 1.39 ± 0.14 d | 4.05 ± 0.36 b | - | - | 3.21 ± 0.22 c | - | - | - | 4.34 ± 0.13 ab | 4.84 ± 0.47 a |
1-Octen-3-one | - | - | - | - | 1.36 ± 0.30 a | - | - | - | - | 0.15 ± 0.01 b |
5-Hepten-2-one, 6-methyl- | 2.40 ± 0.37 ab | 1.68 ± 0.49 c | - | 2.01 ± 0.22 bc | 2.87 ± 0.29 a | 1.15 ± 0.10 d | - | 0.39 ± 0.04 e | - | 2.24 ± 0.20 b |
Ionone | - | - | - | - | 1.63 ± 0.18 | - | - | - | - | - |
3-Decanone | 0.29 ± 0.01 c | - | - | 0.36 ± 0.02 b | - | 0.53 ± 0.03 a | - | - | - | - |
Octan-2-one, 3,6-dimethyl- | 0.49 ± 0.19 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
2-Buten-1-one, 1-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadien-1-yl)-, (E)- | 1.42 ± 0.19 c | 1.39 ± 0.07 c | 0.27 ± 0.04 d | - | 2.35 ± 0.10 b | 2.87 ± 0.12 a | - | - | - | 0.19 ± 0.01 d |
4-Hydroxy-3-methylacetophenone | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.87 ± 0.06 | - | - | - |
3(2H)-Furanone, dihydro-2-methyl- | - | 5.60 ± 1.44 c | 11.73 ± 1.05 b | 1.39 ± 0.17 d | - | 1.76 ± 0.25 d | 13.81 ± 0.39 a | 4.38 ± 0.34 c | 1.66 ± 0.09 d | - |
2(5H)-Furanone, 5-methyl- | - | - | 3.35 ± 0.27 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
1-Propanone, 1-(2-furanyl)- | - | - | 32.06 ± 1.64 a | - | - | - | - | - | 2.07 ± 0.11 b | - |
Furyl hydroxymethyl ketone | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5.19 ± 0.52 | - |
trans-Furfurylideneacetone | - | - | 0.73 ± 0.19 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
2-Dodecanone | 0.26 ± 0.11 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
4-Hydroxy-2-butanone | - | - | 0.98 ± 0.09 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Esters | ||||||||||
Acetic acid, methyl ester | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.75 ± 0.04 | - | - | - |
n-Propyl acetate | - | 7.02 ± 0.37 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Butanoic acid, methyl ester | 8.87 ± 0.29 g | 18.87 ± 0.06 b | 14.98 ± 1.20 d | 16.51 ± 0.41 c | 19.45 ± 0.61 b | 10.19 ± 0.42 f | 8.12 ± 0.31 g | 13.56 ± 0.48 e | 25.32 ± 0.11 a | 24.96 ± 0.98 a |
2-Furanmethanol, acetate | - | - | 7.40 ± 0.51 b | - | - | - | 16.04 ± 0.39 a | - | - | - |
Butanoic acid, 2-methyl-, methyl ester | 16.90 ± 0.69 f | 20.80 ± 0.05 cd | 17.71 ± 1.20 ef | 19.46 ± 0.32 d | 23.08 ± 0.55 b | 21.97 ± 0.94 bc | 19.21 ± 0.48 de | 26.47 ± 0.91 a | 26.22 ± 2.01 a | 27.56 ± 0.41 a |
Butanoic acid, 2-methyl-, ethyl ester | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.96 ± 0.14 |
Butanoic acid, ethyl ester | 4.40 ± 0.92 a | 0.27 ± 0.04 c | - | 2.54 ± 0.06 b | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Acetic acid, butyl ester | 8.88 ± 0.74 a | - | - | 3.39 ± 0.42 b | - | - | - | 2.92 ± 0.37 b | 3.50 ± 0.18 b | - |
3-Mercaptohexyl hexanoate | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.85 ± 0.08 | - | - | - |
Acetic acid, pentyl ester | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.05 ± 0.12 |
Butanoic acid, butyl ester | 0.56 ± 0.10 c | 0.54 ± 0.10 c | - | 0.48 ± 0.05 c | - | 0.90 ± 0.05 b | - | - | 0.66 ± 0.04 bc | 2.70 ± 0.38 a |
Hexanoic acid, ethyl ester | 2.38 ± 0.40 b | 2.23 ± 0.25 bc | 0.55 ± 0.20 f | 1.81 ± 0.11 bcd | 0.73 ± 0.10 f | 1.09 ± 0.03 ef | 0.41 ± 0.10 f | 1.50 ± 0.11 de | 1.64 ± 0.28 cde | 6.35 ± 1.07 a |
Acetic acid, hexyl ester | 6.53 ± 0.79 b | 6.42 ± 0.36 b | 1.46 ± 0.25 ef | 3.68 ± 0.46 c | 0.86 ± 0.10 f | 2.74 ± 0.21 d | - | 2.70 ± 0.30 d | 2.01 ± 0.14 de | 8.81 ± 0.59 a |
Hexanoic acid, propyl ester | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.25 ± 0.02 |
Methyl 2-furoate | - | - | - | - | 4.45 ± 1.19 ab | - | 3.89 ± 0.01 b | 0.70 ± 0.07 c | 5.15 ± 0.26 a | - |
8-Nonenoic acid, ethyl ester | - | - | - | - | - | 2.22 ± 0.08 | - | - | - | - |
Heptanoic acid, ethyl ester | 1.74 ± 0.20 a | 1.49 ± 0.14 b | - | 1.44 ± 0.04 b | - | - | - | 1.33 ± 0.14 b | 0.72 ± 0.06 c | 0.82 ± 0.09 c |
Propanoic acid, hexyl ester | 0.68 ± 0.04 c | 2.28 ± 0.20 a | 2.09 ± 0.61 a | 1.92 ± 0.48 ab | 0.45 ± 0.04 c | 1.51 ± 0.20 b | - | 1.45 ± 0.45 b | 0.26 ± 0.05 c | 0.61 ± 0.08 c |
Hexanoic acid, butyl ester | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.91 ± 0.13 b | 5.36 ± 0.71 a |
Butanoic acid, 2-methyl-, hexyl ester | 1.59 ± 0.30 a | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.54 ± 0.21 a |
Hexanoic acid, hexyl ester | 0.81 ± 0.17 a | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.17 ± 0.01 b | - |
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester | 0.13 ± 0.02 b | - | 0.23 ± 0.05 a | - | 0.29 ± 0.06 a | - | - | - | - | - |
Aromatic hydrocarbons | ||||||||||
p-Cymene | - | - | - | - | 0.66 ± 0.04 a | - | - | - | - | - |
Benzene, pentamethyl- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.38 ± 0.09 |
Toluene | 1.98 ± 0.18 abc | 2.30 ± 0.03 a | 1.77 ± 0.31 cd | 2.32 ± 0.36 a | 1.38 ± 0.15 d | - | - | 1.66 ± 0.21 cd | 2.20 ± 0.27 ab | 1.86 ± 0.07 bc |
Ethylbenzene | 1.26 ± 0.26 b | 2.15 ± 0.15 a | - | 0.43 ± 0.01 cd | 0.48 ± 0.12 c | - | 0.22 ± 0.04 d | 0.49 ± 0.08 c | 0.42 ± 0.11 cd | 1.97 ± 0.09 a |
p-Xylene | - | - | - | 1.90 ± 0.59 b | - | - | - | - | - | 3.24 ± 0.06 a |
Benzene, 1,3-dimethyl- | - | 4.49 ± 0.18 b | - | - | - | - | - | 5.58 ± 0.58 a | 5.64 ± 0.19 a | - |
o-Xylene | 5.76 ± 1.34 b | 2.69 ± 0.03 c | 3.04 ± 0.25 c | 3.35 ± 0.03 c | 2.99 ± 0.27 c | 5.15 ± 0.22 b | 3.02 ± 0.17 c | 2.91 ± 0.05 c | 2.70 ± 0.10 c | 7.38 ± 1.29 a |
Naphthalene, 1-methyl- | - | - | - | - | 0.75 ± 0.09 b | - | - | - | - | 2.44 ± 0.41 a |
Naphthalene, 1,2-dihydro-1,1,6-trimethyl- | - | - | - | - | - | 0.33 ± 0.03 | - | - | - | - |
Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,1,6-trimethyl- | - | - | - | - | 1.39 ± 0.24 b | - | - | - | - | 6.35 ± 0.27 a |
Naphthalene | - | - | - | 0.56 ± 0.02 d | 2.53 ± 0.08 b | - | - | 0.59 ± 0.07 d | 1.03 ± 0.07 c | 4.48 ± 0.27 a |
Naphthalene, 2-methyl- | - | - | - | - | 0.73 ± 0.02 | - | - | - | - | - |
2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)- | 2.23 ± 0.13 a | 0.72 ± 0.09 e | 1.15 ± 0.40 d | 1.25 ± 0.29 cd | 0.47 ± 0.06 e | 1.62 ± 0.20 b | - | 1.48 ± 0.11 bcd | 1.57 ± 0.13 bc | 0.70 ± 0.01 e |
Butylated Hydroxytoluene | 0.56 ± 0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol | 1.55 ± 0.23 | - | - | - | - | 1.04 ± 0.10 | - | - | - | 1.02 ± 0.07 |
Anethole | 1.84 ± 0.21 b | 2.47 ± 0.36 a | - | 0.97 ± 0.19 c | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Alkanes | ||||||||||
Decane, 2-methyl- | 1.70 ± 0.35 bc | 4.14 ± 0.03 a | - | - | 0.96 ± 0.10 d | 1.90 ± 0.49 b | 1.51 ± 0.14 bcd | 1.12 ± 0.15 cd | 1.64 ± 0.54 bcd | 4.28 ± 0.67 a |
Heptane, 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethyl- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.89 ± 0.07 | - |
Undecane | 212.41 ± 27.62 b | 111.95 ± 20.30 d | 127.75 ± 20.54 d | 116.37 ± 15.09 d | 141.05 ± 27.57 cd | 225.05 ± 15.84 b | 183.83 ± 16.44 bc | 157.77 ± 9.59 cd | 179.56 ± 20.57 bcd | 290.22 ± 61.43 a |
Dodecane | - | - | - | - | 1.41 ± 0.16 b | 1.61 ± 0.17 b | 2.10 ± 0.18 b | - | 1.99 ± 0.50 b | 12.76 ± 0.96 a |
Tridecane | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.72 ± 0.51 |
Pentadecane | - | - | - | 0.27 ± 0.04 b | - | - | - | 0.47 ± 0.02 a | - | - |
Hexadecane | 0.34 ± 0.06 c | 0.45 ± 0.06 bc | 1.19 ± 0.17 a | 0.55 ± 0.12 b | 0.54 ± 0.13 b | - | - | 0.47 ± 0.05 bc | 0.46 ± 0.02 bc | - |
Sulfur-containing compounds | ||||||||||
Dimethyl sulfide | - | - | - | - | 3.65 ± 0.29 | - | - | - | - | - |
Methional | - | - | - | 0.84 ± 0.11 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Disulfide, dimethyl | - | - | - | 4.46 ± 0.25 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Furans | ||||||||||
Furan, 2,5-dimethyl- | - | - | 8.92 ± 1.10 a | - | - | - | 8.33 ± 0.19 a | - | 2.86 ± 0.33 b | - |
Furan, 2-(methoxymethyl)- | - | - | 2.92 ± 0.46 b | - | - | - | 3.53 ± 0.08 a | - | 2.43 ± 0.18 b | - |
Ethanone, 1-(2-furanyl)- | 1.71 ± 0.33 e | 2.46 ± 0.16 e | 214.34 ± 14.24 a | 25.12 ± 1.04 d | 52.99 ± 2.64 c | 27.19 ± 2.89 d | 153.88 ± 1.68 b | 46.19 ± 5.09 c | 54.20 ± 3.48 c | 1.26 ± 0.19 e |
Furan, 2-(2-furanylmethyl)-5-methyl- | - | - | 5.94 ± 0.50 a | - | - | 0.50 ± 0.04 b | - | - | - | - |
Terpenes | ||||||||||
2-Carene | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5.24 ± 0.02 | - | - | - |
Cyclohexene, 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethylidene)- | - | - | - | - | 0.76 ± 0.12 | - | - | - | - | - |
D-Limonene | 0.41 ± 0.02 b | - | - | 0.31 ± 0.02 b | 2.37 ± 0.23 b | 0.91 ± 0.05 b | 124.02 ± 5.73 a | 0.36 ± 0.03 b | 0.43 ± 0.09 b | 0.67 ± 0.08 b |
3H-Purin-6-amine, N,N,3-trimethyl- | - | - | - | - | - | 0.36 ± 0.01 | - | - | - | - |
cis-Calamenene | - | 1.57 ± 0.29 a | - | - | - | 1.11 ± 0.23 a | - | - | - | - |
Cedrol | 0.60 ± 0.14 a | - | - | - | - | 0.23 ± 0.01 b | - | - | - | - |
Naphthalene, 1,2,3,5,6,8a-hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-, (1S-cis)- | - | - | - | 1.48 ± 0.26 a | 1.54 ± 0.08 a | - | - | 0.87 ± 0.01 c | 1.41 ± 0.04 ab | 1.18 ± 0.14 b |
Acids | ||||||||||
Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl- | - | - | 7.17 ± 1.29 bc | 1.13 ± 0.20 c | 1.78 ± 0.52 c | 1.63 ± 0.15 c | 144.94 ± 13.51 a | - | 16.01 ± 0.55 b | 0.78 ± 0.11 c |
2-Oxopentanedioic acid | 9.68 ± 0.52 c | 24.44 ± 4.02 b | 236.74 ± 4.84 a | 3.66 ± 0.38 d | ||||||
Acetic acid | - | - | 10.34 ± 0.76 | |||||||
Hexanoic acid | - | - | 0.50 ± 0.05 c | 1.68 ± 0.06 b | - | - | - | - | 2.42 ± 0.45 a | - |
Benzoic acid | - | - | 0.50 ± 0.04 b | - | - | - | 3.18 ± 0.23 a | - | - | - |
Octanoic acid | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.22 ± 0.33 a | 0.34 ± 0.04 b | - | - |
Nonanoic acid | 0.47 ± 0.01 a | 0.42 ± 0.00 a | ||||||||
Others | ||||||||||
Hexane, 1-methoxy- | 0.84 ± 0.12 b | 1.15 ± 0.09 b | - | 0.87 ± 0.06 b | 0.94 ± 0.05 b | - | - | - | - | 2.86 ± 0.57 a |
Ethanone, 1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)- | - | 6.97 ± 1.19 c | - | 16.88 ± 0.40 b | - | 7.83 ± 0.54 c | 58.55 ± 2.28 a | 1.67 ± 0.34 d | - | - |
Pyrazine, 2,6-dimethyl- | 1.29 ± 0.08 b | - | 56.05 ± 8.56 a | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
No. | Characteristic VOCs |
---|---|
LG01 | 3-Pentanol, 2-Furanmethanol, Octan-2-one, 3,6-dimethyl-, 2-Dodecanone, Butylated Hydroxytoluene |
LG02 | 10-Undecen-1-ol, Hexadecanal, n-Propyl acetate |
LG03 | 3-Hexanone, 1,2-Cyclopentanedione,3-methyl-, 2(5H)-Furanone,5-methyl-, trans-Furfurylideneacetone, 4-Hydroxy-2-butanone, Acetic acid |
LG04 | Cyclohexanol,5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-,(1S,2R,5S)-, Methional, Disulfide, dimethyl |
LG05 | 1-Octen-3-ol, Linalool, 1-Octanol,2,7-dimethyl-, 2-Heptenal,(E)-, 2-Octenal,(E)-, Ionone, p-Cymene, Naphthalene,2-methyl-, Dimethyl sulfide, Cyclohexene, 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethylidene)- |
LG06 | Isophytol, 8-Nonenoic acid, ethyl ester, Naphthalene, 1,2-dihydro-1,1,6-trimethyl-, 3H-Purin-6-amine, N,N,3-trimethyl- |
LG07 | Cyclohexanol, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)-, 5-Acetoxymethyl-2-furaldehyde, 4-Hydroxy-3-methylacetophenone, Acetic acid,methyl ester, 3-Mercaptohexyl hexanoate, 2-Carene |
LG08 | 2-Octanol,2,6-dimethyl- |
LG09 | Furyl hydroxymethyl ketone, Heptane, 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethyl- |
LG10 | 2-Hydroxy-gamma-butyrolactone, Butanoic acid,2-methyl-,methyl ester, Acetic acid, pentyl ester, Hexanoic acid, propyl ester, Benzene, pentamethyl-, Tridecane |
Compound | Aroma Character | Oder Threshold/(μg/kg) [28,29,31,32,33,43,44,45,46,47,48] | OAV Value | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benzyl alcohol | Sweet, fruity aromas [31,33,35,46] | 3.00 | LG01 | LG02 | LG03 | LG04 | LG05 | LG06 | LG07 | LG08 | LG09 | LG10 |
Butanal | Essence aroma [47] | 0.67 | 1.01 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.95 | - | - |
Butanal, 3-methyl- | Apple and peach aromas [46,48] | 0.10 | 7.60 | 7.85 | 11.25 | - | 8.55 | 12.49 | - | - | 10.74 | 13.17 |
Butanal, 2-methyl- | Musty, fermented baking aromas [48] | 1.00 | 20.58 | - | 50.90 | 128.12 | 38.20 | 54.86 | 98.39 | - | 44.87 | - |
Hexanal | Scent of grease, grass, and apple [30,31,33,35,45,46,47,48] | 4.50 | 17.07 | 62.79 | 34.83 | 104.29 | 22.22 | 37.83 | 48.99 | - | - | 13.68 |
Octanal | Fat orange aroma [31,34,35] | 2.50 | - | 1.58 | - | - | - | - | 1.01 | 1.16 | - | 1.34 |
Decanal | Sweet orange, lemon oil, rose, and wax aromas [31,33,34,35,46] | 0.10 | 2.30 | 1.24 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.51 | 2.73 |
2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-methyl- | Caramel aroma [45] | 0.50 | - | - | - | 34.96 | - | 44.72 | - | - | - | 159.95 |
1-Octen-3-one | Earth, mushroom, and metallic aromas [35] | 0.01 | - | 46.16 | 584.13 | 173.67 | 106.09 | 79.11 | 865.51 | 117.93 | 69.44 | - |
Butanoic acid, methyl ester | Apple and cheese aromas [46] | 7.10 | - | - | - | - | 272.31 | - | - | - | - | 29.25 |
Butanoic acid, 2-methyl-, methyl ester | Fat, apple, and green aromas [49] | 5.00 | 1.25 | 2.66 | 2.11 | 2.33 | 2.74 | 1.43 | 1.14 | 1.91 | 3.57 | 3.52 |
Butanoic acid, ethyl ester | Apple and pineapple aromas [31] | 0.04 | 3.38 | 4.16 | 3.54 | 3.89 | 4.62 | 4.39 | 3.84 | 5.29 | 5.24 | 5.51 |
Hexanoic acid, ethyl ester | Sweet and fruity [31] | 1.00 | 109.97 | 6.70 | - | 63.41 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Anethole | Sweet fennel and licorice [50] | 0.50 | 2.38 | 2.23 | 0.55 | 1.81 | 0.73 | 1.09 | 0.41 | 1.50 | 1.64 | 6.35 |
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Wang, Y.; Tong, W.; Wang, W.; Du, Y.; Jia, X.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, J.; Sun, H. Identification of Volatile Organic Compounds and Analysis of Aroma Characteristics in Ten Pear Syrups. Foods 2024, 13, 3223. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13203223
Wang Y, Tong W, Wang W, Du Y, Jia X, Wang Z, Zhang J, Sun H. Identification of Volatile Organic Compounds and Analysis of Aroma Characteristics in Ten Pear Syrups. Foods. 2024; 13(20):3223. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13203223
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yang, Wei Tong, Wenhui Wang, Yanmin Du, Xiaohui Jia, Zhihua Wang, Jianyi Zhang, and Hailong Sun. 2024. "Identification of Volatile Organic Compounds and Analysis of Aroma Characteristics in Ten Pear Syrups" Foods 13, no. 20: 3223. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13203223