Variations of Major Flavonoids, Nutritional Components, and Antioxidant Activities in Mung Beans (Vigna radiate L.) of Different Seed Weights
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Seed Material Collection, Cultivation, and Preparation
2.3. Extraction and Analysis of Flavonoids Using RP-HPLC–DAD Analysis
2.4. Determination of Total Protein and Total Starch Contents
2.5. Extraction and Analysis of Fatty Acids Using GC–FID
2.6. Determination of Total Saponin and Total Phenol Contents
2.7. Determination of Antioxidant Activities
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Variations of Vitexin and Isovitexin Contents
3.2. Variations of Total Protein and Total Starch Contents
3.3. Variations of Fatty Acid Contents
3.4. Variations of Total Saponin and Total Phenol Contents
3.5. Variations of Antioxidant Activities
3.6. Effect of Seed Weight Difference on the Analyzed Parameters
3.7. Multivariate Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Seed Weight | Vitexin (mg/g dw) | CV | Isovitexin (mg/g dw) | CV | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min. | Max. | Mean | SD | Min. | Max. | Mean | SD | |||
Small | 0.22 | 1.18 | 0.52 a | 0.23 | 45.44 | 0.26 | 1.58 | 0.67 a | 0.26 | 49.89 |
Medium | 0.22 | 0.95 | 0.47 a | 0.22 | 46.39 | 0.29 | 1.50 | 0.68 a | 0.29 | 53.09 |
Large | 0.21 | 1.33 | 0.48 a | 0.27 | 56.04 | 0.27 | 1.67 | 0.61 a | 0.27 | 56.37 |
Total | 0.21 | 1.33 | 0.50 | 0.21 | 48.41 | 0.26 | 1.67 | 0.66 | 0.34 | 51.95 |
Parameter | Values | Seed Weight | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Small | Medium | Large | |||
Total protein (g/100 g) | Min. | 22.71 | 24.73 | 22.01 | 22.01 |
Max. | 28.96 | 27.58 | 28.55 | 28.96 | |
Mean | 25.73 a | 25.90 a | 25.51 a | 25.69 | |
SD | 1.23 | 0.83 | 1.37 | 1.24 | |
CV | 4.78 | 3.21 | 5.37 | 4.82 | |
Total starch (g/100 g) | Min. | 32.62 | 36.84 | 39.45 | 32.62 |
Max. | 49.03 | 44.43 | 46.93 | 49.03 | |
Mean | 40.41 b | 40.17 b | 42.22 a | 40.85 | |
SD | 3.27 | 2.02 | 2.06 | 3.00 | |
CV | 8.09 | 5.03 | 4.87 | 7.34 | |
Palmitic acid (g/100 g) | Min. | 27.71 | 28.16 | 28.45 | 27.71 |
Max. | 31.94 | 30.57 | 31.59 | 31.94 | |
Mean | 30.13 a | 29.67 b | 29.67 b | 29.96 | |
SD | 0.67 | 0.73 | 0.77 | 0.74 | |
CV | 2.22 | 2.48 | 2.60 | 2.46 | |
Stearic acid (g/100 g) | Min. | 1.84 | 2.43 | 1.62 | 1.62 |
Max. | 7.01 | 7.12 | 8.61 | 8.61 | |
Mean | 4.05 a | 4.72 a | 4.64 a | 4.27 | |
SD | 1.26 | 1.68 | 2.08 | 1.59 | |
CV | 31.20 | 35.65 | 44.91 | 37.13 | |
Oleic acid (g/100 g) | Min. | 1.62 | 1.76 | 1.62 | 1.62 |
Max. | 3.15 | 2.93 | 3.10 | 3.15 | |
Mean | 2.36 a | 2.19 a | 2.21 a | 2.30 | |
SD | 0.35 | 0.30 | 0.37 | 0.36 | |
CV | 14.65 | 13.56 | 16.79 | 15.46 | |
Linoleic acid (g/100 g) | Min. | 37.96 | 44.76 | 39.52 | 37.96 |
Max. | 50.67 | 50.21 | 50.71 | 50.71 | |
Mean | 45.92 b | 47.26 a | 47.11 a | 46.36 | |
SD | 2.39 | 1.49 | 2.10 | 2.32 | |
CV | 5.20 | 3.15 | 4.46 | 5.00 | |
Linolenic acid (g/100 g) | Min. | 13.78 | 14.24 | 14.12 | 13.78 |
Max. | 24.89 | 19.83 | 22.55 | 24.89 | |
Mean | 17.54 a | 16.16 b | 16.38 b | 17.10 | |
SD | 2.08 | 1.33 | 1.81 | 2.04 | |
CV | 11.87 | 8.22 | 11.03 | 11.91 | |
TSFA (g/100 g) | Min. | 31.47 | 31.73 | 32.46 | 31.47 |
Max. | 37.68 | 36.56 | 36.63 | 37.68 | |
Mean | 34.23 a | 34.18 a | 34.39 a | 34.30 | |
SD | 1.35 | 1.18 | 1.37 | 1.69 | |
CV | 3.95 | 3.46 | 4.00 | 4.00 | |
TUFA (g/100 g) | Min. | 62.32 | 63.44 | 63.37 | 62.32 |
Max. | 68.53 | 68.27 | 67.54 | 68.53 | |
Mean | 65.77 a | 65.82 a | 65.61 a | 65.77 | |
SD | 1.35 | 1.18 | 1.37 | 1.35 | |
CV | 2.06 | 1.80 | 2.10 | 2.57 | |
ω-6:ω-3 ratio | Min. | 1.53 | 2.26 | 1.75 | 1.53 |
Max. | 3.51 | 3.43 | 3.41 | 3.51 | |
Mean | 2.66 b | 2.95 a | 2.92 a | 2.76 | |
SD | 0.39 | 0.27 | 0.37 | 0.39 | |
CV | 14.65 | 9.31 | 12.61 | 14.32 |
Parameter | Values | Seed Weight | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Small | Medium | Large | |||
TSC (mg DE/g) | Min. | 1.52 | 2.73 | 1.35 | 1.35 |
Max. | 34.56 | 9.51 | 9.47 | 34.56 | |
Mean | 8.06 a | 6.43 ab | 6.02 b | 7.37 | |
SD | 4.95 | 2.41 | 1.86 | 4.25 | |
CV | 61.41 | 37.54 | 30.97 | 57.64 | |
TPC (mg GAE/100 g) | Min. | 1.66 | 1.96 | 2.14 | 1.66 |
Max. | 4.09 | 2.97 | 3.28 | 4.09 | |
Mean | 2.80 a | 2.60 a | 2.64 a | 2.74 | |
SD | 0.45 | 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.41 | |
CV | 16.13 | 10.93 | 12.04 | 15.12 | |
DPPH (mg AAE/100 g) | Min. | 18.15 | 26.25 | 12.57 | 12.57 |
Max. | 110.21 | 49.49 | 52.63 | 110.21 | |
Mean | 38.44 a | 37.27 ab | 32.01 b | 36.66 | |
SD | 13.67 | 7.36 | 9.67 | 12.52 | |
CV | 35.56 | 19.74 | 30.22 | 34.15 | |
ABTS (mg TE/100 g) | Min. | 124.07 | 196.12 | 81.96 | 81.96 |
Max. | 446.38 | 306.49 | 296.02 | 446.38 | |
Mean | 233.55 a | 234.14 a | 211.46 a | 227.93 | |
SD | 54.10 | 33.47 | 45.91 | 51.23 | |
CV | 23.16 | 14.29 | 21.71 | 22.47 | |
FRAP (mg AAE/100 g) | Min. | 23.23 | 24.18 | 18.45 | 18.45 |
Max. | 182.14 | 67.84 | 58.68 | 182.14 | |
Mean | 47.47 a | 39.21 ab | 33.08 b | 42.92 | |
SD | 21.99 | 12.75 | 11.42 | 19.98 | |
CV | 46.32 | 32.52 | 34.51 | 46.55 |
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Desta, K.T.; Choi, Y.-M.; Yi, J.; Shin, M.-J.; Jeon, Y.-a.; Yoon, H. Variations of Major Flavonoids, Nutritional Components, and Antioxidant Activities in Mung Beans (Vigna radiate L.) of Different Seed Weights. Foods 2024, 13, 3387. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13213387
Desta KT, Choi Y-M, Yi J, Shin M-J, Jeon Y-a, Yoon H. Variations of Major Flavonoids, Nutritional Components, and Antioxidant Activities in Mung Beans (Vigna radiate L.) of Different Seed Weights. Foods. 2024; 13(21):3387. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13213387
Chicago/Turabian StyleDesta, Kebede Taye, Yu-Mi Choi, Jungyoon Yi, Myoung-Jae Shin, Young-ah Jeon, and Hyemyeong Yoon. 2024. "Variations of Major Flavonoids, Nutritional Components, and Antioxidant Activities in Mung Beans (Vigna radiate L.) of Different Seed Weights" Foods 13, no. 21: 3387. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13213387