Dynamic Viscoelastic Behavior of Maize Kernel: Application of Frequency–Temperature Superposition
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Drying
2.2.1. Combined Hot Air- and Vacuum-Drying (HAVD)
2.2.2. Natural Drying (ND)
2.3. Sample Preparation
2.4. Frequency Dependency
2.5. Frequency–Temperature Superposition
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Frequency Dependency
3.2. Frequency–Temperature Superposition
3.3. Modified Cole–Cole Plot
3.4. Wider Frequency Range
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Drying Treatment | Sample Size (Thickness × D *) | T (°C) | E′ = K′·fn′ | E″ = K″·fn” | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n′ | K′ (MPa·sn) | R2 | n″ | K″ (MPa·sn) | R2 | |||
ND | 3.848 mm × 8.789 mm | 30 | 0.064 | 72.476 | 0.979 | 0.148 | 10.709 | 0.927 |
3.848 mm × 8.789 mm | 35 | 0.083 | 60.005 | 0.982 | 0.152 | 8.422 | 0.926 | |
3.848 mm × 8.789 mm | 40 | 0.103 | 51.683 | 0.977 | 0.146 | 8.389 | 0.917 | |
3.848 mm × 8.789 mm | 45 | 0.121 | 42.506 | 0.984 | 0.174 | 6.609 | 0.917 | |
HAVD 35 °C | 4.073 mm × 8.755 mm | 30 | 0.049 | 31.068 | 0.969 | 0.115 | 2.330 | 0.916 |
4.073 mm × 8.755 mm | 35 | 0.056 | 28.296 | 0.976 | 0.098 | 2.318 | 0.901 | |
4.073 mm × 8.755 mm | 40 | 0.065 | 25.627 | 0.980 | 0.084 | 2.304 | 0.891 | |
4.073 mm × 8.755 mm | 45 | 0.066 | 21.432 | 0.964 | 0.101 | 1.831 | 0.874 | |
HAVD 45 °C | 4.388 mm × 9.144 mm | 30 | 0.035 | 16.331 | 0.994 | 0.069 | 1.147 | 0.905 |
4.388 mm × 9.144 mm | 35 | 0.030 | 15.901 | 0.996 | 0.052 | 1.177 | 0.874 | |
4.388 mm × 9.144 mm | 40 | 0.051 | 13.598 | 0.992 | 0.038 | 1.186 | 0.769 | |
4.388 mm × 9.144 mm | 45 | 0.045 | 13.036 | 0.996 | 0.052 | 1.103 | 0.843 | |
HAVD 55 °C | 4.588 mm × 9.313 mm | 30 | 0.056 | 48.636 | 0.980 | 0.132 | 4.504 | 0.951 |
4.588 mm × 9.313 mm | 35 | 0.055 | 42.159 | 0.984 | 0.092 | 4.382 | 0.924 | |
4.588 mm × 9.313 mm | 40 | 0.063 | 39.313 | 0.977 | 0.080 | 4.700 | 0.915 | |
4.588 mm × 9.313 mm | 45 | 0.071 | 34.325 | 0.972 | 0.090 | 4.100 | 0.886 | |
HAVD 65 °C | 4.647 mm × 9.117 mm | 30 | 0.030 | 39.577 | 0.990 | 0.070 | 2.195 | 0.956 |
4.647 mm × 9.117 mm | 35 | 0.043 | 35.440 | 0.981 | 0.072 | 1.934 | 0.890 | |
4.647 mm × 9.117 mm | 40 | 0.045 | 33.877 | 0.985 | 0.046 | 2.131 | 0.832 | |
4.647 mm × 9.117 mm | 45 | 0.070 | 28.119 | 0.963 | 0.066 | 1.952 | 0.876 | |
HAVD 75 °C | 3.979 mm × 8.845 mm | 30 | 0.042 | 23.725 | 0.976 | 0.078 | 1.549 | 0.940 |
3.979 mm × 8.845 mm | 35 | 0.045 | 21.469 | 0.968 | 0.076 | 1.432 | 0.919 | |
3.979 mm × 8.845 mm | 40 | 0.054 | 19.106 | 0.978 | 0.065 | 1.362 | 0.908 | |
3.979 mm × 8.845 mm | 45 | 0.063 | 17.147 | 0.972 | 0.070 | 1.271 | 0.853 |
Drying Treatment | T (°C) | logαT (E′) | logαT (E″) |
---|---|---|---|
ND | 30 | 2.868 | 2.868 |
35 | 1.628 | 1.628 | |
40 | 1.004 | 1.004 | |
45 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
HAVD 35 °C | 30 | 3.217 | 3.217 |
35 | 2.358 | 2.358 | |
40 | 1.457 | 1.457 | |
45 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
HAVD 45 °C | 30 | 2.717 | 2.717 |
35 | 1.997 | 1.997 | |
40 | 0.915 | 0.915 | |
45 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
HAVD 55 °C | 30 | 3.503 | 1.722 |
35 | 2.087 | 1.195 | |
40 | 1.121 | 1.168 | |
45 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
HAVD 65 °C | 30 | 3.795 | 2.171 |
35 | 2.338 | 1.278 | |
40 | 1.351 | 1.174 | |
45 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
HAVD 75 °C | 30 | 3.385 | 3.385 |
35 | 2.264 | 2.264 | |
40 | 1.147 | 1.147 | |
45 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Drying Treatment | Ea (kJ/mol) | R2 |
---|---|---|
ND | 341.049 | 0.987 |
HAVD 35 °C | 388.955 | 0.978 |
HAVD 45 °C | 340.723 | 0.993 |
HAVD 55 °C | 424.109 (for E′), 191.014 (for E″) | 0.995 (for E′), 0.844 (for E″) |
HAVD 65 °C | 457.004 (for E′), 244.030 (for E″) | 0.996 (for E′), 0.917 (for E″) |
HAVD 75 °C | 416.221 | 0.999 |
Drying Treatment | E′ = K′·fn′ | E″ = K″·fn″ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n′ | K′ (MPa·sn) | R2 | n″ | K″ (MPa·sn) | R2 | |
HAVD 75 °C | 0.042 | 17.871 | 0.995 | 0.038 | 1.338 | 0.979 |
x | λi (s) | Ei (MPa) |
---|---|---|
1 | 2.186 × 10−6 | 3.473 |
2 | 1.544 × 10−5 | 1.733 |
3 | 4.590 × 10−5 | 1.125 |
4 | 1.237 × 10−4 | 1.033 |
5 | 4.065 × 10−4 | 0.579 |
6 | 4.090 × 10−4 | 0.894 |
7 | 1.536 × 10−3 | 1.257 |
8 | 6.213 × 10−3 | 1.509 |
9 | 0.026 | 1.240 |
10 | 0.159 | 2.248 |
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Sheng, S.; Wu, M.; Lv, W. Dynamic Viscoelastic Behavior of Maize Kernel: Application of Frequency–Temperature Superposition. Foods 2024, 13, 976. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13070976
Sheng S, Wu M, Lv W. Dynamic Viscoelastic Behavior of Maize Kernel: Application of Frequency–Temperature Superposition. Foods. 2024; 13(7):976. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13070976
Chicago/Turabian StyleSheng, Shaoyang, Min Wu, and Weiqiao Lv. 2024. "Dynamic Viscoelastic Behavior of Maize Kernel: Application of Frequency–Temperature Superposition" Foods 13, no. 7: 976. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13070976