Pulsed Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction as an Alternative Method to Conventional Maceration for the Extraction of the Polyphenolic Fraction of Ribes nigrum Buds: A New Category of Food Supplements Proposed by The FINNOVER Project
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bud Collection
2.2. Chemicals
2.3. Traditional Preparation of R. nigrum Glyceric Macerates
2.4. Alternative Method to Produce R. nigrum Bud Derivatives: Pulsed Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (PUAE)
2.5. Untargeted Fingerprints of The R. nigrum Phytocomplex
2.5.1. UV-Visible Spectroscopy
2.5.2. Fluorescence Spectroscopy
2.6. Experimental Design and Multivariate Data Analysis
2.7. Analytical Determinations
2.7.1. Determination of The Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC)
2.7.2. Determination of Radical Scavenging Activity (RSA)
2.8. HPLC Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Optimization of The PUAE Experimental Conditions by DoE Using Untargeted Phytochemical Fingerprint
3.2. Analytical Characterization of The Most Promising PUAE Extract (RN8) and the Corresponding RNGM
3.2.1. Determination of the Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC) and the Radical Scavenging Activity (RSA)
3.2.2. Targeted Phytochemical Fingerprint
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Experiment | Experimental Conditions | Response Variable | |
---|---|---|---|
X1 Duty Cycle (%) | X2 Extraction Time (min) | Y PC1 Scores | |
RN1 | −1 (50) | −1 (10) | 3.222515159 |
RN2 | +1 (80) | −1 (10) | 2.256792019 |
RN3 | −1 (50) | +1 (20) | 0.834250201 |
RN4 | +1 (80) | +1 (20) | −0.535350397 |
RN5 | −1 (50) | 0 (15) | 0.587361402 |
RN6 | +1 (80) | 0 (15) | −1.165491045 |
RN7 | 0 (65) | −1 (10) | −0.327200585 |
RN8 | 0 (65) | +1 (20) | −2.638815847 |
RN9 | 0 (65) | 0 (15) | −2.234060907 |
Determination | RNGM | RN8 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean Value | SD | Mean Value | SD | ||
TPC | mg GAE/100 mL bud extract | 276.44 | 3.85 | 415.56 | 5.52 |
RSA | mg AAE/100 mL bud extract | 1137.04 | 38.49 | 1158.58 | 73.24 |
Bioactive Class | Compound | RNGM | RN8 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean Value | SD | Mean Value | SD | ||
(mg/100 g FW) | (mg/100 g FW) | ||||
Cinnamic acids | caffeic acid | 22.48 | 0.04 | 20.76 | 0.48 |
chlorogenic acid | n.d. | / | n.d. | / | |
coumaric acid | 5.21 | 0.15 | 1.05 | 0.25 | |
ferulic acid | n.d. | / | n.d. | / | |
Flavonols | hyperoside | n.d. | / | n.d. | / |
isoquercitrin | n.d. | / | n.d. | / | |
quercetin | 49.53 | 0.49 | 80.14 | 1.08 | |
quercitrin | 30.86 | 0.85 | 48.18 | 0.94 | |
rutin | 17.25 | 0.22 | 20.88 | 0.48 | |
Benzoic acids | ellagic acid | 69.66 | 0.08 | 75.37 | 0.30 |
gallic acid | 0.31 | 0.09 | 0.64 | 0.05 | |
Catechins | catechin | 95.88 | 0.26 | 55.85 | 2.78 |
epicatechin | 59.83 | 0.37 | 49.08 | 0.48 |
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Turrini, F.; Donno, D.; Beccaro, G.L.; Zunin, P.; Pittaluga, A.; Boggia, R. Pulsed Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction as an Alternative Method to Conventional Maceration for the Extraction of the Polyphenolic Fraction of Ribes nigrum Buds: A New Category of Food Supplements Proposed by The FINNOVER Project. Foods 2019, 8, 466. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8100466
Turrini F, Donno D, Beccaro GL, Zunin P, Pittaluga A, Boggia R. Pulsed Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction as an Alternative Method to Conventional Maceration for the Extraction of the Polyphenolic Fraction of Ribes nigrum Buds: A New Category of Food Supplements Proposed by The FINNOVER Project. Foods. 2019; 8(10):466. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8100466
Chicago/Turabian StyleTurrini, Federica, Dario Donno, Gabriele Loris Beccaro, Paola Zunin, Anna Pittaluga, and Raffaella Boggia. 2019. "Pulsed Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction as an Alternative Method to Conventional Maceration for the Extraction of the Polyphenolic Fraction of Ribes nigrum Buds: A New Category of Food Supplements Proposed by The FINNOVER Project" Foods 8, no. 10: 466. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8100466