Next Article in Journal
Chemical Characterization and Antioxidant Properties of Ethanolic Extract and Its Fractions from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Leaves
Previous Article in Journal
Enhanced Aromatic Profile and Functionality of Cheese Whey Beverages by Incorporation of Probiotic Cells Immobilized on Pistacia terebinthus Resin
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Foods
Volume 9
Issue 1
10.3390/foods9010014
foods-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Mung Bean Protein Hydrolysates Protect Mouse Liver Cell Line Nctc-1469 Cell from Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Cell Injury

by
Jianhua Xie
,
Hedan Ye
,
Mengxia Du
,
Qiang Yu
,
Yi Chen
and
Mingyue Shen
*
State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Foods 2020, 9(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9010014
Submission received: 18 November 2019 / Revised: 18 December 2019 / Accepted: 20 December 2019 / Published: 23 December 2019
(This article belongs to the Section Food Nutrition)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Mung bean is nutritious and rich in protein (19.5%–33.1%). However, there are few studies on mung bean protein active peptides so the mung bean protein hydrolysates (MBPHs) were investigated for evaluating their ability to clear intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regulating the ability of antioxidant enzymes on NCTC-1469 cells. Results showed that MBPHs, MBPHs-I (molecular weight < 3 kDa), MBPHs-II (molecular weight between 3 and 10 kDa), and MBPHs-III (molecular weight > 10 kDa) could all improve the survival rate of cells compared with the model group. MBPHs, MBPHs-I, and MBPHs-II could significantly decrease the content of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and reduce the generation of malonaldehyde (MDA) at a concentration of 0.4 mg/mL. Regarding the intracellular ROS, the result showed that MBPHs-I significantly reduced the production of ROS (from 58.3% to 26.6%) and had a dose-dependent relationship. In addition, the amino acid analysis showed that MBPHs-I had a balanced amino acid composition. MBPHs-I is rich in lysine but was deficient in cereals. Therefore, the hydrophobic and aromatic amino acids in MBPHs-I were high, which could improve its antioxidant activity. According to the results, MBPHs-I was the best and most potent natural antioxidant and it can contribute to drug development and medical application.

1. Introduction

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydroxyl radicals (OH), peroxyl radicals (ROO), superoxide radicals (O2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and singlet oxygen [1], play a crucial role in human health and are also an indispensable part of the cell of living organism composition [2]. When ROS are at a low level, ROS can effectively play several beneficial roles in the human body, for example serving as an intracellular signaling factor. However, tissues, organs, and some of the biological macromolecules will also be damaged by oxidative stress when ROS excesses the receptivity of the human body [3]. Some serious diseases, such as diabetes [4], neurodegenerative disease [5], cancers [6], and other cardiovascular diseases [7] were related to excessive oxidative stress reaction on the human body induced by ROS.
Cells basically contain a series of complex intracellular antioxidant defense systems, which are mainly composed of two parts, enzymatic and a non-enzymatic antioxidant system. The endogenous antioxidant enzymes primarily include superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), and the non-enzymatic antioxidant system contains glutathione (GSH), carotenes, ascorbic acid, and so on [8]. In normal cases, cells can prevent and relieve oxidative stress by the two anti-oxidation systems [9]. For example, SOD could remove free radicals and reduce oxidative damage [10]. Even so, complex antioxidant defense systems still do not completely block the damage caused by oxidative stress [11]. Consequently, biomacromolecules, such as DNA, protein, unsaturated fatty acids [12], membrane lipids and carbohydrates [13] will be damaged due to lots of free radical accumulation in cells.
Therefore, the development and application of antioxidants have become very important for the prevention and protection of human health. In fact, there have been a variety of synthetic antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and hydroxyanisole (BHA), which have been applied to reduce the damage induced by oxidative stress. Some side effects are also associated with the application of drugs, which have caused some harm to the human body [14]. Therefore, the antioxidant effects of natural substances, for example, bioactive peptides, have received extensive attention in recent years [15] because of the increasing health and healing potential [16].
Food proteins could always be hydrolyzed with various proteases to obtain protein-derived peptides, which can play physiological roles in promoting healthy development. Bioactive peptides generally contain 2–20 amino acid residues and have a variety of biological activities, such as anti-oxidation [17], immune-protection [18], and ACE-inhibitory activity [13,19]. Furthermore, the preparation of antioxidant peptides has been reported from various food proteins, such as soybean [20], corn [21], barley [22], wheat [23], and chickpea [24], and their antioxidant activity has also been demonstrated.
Mung bean has been widely planted in Asia and is famous for its detoxification properties. They are rich in nutrients, composed of about 19.9%–33.1% protein of total dry weight, and have been used in many products, such as pastries and drinks. However, the main application is the starch, and the mung bean protein (MBP) is not well developed and used [25,26]. In fact, protein hydrolysates obtained from mung beans have many physiological activities, such as ACE-inhibitory activity [26,27], antioxidant activities [28], and antitumor [29]. Protein hydrolysates deserve more attention and exploration in recent years.
In our previous work, we found that the alkaline-protein hydrolysates of mung bean showed good scavenging activity for free radicals in vitro, such as 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical, and superoxide radical scavenging activities, reducing capacity and Fe2+ chelating activities [28]. This study will further explore the anti-oxidation effects of MBPHs in the cell. Normal living cells (NCTC-1469) were regarded as an experimental cell model to evaluate intracellular ROS scavenging activities of MBPHs. Meanwhile, the cellular antioxidant enzymes and the content of the total GSH were investigated.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials and Reagents

Mung beans (Vigna radiata L.) were purchased from the Grain and Oil Processing Company (Jilin, China). The mung bean protein (MBP) was extracted with the method of alkaline extraction and acid precipitation as previously described [30].
The NCTC-1469 adherent cell line derived from normal mouse liver was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection. Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) was purchased from Gibco (New York, NY, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 0.25% trypsin were purchased from the Solarbio (Beijing, China). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hilll, MA, USA). Bicinchoninic acid (BCA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) assay kits were obtained from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). ROS and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay kits were purchased from Hefei Bomei Biotechnology CO. (Heifei, China). 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), 2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (ABAP) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (0.144 M NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 8.5 mM Na2HPO4, 1.4 mM NaH2PO4, pH 7.4) were provided by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The water was purified by the Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). All other chemicals and solvents were of analytical reagent grade.

2.2. Preparation of Protein Hydrolysates and Ultrafiltered Fractions

Mung bean protein hydrolysates (MBPHs) were prepared according to the previously published method [28]. In brief, the mixture was hydrolyzed by alcalase at an enzyme/substrate ratio of 3/100 (v/w) for 2 h, then was heated at 95 °C for 10 min for enzyme deactivation. After cooling, the hydrolysate was centrifuged at 5000× g (4 °C) for 10 min. The supernatant was adjusted to pH 7.0. Then the supernatant was desalinated with a dialysis bag (100–500 Da) for 48 h. The dialysate was lyophilized and stored for the next studies.
The MBPHs were separated using ultrafiltration with molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) membranes of 10 kDa and 3 kDa. Three fractions with molecular weights of <3 kDa (MBPHs-I), 3–10 kDa (MBPHs-II), and >10 kDa (MBPHs-III) were collected, then they were lyophilized and stored at −80 °C.

2.3. Cell Culture

NCTC-1469 cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 U/mL streptomycin. The cells were incubated at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 to a confluence of 70%–90% and afterward split to a lower density.

2.4. Influence of Cell Oxidative Damage Induced by H2O2

The cell viability was determined using a CCK-8 assay [31]. NCTC-1469 cells in logarithmic growth were seeded into 96-well plates with density of 1 × 105 cells/mL under 5% CO2 at 37 °C for 12 h. Then the medium was removed and the cells were treated with a new 200 μL cell medium containing different concentration of H2O2 (100–1000 μM) and the H2O2 treatment lasted for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h. Afterward, the medium was removed, the 96-well plate was washed twice with fresh cell medium, and 10 μL of CCK-8 reagent was added. After 1 h, the absorbance was measured under 570 nm. Then, the appropriate H2O2 concentration and time in the injury model were screened.

2.5. Assessment of Cytotoxicity of Protein Hydrolysates Using CCK-8 Assay

NCTC-1469 cells in logarithmic growth were seeded in a 96-well plate at a concentration of 1 × 105 cells/mL. After 12 h of cultivation, the cell medium was removed. The cells were treated with various concentrations of the MBPHs, MBPHs-I, MBPHs-II and MBPHs-III (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mg/mL). Then the medium was added to 200 μL. After 12 h, the medium was removed and the 96-well plate with the fresh medium was washed twice. Finally, the cell was adding 100 μL of new cell medium and 10 μL of CCK-8 solution and cultured for 1 h, the absorbance was measured at 570 nm.

2.6. Protection Effect of MBPHs and Three Fractions on Oxidation-Induced Cell Damage

The protective effect of MBPHs, MBPHs-I, MBPHs-II, and MBPHs-III on the injured NCTC-1469 cells by H2O2 were performed. Cells were seeded in a 96-well plate at a concentration of 1 × 105 cells/mL. After cultivation for 12 h, the cell medium was removed. Then the cells were exposed to MBPHs, MBPHs-I, MBPHs-II, and MBPHs-III with different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mg/mL), respectively. After 12 h, the medium was removed totally, and a new medium containing H2O2 (500 μΜ) was added for another 4 h. Following, the medium was removed and the 96-well plate with the fresh medium was washed twice. The model group was treated with H2O2.

2.7. Determination of MDA, GSH, SOD, and LDH

NCTC-1469 cells (1 × 106 cell/well, 2 mL/well) were cultivated in 6-well plates and incubated with MBPHs-I and MBPHs-II (0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mg/mL) under the conditions mentioned above. The level of SOD, MDA, and LDH in cells were determined by the kits. The content of GSH was evaluated as described [32].

2.8. Determination of Intracellular ROS

The secretion of ROS by NCTC-1469 cells was tested using 2, 7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescence assay [31,33]. NCTC-1469 cells (1 × 105 cell/well, 200 μL/well) were seeded in 96-well plate and incubated with MBPHs-I (0.1, 0.2, 0.4mg/mL) for 24 h and then transferred to a EP tube (microcentrifuge tube for separation of trace reagents) of 1.5 mL, which was centrifuged using at 1500× g for 5 min. The supernatant was removed and the cells were washed using PBS for twice, then 100 μL of PBS was added aimed to resuspend cells. Aliquot of 10 μM DCFH-DA fluorescent probe solution was added in three groups and the resulting mixture was incubated for 0.5 h at 37 °C. After washing twice with PBS to remove the extracellular DCFH-DA, the cells were resuspended into a single cell suspension. Finally, the intracellular ROS level was determined with a BD FASCalibur flow cytometer (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA).

2.9. Amino Acid Analysis

Amino acid compositions of two components after ultrafiltration were analyzed using a modified method described [34]. Briefly, the total amino acid compositions of the samples were determined with an Automatic Amino Acid Analyzer (L-8900, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) after hydrolysis with 6 M HCl at 110 °C for 22 h.

2.10. Statistical Analysis

Data were all performed in triplicates and presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by multiple comparisons with least significant difference (LSD) tests were performed. The significant difference was analyzed among samples by SPSS (Version 19.0, IBM Company, USA) at p < 0.05.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Cell Model Induced by H2O2

H2O2 is generated in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and produced by the disproportionation effect of O2- [35,36,37]. The hydroxyl radical could be quickly offered by H2O2 in Fenton chemical changes. The hydroxyl radical is one of the most common free radicals, which will induce lipid oxidation, bio-macromolecule damage, lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and calcium imbalance, and cause cell apoptosis. Therefore, it is the key to select the appropriate concentration and acting time of H2O2. The activity of the NCTC-1469 cells is evaluated using CCK-8 analysis, and the results showed the number of living cells gradually decreased when the concentration and time of H2O2 increased in Figure 1. When the H2O2 concentration was from 500 to 1000 μΜ, cultivated with all times, the percent of living cells significantly decreased (** p < 0.01). It is worth noting that when the concentration was 500 μΜ and the action time was 4 h, 25.0% of the cell viability was inhibited, which was expressed as a decrease in cell activity with a significant difference (** p < 0.01). Therefore, 500 μΜ was regarded as the optimal concentration of our model group and 4 h as the optimal induction time.

3.2. Cytotoxicity of Mbphs and the Ultrafiltration Fractions

MBPHs, MBPHs-I, MBPHs-II, and MBPHs-III were used to treat injured NCTC-1469 cells for evaluating their cell toxicities, respectively. The result was displayed in Figure 2. Compared with the normal group, MBPHs, MBPHS-I, MBPHs-II, and MBPHs-III promoted the cell viability at the concentrations (from 0.1 to 2.0 mg/mL). At the concentration of 0.4 mg/mL, the cell survival rate was 120%. The effect of MBPHs-I was better than other groups and there was a significant difference compared with the normal group. It showed an inhibitory effect when the concentration continued to increase. Therefore, the concentrations of mung bean protein hydrolysates (0.1–2.0 mg/mL) were determined to be used in the further antioxidant test.

3.3. Protective Effects of MBPHs and Ultrafiltration Fractions

The protective effect on the viability of H2O2-induced NCTC-1469 cells was determined using the CCK-8 solution. As shown in Figure 3, the viability of the cells decreased significantly after culturing with H2O2 for 4 h compared with the control group (p < 0.01). After adding MBPHs, MBPHs-I, MBPHs-II, and MBPHs-III, the viability of the cells increased to varying degrees. When the dose was 0.4 mg/mL, the cell survival rates of the four components were 78%, 86%, 83%, 74%, respectively. The protective effect of MBPHs-I in the cells induced by H2O2 was higher than that of other components, and the intensity was MBPHs-I > MBPHs-II > MBPHs > MBPHs-III. In addition, there was a dose-dependent relationship between cell viability and the concentrations of every protein hydrolysate. Therefore, we further studied the anti-oxidation effects of MBPHs-I and MBPHs-II.

3.4. Changes of MDA, GSH, SOD, and LDH on Injured NCTC-1469 Cells

Oxidative cellular stress is induced by ROS which usually can result in lipid peroxidation, even cell death [38,39], which is generally related to the cleavage of polyunsaturated fatty acids [40].
MDA is one of the most important products of membrane lipid peroxide and its production can also aggravate the damage of the cell membrane. The content of MDA can indirectly reflect the damage degree of the membrane system [41]. So, the content of MDA was determined and presented in Figure 4A. We could see that the MDA levels of the model group extremely significantly increased compared with the normal group (p < 0.01) which means the cell membrane has been severely damaged because of membrane lipid peroxide occurring. Among samples, MBPHs-I exhibited the best inhibitory effect, particularly when the concentration was 0.2 mg/mL. However, the MDA contents of sample groups had no significant difference at 0.2 and 0.4 mg/mL. When the organs are damaged, LDH is released into the blood, so LDH release can reflect the integrity of the cell membrane [42]. The ability of MBPHs to protect the cell membrane can be evaluated via determining the level of LDH. As shown in Figure 4B, the LDH levels of the model group displayed significantly augment compared with the normal group (p < 0.01), which indicated that H2O2 caused damage to NCTC-1469 cells. When the cells were cultured with MBPHs, MBPHs-I, and MBPHs-II, the generation of LDH got significant inhibition compared with the model group (p < 0.01). Among samples, MBPHs-I exhibited the best inhibitory effect. Particularly when the concentration increased 0.4 mg/mL, the production of LDH was statistically downregulated close to the normal group (Figure 4B). The number of LDH was decreased to 40.21% when the sample was 0.4 mg/mL. The result indicated that MBPHs, MBPHs-I, and MBPHs-II all had potential effects to attenuate ROS-mediated membrane damage to achieve a better protective effect on NCTC-1469 cells injured model, and MBPHs exhibited the best effect of reducing MDA levels.
In addition, another key action of cytoprotective candidates is an enhancement of the intrinsic antioxidant defense system. SOD is an important member of the antioxidant enzyme system in the biological system. [43]. The superoxide anion combined with ·OH will cause DNA damage and destroy the function of the human body. However, SOD can effectively eliminate O2, which protect the body from the influence of superoxide anion. [44]. As shown in Figure 4C, the level of SOD significantly decreased (p < 0.01) after the incubation with H2O2 (500 μΜ) for 4 h. The SOD content of every concentration of MBPHs, MBPHs-I, and MBPHs-II was significantly improved compared with the model group (p < 0.01). The sample groups all had a dose-dependent concentration relationship. GSH can bind to free radicals to alleviate the oxidative damage of free radicals. Moreover, GSH (especially in live-cells) can participate in biotransformation, thus converting harmful toxins into harmless substances in the body and excreting them out of the body. [45,46,47]. As shown Figure 4D, after the incubation with H2O2 (500 μΜ) for 4 h, GSH significantly declined (from 31.23 ± 0.89 μmol/mg to 22.32 ± 1.32 μmol/mg) compared with the normal group (p < 0.05), which suggested that the NCTC-1469 cells were injured seriously. However, the treatment of samples significantly improved the levels of GSH and had a significant enhancement compared with the model group. In particular, the contents of GSH were the highest at the concentration of 0.4 mg/mL. The results suggested that mung bean protein hydrolysates could enhance antioxidant enzyme activity to mitigate the damage caused by oxidative stress.
Similar results have been shown in previous studies, such as SPH-I (Mw < 3 kDa) from the alcalase-hydrolyzed soybean hydrolysate (SPH) which decreased the death rate of injured Caco-2 cells induced by oxidative stress, increased CAT activity, and decreased MDA content [48]. Feng et al. [49] reported that two peptides (TY and SGGY) from defatted walnut meal protein hydrolysates (DEMPH) had the protective effect against oxidative damage to SH-SY5Y cells, therefore SGGY could significantly increase cell viability, and improve GSH content at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL (p < 0.01). Therefore, all the results suggested that mung bean protein hydrolysates exerted a protective effect on the injured NCTC-1469 cells through the inhibition of lipid peroxides and increasing antioxidant enzyme activity.

3.5. Effect of MBPHs-I on the Level of ROS on Cells

CFH-DA is a nonpolar dye and does not have fluorescence that can freely cross the cell membrane, but the DCFH-DA probe can be cleaved to DCFH by cellular esterases after diffusing into cells and being oxidized to DCF by peroxyl radicals produced by ABAP. DCF is based on fluorescence intensity and can be analyzed qualitatively or quantitatively. Therefore, the level of intracellular ROS can be reflected by the fluorescence intensity of DCF. The result was shown in Figure 5. Flow cytometry showed that the positive control of the model group was 58.3% and there was a much higher difference than the control group (38.6%). However, pre-treatment with MBPHs-I effectively prevented ROS generation. With the increase of concentrations, the effects of inhibition were also constantly strengthened. When the concentration of MBPHs-I was 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mg/mL, the positive cell rates were 52.2%, 37.3%, and 26.6%. This indicted that MBPHs-I could effectively protect NCTC-1469 cells from the damage of free radicals.

3.6. Analysis of Amino Acid Composition of MBPHs and MBPHs-I

Mung bean is very suitable as a source of human protein and mung bean protein hydrolysate has a balanced amino acid composition. The bioactive activities of MBPHs fraction might be related to their amino acid composition. MBPHs-I had the best protective effect on cells. Therefore, the amino acid composition of MBPHs and MBPH-I needs to be determined and analyzed. In Table 1, although there are some differences in the amino acid composition between the two samples, both were rich in aspartic acid (Asp), cysteine (Cys), glutamic acid (Glu), glutamine, leucine (Leu), arginine (Arg), and lysine (Lys). There were also many hydrophobic amino acids in MBPHs and MBPHs-I, such as glycine (Gly), tyrosine (Tyr), valine (Val), methionine (Met), phenylalanine (Phe), isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), and proline (Pro). The proportion of hydrophobic amino acids in MBPHs-I (38.32%) was higher than that in MBPHs (32.9%). Many studies have shown that there several hydrophobic amino acids, such as Tyr, Phe, Leu, Trp, and Pro were generally accepted as antioxidants that contribute to the scavenging of free radicals [50,51]. It has been proven that hydrophobic amino acids played an indispensable role in antioxidant activity and can improve antioxidant activity [52,53]. It is also worth noting that the content of aromatic amino acids in MBPHs-I, such as phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine, accounted for 10.57%. Amino acids with aromatic residues can donate protons to electron-deficient radicals, which may lead to higher biological activity. From another point of view, MBPHs-I had a small molecular weight that should have a lot of small molecules of polypeptides and N-terminal and C-terminal amino acid residues, which were also thought to be quite vital for antioxidant properties. In fact, it has been reported that low-molecular weight peptides could display better radical-scavenging activities than high-molecular-weight counterparts [54].

4. Conclusions

In the study, MBPHs were obtained by the enzymatic hydrolysis of mung bean protein and three components, MBPHs-I, MBPHs-II, and MBPHs-III, were isolated and purified by ultrafiltration membranes. Results confirmed that MBPHs, MBPHs-I, MBPHs-II, and MBPHs-III all improved cell vitality. MBPHs-I and MBPHs-II might reduce oxidative stress on NCTC-1469 cells by increasing the SOD and GSH levels and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. MBPHs-I could effectively eliminate ROS on injured NCTC-1469 cells, which might be related to high contents of hydrophobic amino acids and aromatic amino acids. All data provides that the MBPHs have an excellent protective effect against the oxidative stress by H2O2.

Author Contributions

J.X. and M.D. carried out the experiments; J.X. and H.Y. collected and analyzed the data; H.Y. drafted the manuscript; J.X., Q.Y., Y.C., and M.S. critically revised the manuscript; M.S. designed and guided the research. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province, China (2017BAB20428).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Cao, J.X.; Zhou, C.Y.; Wang, Y.; Sun, Y.Y.; Pan, D.D. The effect of oxidation on the structure of G-actin and its binding ability with aroma compounds in carp grass skeletal muscle. Food Chem. 2018, 240, 346–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Wang, L.Y.; Ding, L.; Yu, Z.P.; Zhang, T.; Ma, S.; Liu, J.B. Intracellular ROS scavenging and antioxidant enzyme regulating capacities of corn gluten meal-derived antioxidant peptides in HepG2 cells. Food Res. Int. 2016, 90, 33–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Ko, S.C.; Kim, D.; Jeon, Y.J. Protective effect of a novel antioxidative peptide purified from a marine Chlorella ellipsoidea protein against free radical-induced oxidative stress. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2012, 50, 2294–2302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Masoud, H.T.; Ahmad, A.; Mozhgan, S. Cytotoxic and antioxidant capacity of camel milk peptides: Effects of isolated peptide on superoxide dismutase and catalase gene expression. J. Food. Drug Anal. 2017, 25, 567–575. [Google Scholar]
  5. Harnedy, P.A.; O’Keeffe, M.B.; FitzGerald, R.J. Fractionation and identification of antioxidant peptides from an enzymatically hydrolysed Palmaria palmata protein isolate. Food Res. Int. 2017, 100, 416–422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  6. Lobo, V.; Patil, A.; Phatak, A.; Chandra, N. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacogn. Rev. 2010, 4, 118–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  7. Sharma, N. Free Radicals, Antioxidants and Disease. Biol. Med. 2014, 6, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  8. Finkel, T.; Holbrook, N.J. Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature 2000, 408, 239–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Poljsak, B.; Suput, D.; Milisav, I. Achieving the Balance between ROS and Antioxidants: When to Use the Synthetic Antioxidants. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2013, 2013, 956792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Yue, Y.; Wu, S.C.; Zhang, H.F.; Zhang, X.Y.; Niu, Y.H.; Cao, X.Q.; Huang, F.W.; Ding, H. Characterization and hepatoprotective effect of polysaccharides from Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chou sarcocarp. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2014, 74, 76–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Olagunju, A.I.; Omoba, O.S.; Enujiugha, V.N.; Alashi, A.M.; Aluko, R.E. Pigeon pea enzymatic protein hydrolysates and ultrafiltration peptide fractions as potential sources of antioxidant peptides: An in vitro study. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 2018, 97, 269–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Cai, L.Y.; Wu, X.S.; Zhang, Y.H.; Li, X.X.; Ma, S.; Li, J.R. Purification and characterization of three antioxidant peptides from protein hydrolysate of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) skin. J. Funct. Food. 2015, 16, 234–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Liu, J.H.; Huang, Y.S.; Tian, Y.G.; Nie, S.P.; Xie, J.H.; Wang, Y.; Xie, M.Y. Purification and identification of novel antioxidative peptide released from Black-bone silky fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson). Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2013, 237, 253–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Wu, R.B.; Wu, C.L.; Liu, D.; Yang, X.H.; Huang, J.F.; Zhang, J.; Liao, B.Q.; He, H.L. Antioxidant and anti-freezing peptides from salmon collagen hydrolysate prepared by bacterial extracellular protease. Food Chem. 2018, 248, 346–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Wang, H.M.; Pan, J.L.; Chen, C.Y.; Chiu, C.C.; Yang, M.H.; Chang, H.W.; Chang, J.S. Identification of anti-lung cancer extract from Chlorella vulgaris C-C by antioxidant property using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Process Biochem. 2010, 45, 1865–1872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Ganesan, K.; Xu, B.J. A critical review on phytochemical profile and health promoting effects of mung bean (Vigna radiata). Food Sci. Hum. Wellness 2018, 7, 11–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Elias, R.J.; Kellerby, S.S.; Decker, E.A. Antioxidant activity of proteins and peptides. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2008, 48, 430–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Toopcham, T.; Mes, J.J.; Wichers, H.J.; Yongsawatdigul, J. Immunomodulatory activity of protein hydrolysates derived from Virgibacillus halodenitrificans SK1-3-7 proteinase. Food Chem. 2017, 224, 320–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Zhang, Y.H.; Ma, L.; Otte, J. Optimization of hydrolysis conditions for production of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from Basa fish skin using response surface methodology. J. Aquat. Food Prod. Technol. 2016, 25, 684–693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Ranamukhaarachchi, S.; Meissner, L.; Moresoli, C. Production of antioxidant soy protein hydrolysates by sequential ultrafiltration and nanofiltration. J. Membr. Sci. 2013, 429, 81–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Zhuang, H.; Tang, N.; Dong, S.T.; Sun, B.; Liu, J.B. Optimisation of antioxidant peptide preparation from corn gluten meal. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2013, 93, 3264–3270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Xia, Y.C.; Bamdad, F.; Ganzle, M.; Chen, L.Y. Fractionation and characterization of antioxidant peptides derived from barley glutelin by enzymatic hydrolysis. Food Chem. 2012, 134, 1509–1518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Zhu, K.X.; Zhou, H.M.; Qian, H.F. Antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activities of wheat germ protein hydrolysates (WGPH) prepared with alcalase. Process Biochem. 2006, 41, 1296–1302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Torres-Fuentes, C.; Contreras, M.D.M.; Recio, I.; Alaiz, M.; Vioque, J. Identification and characterization of antioxidant peptides from chickpea protein hydrolysates. Food Chem. 2015, 180, 194–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  25. Sonklin, C.; Laohakunjit, N.; Kerdchoechuen, O. Physicochemical and flavor characteristics of flavoring agent from mungbean protein hydrolyzed by bromelain. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011, 59, 8475–8483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Lapsongphon, N.; Yongsawatdigul, J. Production and purification of antioxidant peptides from a mungbean meal hydrolysate by Virgibacillus sp. SK37 proteinase. Food Chem. 2013, 141, 992–999. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Li, G.H.; Wan, J.Z.; Le, G.W.; Shi, Y.H. Novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides isolated from Alcalase hydrolysate of mung bean protein. J. Pept. Sci. 2006, 12, 509–514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Xie, J.H.; Du, M.X.; Shen, M.Y.; Wu, T.; Lin, L.H. Physico-chemical properties, antioxidant activities and angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory of protein hydrolysates from Mung bean (Vigna radiate). Food Chem. 2019, 270, 243–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Soucek, J.; Soucek, J.; Pouckova, P.; Matougek, J.; Slavik, T.; Matousek, J. Mung bean sprout (Phaseolus aureus) nuclease and its biological and antitumor effects. Neoplasma 2005, 53, 402–409. [Google Scholar]
  30. Du, M.X.; Xie, J.H.; Gong, B.; Xin, X.; Tang, W.; Li, X.; Li, C.; Xie, M.Y. Extraction, physicochemical characteristics and functional properties of mung bean protein. Food Hydrocoll. 2018, 76, 131–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Tang, W.; Shen, M.Y.; Xie, J.H.; Liu, D.; Du, M.X.; Lin, L.H.; Gao, H.; Hamaker, B.R.; Xie, M.Y. Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Mesona chinensis Benth and their protective effect on injured NCTC-1469 cells induced by H2O2. Carbohydr. Polym. 2017, 175, 538–546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Halliwell, B. Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: Curiosity, cause, or consequence. Lancet 1994, 344, 721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Xue, Z.H.; Wen, H.C.; Zhai, L.J.; Yu, Y.Q.; Li, Y.N.; Yu, W.C.; Cheng, A.Q.; Wang, C.; Kou, X.H. Antioxidant activity and anti-proliferative effect of a bioactive peptide from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Food Res. Int. 2015, 77, 75–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Zhang, Y.H.; Ma, L.; Wang, X.M. Correlation between Protein Hydrolysates and Color during Fermentation of Mucor-Type Douchi. Int. J. Food Prop. 2015, 18, 2800–2812. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Huang, L.X.; Huang, M.; Shen, M.Y.; Wen, P.W.; Wu, T.; Hong, Y.Z.; Yu, Q.; Chen, Y.; Xie, J.H. Sulfated modification enhanced the antioxidant activity of Mesona chinensis Benth polysaccharide and its protective effect on cellular oxidative stress. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 136, 1000–1006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Xie, J.H.; Xie, M.Y.; Nie, S.P.; Shen, M.Y.; Wang, Y.X.; Li, C. Isolation, chemical composition and antioxidant activities of a water-soluble polysaccharide from Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja. Food Chem. 2010, 119, 1626–1632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Mehdi, M.Z.; Azar, Z.M.; Srivastava, A.K. Role of receptor and nonreceptor Protein Tyrosine Kinases in H2O2-induced PKB and ERK1/2 Signaling. Cell Biochem. Biophys. 2007, 47, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Gill, S.S.; Tuteja, N. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2010, 48, 909–930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Wang, Z.J.; Xie, J.H.; Yang, Y.J.; Zhang, F.; Wang, S.N.; Wu, T.; Shen, M.Y.; Xie, M.Y. Sulfated Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharides markedly attenuates inflammation and oxidative damage in lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophage cells and mice. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 40402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  40. Park, J.E.; Yang, J.H.; Yoon, S.J.; Lee, J.H.; Yang, E.S.; Park, J.W. Lipid peroxidation-mediated cytotoxicity and DNA damage in U937 cells. Biochimie 2002, 84, 1198–1204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Xiao, X.H.; Liu, J.T.; Hu, J.W.; Zhu, X.P.; Yang, H.; Wang, C.Y.; Zhang, Y.H. Protective effects of protopine on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative injury of PC12 cells via Ca2+ antagonism and antioxidant mechanisms. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 591, 21–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Liu, Z.L.; Liu, Q.; Xiao, B.; Zhou, J.; Zhang, J.G.; Li, Y. The vascular protective properties of kinsenoside isolated from Anoectochilus roxburghii under high glucose condition. Fitoterapia 2013, 86, 163–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. He, J.; Xia, C.L.; Pan, D.D.; Cao, J.X.; Sun, Y.Y. Proteomic responses to oxidative damage in meat from ducks exposed to heat stress. Food Chem. 2019, 295, 129–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Wang, W.; Zhang, F.; Li, Q.; Chen, H.; Zhang, W.; Yu, P.; Zhao, T.; Mao, G.; Feng, W.; Yang, L.; et al. Structure characterization of one polysaccharide from Lepidium meyenii Walp., and its antioxidant activity and protective effect against H2O2-induced injury RAW264.7 cells. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 118, 816–833. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Korkmaz, A.; Ahbab, M.A.; Kolankaya, D.; Barlas, N. Influence of vitamin C on bisphenol A, nonylphenol and octylphenol induced oxidative damages in liver of male rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2010, 48, 2865–2871. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Pinho, R.A.; Andrades, M.E.; Oliveira, M.R.; Pirola, A.C.; Zago, M.S.; Silveira, P.C.L.; Dal-Pizzol, F.; Moreira, J.C.F. Imbalance in SOD/CAT activities in rat skeletal muscles submitted to treadmill training exercise. Cell Biol. Int. 2006, 30, 848–853. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Apel, K.; Hirt, H. Reactive oxygen species: Metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2004, 55, 373–399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  48. Zhang, Q.Z.; Tong, X.H.; Li, Y.; Wang, H.; Wang, Z.J.; Qi, B.K.; Sui, X.N.; Jiang, L.Z. Purification and Characterization of Antioxidant Peptides from Alcalase-Hydrolyzed Soybean (Glycine max L.) Hydrolysate and Their Cytoprotective Effects in Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2019, 67, 5772–5781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Feng, L.; Peng, F.; Wang, X.J.; Li, M.; Lei, H.J.; Xu, H.D. Identification and characterization of antioxidative peptodes derived derived from simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of walnut meal protein. Food Res. Int. 2019, 116, 518–526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Li, Y.W.; Li, B.; He, J.G.; Qian, P. Structure-activity relationship study of antioxidative peptides by QSAR modeling: The amino acid next to C-terminus affects the activity. J. Pept. Sci. 2011, 17, 454–462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Zou, T.B.; He, T.P.; Li, H.B.; Tang, H.W.; Xia, E.Q. The Structure-Activity Relationship of the Antioxidant Peptides from Natural Proteins. Molecules 2016, 21, 72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  52. Sarmadi, B.H.; Amin, I. Antioxidative peptides from food proteins: A review. Peptides 2010, 31, 1949–1956. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  53. Li, Y.W.; Li, B. Characterization of structure-antioxidant activity relationship of peptides in free radical systems using QSAR models: Key sequence positions and their amino acid properties. J. Theor. Biol. 2013, 318, 29–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  54. Ajibola, C.F.; Fashakin, J.B.; Fagbemi, T.N.; Aluko, R.E. Effect of Peptide Size on Antioxidant Properties of African Yam Bean Seed (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) Protein Hydrolysate Fractions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12, 6685–6702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Foods 09 00014 g001 550
Figure 1. Effect of H2O2 on the survival rate of NCTC-1469 cells (n = 6). Results are expressed as means ± SD (n = 6), * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.
Figure 1. Effect of H2O2 on the survival rate of NCTC-1469 cells (n = 6). Results are expressed as means ± SD (n = 6), * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.
Foods 09 00014 g001
Foods 09 00014 g002 550
Figure 2. Evaluation of toxicity of mung bean protein hydrolysates (MBPHs), MBPHs-I, MBPHs-II, and MBPHs-III on the injured NCTC-1469 cells. Results are expressed as means ± SD (n = 6).
Figure 2. Evaluation of toxicity of mung bean protein hydrolysates (MBPHs), MBPHs-I, MBPHs-II, and MBPHs-III on the injured NCTC-1469 cells. Results are expressed as means ± SD (n = 6).
Foods 09 00014 g002
Foods 09 00014 g003 550
Figure 3. Cytoprotective effects of MBPHs, MBPHs-I, MBPHs-II, and MBPHs-II on H2O2-induced oxidized NCTC-1469 cells. Results are expressed as means ± SD (n = 6), ** p < 0.01 vs. control group, # p < 0.05 vs. model group, ## p < 0.01 vs. model group.
Figure 3. Cytoprotective effects of MBPHs, MBPHs-I, MBPHs-II, and MBPHs-II on H2O2-induced oxidized NCTC-1469 cells. Results are expressed as means ± SD (n = 6), ** p < 0.01 vs. control group, # p < 0.05 vs. model group, ## p < 0.01 vs. model group.
Foods 09 00014 g003
Foods 09 00014 g004 550
Figure 4. Protective effects of MBPHs, MBPHs-I, and MBPHs-II from mung bean on the H2O2-induced NCTC-1469 cells. (A) Effect on the malonaldehyde (MDA) level; (B) effect on the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); (C) effect on the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD); (D) effect on the glutathione (GSH) content. Results shown are expressed as means ± SD (n = 6), * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. control group, # p < 0.05 vs. model group, ## p < 0.01 vs. model group.
Figure 4. Protective effects of MBPHs, MBPHs-I, and MBPHs-II from mung bean on the H2O2-induced NCTC-1469 cells. (A) Effect on the malonaldehyde (MDA) level; (B) effect on the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); (C) effect on the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD); (D) effect on the glutathione (GSH) content. Results shown are expressed as means ± SD (n = 6), * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. control group, # p < 0.05 vs. model group, ## p < 0.01 vs. model group.
Foods 09 00014 g004
Foods 09 00014 g005 550
Figure 5. Effect of MPHS-I on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in NCTC-1469 cells. (A) The flow cytometry of the effect of MBPHs-I on ROS production in NCTC-1469 cells; (B) a histogram of the effect of MBPHs-I on ROS generation in NCTC-1469 cells. Results shown are expressed as means ± SD (n = 6).
Figure 5. Effect of MPHS-I on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in NCTC-1469 cells. (A) The flow cytometry of the effect of MBPHs-I on ROS production in NCTC-1469 cells; (B) a histogram of the effect of MBPHs-I on ROS generation in NCTC-1469 cells. Results shown are expressed as means ± SD (n = 6).
Foods 09 00014 g005
Table
Table 1. Amino acid composition of MBPHs and MBPHs-I.
Table 1. Amino acid composition of MBPHs and MBPHs-I.
Amino AcidMBPHs (g/100 g)MBPHS-I (g/100 g)
Aspartic (Asp)9.58011.292
Threonine (Thr)3.0223.319
Serine (Ser)6.6186.618
Glx a20.25122.231
Alanine (Ala)3.9644.615
Cysteine (Cys)10.30710.059
Valine (Val)4.8075.499
Methionine (Met)1.1071.650
Isoleucine (Ile)3.8164.928
Leucine (Leu)7.3179.151
Tyrosine (Tyr)3.0724.653
Phenylalanine (Phe)5.8316.913
Histidine (His)3.2873.044
Lysine (Lys)6.5586.913
Arginine (Arg)7.2517.325
Proline (Pro)4.0473.790
HAA b32.90438.317
AAA c8.90310.566
a Glutamic (Glu) and glutamine (Gln). b Hydrophobic amino acids. c Aromatic amino acids.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Xie, J.; Ye, H.; Du, M.; Yu, Q.; Chen, Y.; Shen, M. Mung Bean Protein Hydrolysates Protect Mouse Liver Cell Line Nctc-1469 Cell from Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Cell Injury. Foods 2020, 9, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9010014

AMA Style

Xie J, Ye H, Du M, Yu Q, Chen Y, Shen M. Mung Bean Protein Hydrolysates Protect Mouse Liver Cell Line Nctc-1469 Cell from Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Cell Injury. Foods. 2020; 9(1):14. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9010014

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xie, Jianhua, Hedan Ye, Mengxia Du, Qiang Yu, Yi Chen, and Mingyue Shen. 2020. "Mung Bean Protein Hydrolysates Protect Mouse Liver Cell Line Nctc-1469 Cell from Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Cell Injury" Foods 9, no. 1: 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9010014

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop