Proteins and Metabolites as Indicators of Flours Quality and Nutritional Properties of Two Durum Wheat Varieties Grown in Different Italian Locations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material and Field Trials
2.2. Seed Storage Protein Extraction and Quantification
2.3. Protein Characterization by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (Sds-Page) and Densitometric Analysis of Gluten Fractions
2.4. Isolation of Starch
2.5. Light Microscopy
2.6. Determination of Phenolic Acid Content
2.7. Determination of Antioxidant Activity
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Meteorological Conditions in the Two Growing Seasons
3.2. Effect of Cultivar, Growing Area, and Cropping Season on Grain Quality and Nutritional Properties
3.2.1. Analysis of Gluten Protein Content
3.2.2. Quantification of Gluten Protein Sub-Units
3.2.3. Analysis of Starch Granules
3.2.4. Analysis of Polyphenols and Antioxidant Capacity
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Variety Characteristics | Plant Characteristics | Grain Quality | Tolerance | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Iride | Pedigree Altar 84 × Ionio | Seasonal Type | spring | Test Weight | high | Powdery Mildew | susceptible |
Release in 1996 | Heading Time | early | Yellow index | medium | Leaf Rust | susceptible | |
by PSB s.p.a. | Height | medium | Protein Content | medium (>12%) | Septoria | susceptible | |
Awn color | black | Gluten quality | 83% | Abiotic stress | excellent | ||
Potential yield | high | Glu A1 | null | Lodging | good | ||
Glu B1 | 7+8 | ||||||
Glu B3 | LMW-2 | ||||||
Svevo | Pedigree Cimmyt line × Zenit | Seasonal Type | spring | Test Weight | good | Powdery Mildew | susceptible |
Release in 1996 | Heading Time | early | Yellow index | high | Leaf Rust | susceptible | |
by PSB s.p.a. | Height | medium-high | Protein Content | good (>14%) | Septoria | tolerant | |
Awn color | whitish | Gluten quality | 85% | Abiotic stress | excellent | ||
Potential yield | medium | GluA1 | null | Lodging | good | ||
Glu B1 | 7+8 | ||||||
GluB3 | LMW-2 |
GPC% | Gliadins % | HMW-GS % | LMW-GS % | glu/gli | HMW-GS/LMW-GS | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Location * | Argelato | 13.63 ± 1.35b | 47.27 ± 5.64a | 24.37 ± 3.22a | 28.36 ± 6.50a | 1.14 ± 0.25a | 1.02 ± 0.40a |
Tolentino | 13.80 ± 1.10b | 46.72 ± 5.63a | 25.04 ± 0.80a | 28.24 ± 5.46a | 1.16 ± 0.26a | 0.91 ± 0.18a | |
Foggia | 13.28 ± 0.85b | 47.23 ± 6.04a | 25.23 ± 2.41a | 26.75 ± 7.75a | 1.14 ± 0.28a | 0.99 ± 0.37a | |
Quisquina | 15.33 ±1.00a | 44.87 ± 6.98a | 26.32 ± 1.71a | 28.81 ± 6.41a | 1.27 ± 0.35a | 0.95 ± 0.22a | |
Year † | 2016 | 13.99 ± 1.56a | 51.67 ± 1.09a | 26.21 ± 1.62a | 22.12 ± 2.40b | 0.93 ± 0.04b | 1.20 ± 0.19a |
2017 | 14.03 ± 1.00a | 41.38 ± 2.09b | 24.26 ± 2.78a | 34.36 ± 1.99a | 1.42 ± 0.12a | 0.73 ± 0.07b | |
Cultivar ‡ | Iride | 13.35 ± 1.01b | 46.53 ± 6.14a | 25.89 ± 2.97a | 27.58 ± 7.71a | 1.18 ± 0.29a | 1.05 ± 0.31a |
Svevo | 14.66 ± 1.19a | 46.52 ± 5.31a | 24.59 ± 1.66a | 28.90 ± 5.90a | 1.17 ± 0.26a | 0.89 ± 0.23a |
Trait | Source of Variation | Df a | SS b | MS c | F | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gluten Fraction | Gliadins | Year (Y) | 1 | 423.742 | 423.742 | 147.774 | 0.000 |
LMW | (Pillai’s Trace = 0.000) | 1 | 522.923 | 522.923 | 194.221 | 0.000 | |
Gluten protein Bands % | LMW 42 | Genotype (G) (Pillai’s Trace = 0.050) | 1 | 123.099 | 123.09 | 7.467 | 0.018 |
GLY 44 | 1 | 57.646 | 57.646 | 5.065 | 0.044 | ||
GLY 41 | 1 | 36.754 | 36.754 | 6.829 | 0.023 | ||
GLY 32-34 | 1 | 94.868 | 94.868 | 19.006 | 0.001 | ||
B_x | Year (Pillai’s Trace = 0.000) | 1 | 428.076 | 428.076 | 35.268 | 0.000 | |
B_y | 1 | 428.076 | 428.076 | 35.268 | 0.000 | ||
LMW 37 | 1 | 102.061 | 102.061 | 11.045 | 0.006 | ||
LMW 32 | 1 | 41.602 | 41.602 | 4.865 | 0.048 | ||
GLY 44 | 1 | 1497.497 | 1497.497 | 131.568 | 0.000 | ||
GLY 41 | 1 | 332.971 | 332.971 | 61.863 | 0.000 | ||
GLY 32-34 | 1 | 515.971 | 515.971 | 103.369 | 0.000 | ||
GLY 28-30 | 1 | 718.240 | 718.240 | 158.343 | 0.000 | ||
B_x | G × Y (Pillai’s Trace = 0.036) | 1 | 58.523 | 58.523 | 4.822 | 0.049 | |
B_y | 1 | 58.522 | 58.522 | 4.822 | 0.049 | ||
LMW 42 | 1 | 81.000 | 81.000 | 4.914 | 0.047 | ||
GLY 41 | 1 | 45.327 | 45.327 | 8.421 | 0.013 | ||
Polyphenols antioxidant | Free | Environment (E) (Pillai’s Trace = 0.000) | 3 | 143.130 | 47.710 | 291.553 | 0.000 |
Conjugates | 3 | 14075.706 | 4691.902 | 159.130 | 0.000 | ||
Bounds | 3 | 299366.536 | 99788.845 | 1150.315 | 0.000 | ||
TEAC | 3 | 1953.443 | 651.148 | 1708.501 | 0.000 | ||
Free | G × Y (Pillai’s Trace = 0.000) | 3 | 46.173 | 15.391 | 94.053 | 0.000 | |
Conjugates | 3 | 4113.264 | 1371.088 | 46.502 | 0.000 | ||
Bounds | 3 | 280728.063 | 93576.021 | 1078.697 | 0.000 | ||
TEAC | 3 | 23288.355 | 7762.785 | 20368.233 | 0.000 | ||
Free | G × Y × E (Pillai’s Trace = 0.000) | 9 | 52.134 | 5.793 | 35.399 | 0.000 | |
Conjugates | 9 | 5665.122 | 629.458 | 21.349 | 0.000 | ||
Bounds | 9 | 296814.790 | 32979.421 | 380.170 | 0.000 | ||
TEAC | 9 | 4783.027 | 531.447 | 1394.428 | 0.000 |
Free Phenolics (µg GAE/g) | Conjugated Phenolics (µg GAE/g) | Bounds Phenolics (µg GAE/g) | Antioxidant Capacity TEAC (µM TE/g) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Location * | Argelato | 8.19 ± 0.12c | 67.94 ± 0.23c | 288.48 ± 13.95c | 61.40 ± 0.99b |
Tolentino | 7.46 ± 0.11d | 60.72 ± 0.22d | 292.26 ± 7.60c | 45.47 ± 0.68d | |
Foggia | 10.23 ± 0.59b | 85.75 ± 0.29b | 339.30 ± 13.86b | 58.41 ± 0.76c | |
Quisquina | 11.89 ± 0.35a | 104.95 ± 0.36a | 483.11 ± 6.92a | 62.75 ± 0.42a | |
Year † | 2016 | 8.65 ± 0.18b | 72.54 ± 0.25b | 303.22 ± 10.42b | 38.83 ± 0.98b |
2017 | 10.18 ± 0.41a | 87.14 ± 0.30a | 398.36 ± 10.75a | 75.19 ± 0.45a | |
Cultivar ‡ | Iride | 9.47 ± 0.40a | 80.06 ± 0.28a | 294.03 ± 10.91b | 65.25 ± 0.78a |
Svevo | 9.35 ± 0.18a | 79.62 ± 0.27a | 407.55 ± 10.26a | 48.73 ± 0.65b |
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Graziano, S.; Marmiroli, N.; Visioli, G.; Gullì, M. Proteins and Metabolites as Indicators of Flours Quality and Nutritional Properties of Two Durum Wheat Varieties Grown in Different Italian Locations. Foods 2020, 9, 315. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030315
Graziano S, Marmiroli N, Visioli G, Gullì M. Proteins and Metabolites as Indicators of Flours Quality and Nutritional Properties of Two Durum Wheat Varieties Grown in Different Italian Locations. Foods. 2020; 9(3):315. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030315
Chicago/Turabian StyleGraziano, Sara, Nelson Marmiroli, Giovanna Visioli, and Mariolina Gullì. 2020. "Proteins and Metabolites as Indicators of Flours Quality and Nutritional Properties of Two Durum Wheat Varieties Grown in Different Italian Locations" Foods 9, no. 3: 315. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030315