Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Foodborne Pathogens and Indicator Bacteria from Edible Offal and Muscle Meats in Nashville, Tennessee
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection and Preparation
2.1.1. Detection of Salmonella Enterica serovar
2.1.2. Detection of Campylobacter spp.
2.1.3. Detection of Generic Escherichia coli and Escherichia coli O157:H7
2.1.4. Detection of Enterococcus spp.
2.2. Bacterial DNA Preparation and Bacteria Confirmation
2.3. Antibiotic Resistant Profiles
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Pathogenic Bacteria: Salmonella enterica serovar and Campylobacter spp.
3.2. Indicator Bacteria: Escherichia coli and enterococci
3.3. Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in Pathogenic Bacteria
3.4. Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in Escherichia coli and Enterococci
3.5. Multidrug Resistant Patterns of Pathogenic and Indicator Bacteria
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bacterial Species A | No. (%) of Edible Offal B | No. (%) of Muscle Meat B | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CL (n = 72) | BL (n = 44) | BT (n = 44) | Total (n = 160) | CW (n = 72) | GC (n = 72) | GB (n = 44) | Total (n = 188) | |
Salmonella enterica serovar | 7 (9.7) ay | 0 (0.0) cy | 0 (0.0) cy | 7 (4.4) aby | 3 (4.2) aby | 5 (4.2) aby | 0 (0.0) cy | 8 (4.3) aby |
Campylobacter | 0 (0.0) by | 3 (6.9) ay | 0 (0.0) by | 3 (1.9) aby | 0 (0.0) by | 1 (1.4) aby | 1 (2.3) aby | 2 (1.1) aby |
Escherichia coli | 67 (93.1) ax | 28 (63.6) bx | 32 (72.7) abx | 127 (79.4) abx | 67 (93.1) ax | 68 (94.4) ax | 33 (75.0) abx | 168 (89.4) ax |
enterococci | 70 (97.2) ax | 36 (81.8) bx | 35 (79.5) bx | 141 (88.1) bx | 72 (100.0) ax | 72 (100.0) ax | 36 (81.8) bx | 180 (95.7) ax |
Bacterial Species A | Isolates (n = 116) | No. (%) of Bacteria Isolates in the Edible Offal Resistant to Antimicrobial Agents B | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AMC | CTX | CAZ | CRO | CHL | CIP | ERY | IPM | TET | VAN | ||
Offal meats | |||||||||||
Salmonella enterica serovar | 7 | 0 (0.0) c | 3 (42.9) ab | 0 (0.0) c | 4 (57.1) ab | 5 (71.4) a | 0 (0.0) c | 7 (100) a | 0 (0.0)c | 6 (85.7) a | 7 (100) a |
Campylobacter | 3 | 0 (0) a | 3 (100) a | 0 (0) a | 3 (100) a | 0 (0) a | 3 (100) a | 3 (100) a | 0 (0) a | 1 (33.3) a | 3 (100) a |
Escherichia coli | 53 | 53 (100) a | 39 (73.6) ab | 9 (17) c | 39 (73.6) ab | 36 (67.9) ab | 18 (34) bc | 53 (100) a | 0 (0) c | 53 (100) a | 53 (100) a |
Enterococci | 53 | 0 (0) c | 51 (96.2) a | 51 (96) a | 52 (98) a | 9 (17) bc | 32 (60) ab | 51 (96.2) a | 0 (0) c | 49 (92.5) a | 40 (75.5) ab |
Total | 116 | 53 (46) bc | 96 (83) ab | 60 (52) bc | 98 (84.5) ab | 50 (43.1) bc | 53 (46) bc | 114 (98.3) a | 0 (0) c | 109 (94) a | 103 (88.8) ab |
Muscle meats | |||||||||||
Salmonella enterica serovar | 8 | 2 (25) bc | 5 (62.5) ab | 2 (25) bc | 5 (62.5) ab | 5 (62.5) ab | 0 (0.0) c | 8 (100) a | 0 (0) c | 8 (100) a | 8 (100) a |
Campylobacter | 2 | 0 (0)a | 2 (100) a | 0 (0) a | 2 (100) a | 2 (100) a | 1 (50) a | 2 (100) a | 0 (0) a | 0 (0) a | 2 (100) a |
Escherichia coli | 51 | 47 (92.2) a | 26 (51) ab | 9 (17.7) c | 28 (55) ab | 28 (55) ab | 14 (26) bc | 51 (100) a | 1 (2) c | 51 (100) a | 51 (100) a |
Enterococci | 54 | 1 (1.9) c | 50 (92.6) a | 49 (90.7) a | 51 (94.4) a | 27 (50) ab | 49 (90.7) a | 53 (98.1) a | 0 (0) c | 54 (100) a | 45 (83.3) a |
Total | 115 | 50 (43.5) bc | 83 (71.2) b | 60 (52.2) bc | 86 (74.8) b | 62 (53.9) bc | 64 (55.7) bc | 114 (99.1) a | 1 (0.9) c | 113 (98.3) a | 106 (92.2) a |
Bacterial Species A | Antibiotic Resistance Profiles B | No. (%) of Edible Offal Isolates C (n = 116) | No. (%) of Muscle Meat Isolates C (n = 115) |
---|---|---|---|
Salmonella enterica serovar (n = 15) | AMC, CTX, CRO, CHL, ERY, TET, VAN | 0 (0.0) c | 1 (0.9) c |
AMC, CHL, ERY, TET, VAN | 0 (0.0) c | 1 (0.9) c | |
CTX, CAZ, CRO, CHL, ERY, TET, VAN | 0 (0.0) c | 1 (0.9) c | |
CTX, CAZ, ERY, TET, VAN | 0 (0.0) c | 1 (0.9) c | |
CTX, CRO, CHL, ERY, TET, VAN | 2 (1.7) bc | 2 (1.7) bc | |
CTX, CHL, ERY, TET, VAN | 1 (0.9) c | 0 (0.0) c | |
CRO, CHL, ERY, TET, VAN | 1 (0.9) c | 0 (0.0) c | |
ERY, TET, VAN | 2 (1.7) bc | 2 (1.7) bc | |
ERY, VAN | 1 (0.9) c | 0 (0.0) c | |
Campylobacter (n = 5) | CTX, CRO, CHL, ERY, VAN | 0 (0.0) c | 1 (0.9) c |
CRO, CHL, ERY, VAN | 0 (0.0) c | 1 (0.9) c | |
CRO, ERY, VAN | 1 (0.9) c | 0 (0.0) c | |
CIP, ERY, VAN | 1 (0.9) c | 0 (0.0) c | |
ERY, VAN | 1 (0.9) c | 0 (0.0) c | |
E. coli (n = 104) | AMC, CTX, CRO, CHL, ERY, TET, VAN | 1 (0.9) c | 0 (0.0) c |
AMC, CTX, ERY, TET, VAN | 0 (0.0) c | 1 (0.9) c | |
AMC, CAZ, CRO, CHL, ERY, TET, VAN | 2 (1,7) bc | 2 (1.7) bc | |
AMC, CAZ, CHL, ERY, TET, VAN | 9 (7.8) bx | 2 (1.7) bcy | |
AMC, CRO, CHL, ERY, TET, VAN | 5 (4.3) bc | 1 (0.9) c | |
AMC, CHL, CIP, ERY, TET, VAN | 1 (0.9) c | 0 (0.0) c | |
AMC, CHL, ERY, TET, VAN | 23 (19.8) ax | 15 (13.0) aby | |
AMC, ERY, IPM, TET, VAN | 0 (0.0) c | 1 (0.9) c | |
AMC, ERY, TET, VAN | 12 (10.3) aby | 25 (21.7) ax | |
ERY, TET, VAN | 0 (0.0) c | 4 (3.5) bc | |
Enterococci (n = 107) | AMC, CTX, CRO, ERY, TET, VAN | 0 (0.0) c | 1 (0.9) c |
CTX, CAZ, CRO, CIP, ERY, TET, VAN | 1 (0.9) c | 5 (4.3) bc | |
CTX, CAZ, CRO, CHL, CIP, TET | 0 (0.0) c | 2 (1.7) bc | |
CTX, CAZ, CRO, CIP, ERY, TET | 2 (1.7) bc | 0 (0.0) c | |
CTX, CAZ, CRO, CIP, TET, VAN | 0 (0.0) bc | 2 (1.7) bc | |
CTX, CAZ, CRO, ERY, TET, VAN | 6 (5.2) b | 8 (7.0) b | |
CTX, CAZ, CHL, CIP, ERY, TET | 0 (0.0) c | 2 (1.7) bc | |
CTX, CAZ, CRO, CIP, TET | 1 (0.9) c | 0 (0.0) c | |
CTX, CAZ, CRO, ERY, TET | 10 (8.6) bx | 9 (7.8) by | |
CTX, CAZ, CRO, TET, VAN | 2 (1.7) bc | 7 (6.1) b | |
CTX, CAZ, CRO, ERY | 2 (1.7) bc | 0 (0.0) c | |
CTX, CAZ, CRO, TET | 15 (12.9) abx | 6 (5.2) by | |
CTX, CAZ, CRO, VAN | 3 (2.6) bc | 0 (0.0) c | |
CTX, CAZ, ERY, TET | 2 (1.7) bc | 0 (0.0) c | |
CTX, CAZ, CRO | 0 (0.0) c | 3 (2.6) bc | |
CTX, CAZ, CIP | 2 (1.7) bc | 0 (0.0) c | |
CAZ, CRO, ERY, TET, VAN | 0 (0.0) c | 1 (0.9) c | |
CAZ, CRO, ERY, TET | 2 (1.7) bc | 0 (0.0) c | |
CAZ, ERY, TET, VAN | 1 (0.9) c | 0 (0.0) c | |
CAZ, CRO, TET | 0 (0.0) c | 1 (0.9) c | |
CAZ, CRO | 0 (0.0) c | 3 (2.6) bc | |
CAZ, TET | 2 (1.7) bc | 0 (0.0) c | |
CHL, TET, VAN | 1 (0.9) c | 0 (0.0) c | |
ERY, TET, VAN | 1 (0.9) c | 2 (1.7) bc | |
ERY, VAN | 0 (0.0) c | 2 (1.7) bc |
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Liu, S.; Kilonzo-Nthenge, A.; Nahashon, S.N.; Pokharel, B.; Mafiz, A.I.; Nzomo, M. Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Foodborne Pathogens and Indicator Bacteria from Edible Offal and Muscle Meats in Nashville, Tennessee. Foods 2020, 9, 1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091190
Liu S, Kilonzo-Nthenge A, Nahashon SN, Pokharel B, Mafiz AI, Nzomo M. Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Foodborne Pathogens and Indicator Bacteria from Edible Offal and Muscle Meats in Nashville, Tennessee. Foods. 2020; 9(9):1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091190
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Siqin, Agnes Kilonzo-Nthenge, Samuel N. Nahashon, Bharat Pokharel, Abdullah Ibn Mafiz, and Maureen Nzomo. 2020. "Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Foodborne Pathogens and Indicator Bacteria from Edible Offal and Muscle Meats in Nashville, Tennessee" Foods 9, no. 9: 1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091190