Polyphenols of Traditional Apple Varieties in Interaction with Barley β-Glucan: A Study of the Adsorption Process
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Apples and Polyphenol Extraction
2.3. Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) Method
2.4. Adsorption
2.5. Adsorption Isotherms
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Polyphenols and Their Adsorption Capacity
3.2. Adsorption Isotherms
3.2.1. Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm
3.2.2. Dubinin–Radushkevich Adsorption Isotherm
3.2.3. Hill Adsorption Isotherm
3.2.4. Comparison of Adsorption Isotherm Models
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Polyphenols | Adsorption Capacity | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg g−1 | ||||||||
Peel | Flesh | |||||||
“Božićnica” | “Batulenka” | “Božićnica” | “Batulenka” | |||||
Anthocyanins | ||||||||
cyanidin-3-galactoside | 15.3 ± 0.0 b | |||||||
Flavan-3-ols | ||||||||
procyanidin B1 | 109.9 ± 10.8 a,b | 83.2 ± 14.9 c | ||||||
(+)-catechin | 483.6 ± 42.0 a | |||||||
(−)-epicatechin | 112.6 ± 16.0 a,b | 48.8 ± 2.7 c,d | ||||||
Dihydrochalcones | ||||||||
phloretin-2′-glucoside | 91.4 ± 0.2 a,b | 39.0 ± 5.4 c,d | 5.0 ± 0.5 c | |||||
phloretin-2′-xyloglucoside | 59.5 ± 2.8 a,b | 13.8 ± 0.7 b,c | ||||||
Phenolic acids | ||||||||
chlorogenic acid | 203.3 ± 28.5 a | 61.6 ± 27.0 c,d | 159.7 ± 13.8 a | 19.3 ± 6.3 a | ||||
chlorogenic acid isomer | 27.5 ± 7.5 a,b | 12.4 ± 2.5 c,d | 34.6 ± 3.8 b | 27.5 ± 8.8 a | ||||
Flavonols | ||||||||
quercetin-3-galactoside | 110.0 ± 0.5 a,b | 340.2 ± 44.0 b | ||||||
quercetin-3 glucoside | 27.6 ± 25.9 a,b | 90.7 ± 8.9 c | ||||||
quercetin derivative 1 | 16.9 ± 0.5 b | 22.0 ± 1.6 c,d | ||||||
quercetin derivative 2 | 8.5 ± 4.8 b | 1.3 ± 0.1 d | ||||||
quercetin-3-xyloside | 12.3 ± 11.8 b | 42.7 ± 4.1 c,d | ||||||
quercetin-3-rhamnoside | 26.8 ± 3.1 a,b | 71.8 ± 6.6 c,d | 6.3 ± 0.9 c |
Langmuir | Dubinin–Radushkevich | Hill | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
qm | KL | qs | E | cs | qm | nH | KD | |
mg g−1 | mg−1 | mg g−1 | J mol−1 | mg | mg g−1 | mg nH | ||
“Božićnica” | ||||||||
Anthocyanins | ||||||||
cyanidin-3-galactoside | 20 | 1163 | 18 | 621 | 0.0007 | 15 | 12 | 0.0005 |
Flavan-3-ols | ||||||||
procyanidin B1 | 200 | 117 | 118 | 1438 | 0.0008 | 200 | 2.1 | 0.0069 |
(−)-epicatechin | 304 | 61 | 126 | 2545 | 0.0150 | 260 | 1.1 | 0.0121 |
Dihydrochalcones | ||||||||
phloretin-2′-glucoside | 63 | 291 | 114 | 499 | 0.0008 | 116 | 12.6 | 0.0071 |
phloretin-2′-xyloglucoside | 60 | 1404 | 54 | 2577 | 0.0020 | 60 | 1.8 | 0.0008 |
Phenolic acids | ||||||||
chlorogenic acid | 250 | 175 | 250 | 3237 | 0.0278 | 250 | 1.8 | 0.0059 |
chlorogenic acid isomer | 50 | 291 | 29 | 1200 | 0.0025 | 50 | 2.3 | 0.0024 |
Flavonols | ||||||||
quercetin-3-galactoside | 100 | 110 | 135 | 709 | 0.0150 | 150 | 7.6 | 0.0083 |
quercetin-3-glucoside | 50 | 261 | 29 | 2862 | 0.0070 | 28 | 4.3 | 0.0015 |
quercetin derivative 1 | 20 | 1352 | 18 | 1124 | 0.0009 | 20 | 4.8 | 0.0006 |
quercetin derivative 2 | 20 | 1430 | 14 | 755 | 0.0005 | 20 | 4.2 | 0.0004 |
quercetin-3-xyloside | 93 | 97 | 13 | 2291 | 0.0022 | 21 | 1.6 | 0.0013 |
quercetin-3-rhamnoside | 30 | 1075 | 31 | 1181 | 0.0015 | 30 | 4.9 | 0.0010 |
“Batulenka” | ||||||||
Flavan-3-ols | ||||||||
procyanidin B1 | 276 | 498 | 83 | 1703 | 0.0008 | 84 | 3.8 | 0.0003 |
(+)-catechin | 600 | 515 | 553 | 1144 | 0.0035 | 600 | 4.7 | 0.0021 |
(−)-epicatechin | 70 | 849 | 70 | 738 | 0.0010 | 70 | 5.5 | 0.0008 |
Dihydrochalcones | ||||||||
phloretin-2′-glucoside | 40 | 7820 | 41 | 1688 | 0.0004 | 40 | 3.9 | 0.0002 |
Phenolic acids | ||||||||
chlorogenic acid | 75 | 1231 | 74 | 501 | 0.0015 | 75 | 4.8 | 0.0008 |
chlorogenic acid isomer | 18 | 3594 | 18 | 459 | 0.0002 | 18 | 12.7 | 0.0002 |
Flavonols | ||||||||
quercetin-3-galactoside | 500 | 526 | 359 | 1580 | 0.0025 | 500 | 2.7 | 0.0017 |
quercetin-3-glucoside | 100 | 1225 | 119 | 769 | 0.0010 | 90 | 9.9 | 0.0007 |
quercetin derivative 1 | 30 | 1553 | 25 | 393 | 0.0005 | 30 | 12.6 | 0.0004 |
quercetin derivative 2 | 5 | 809 | 5 | 299 | 0.0005 | 5 | 8.6 | 0.0004 |
quercetin-3-xyloside | 45 | 2125 | 63 | 638 | 0.0006 | 45 | 10.2 | 0.0005 |
quercetin-3-rhamnoside | 80 | 976 | 80 | 559 | 0.0012 | 80 | 10.7 | 0.0009 |
Langmuir | Dubinin–Radushkevich | Hill | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
qm | KL | qs | E | cs | qm | nH | KD | |
mg g−1 | mg−1 | mg g−1 | J mol−1 | mg | mg g−1 | mg nH | ||
“Božićnica” | ||||||||
Dihydrochalcones | ||||||||
phloretin-2′-xyloglucoside | 20 | 3310 | 15 | 998 | 0.0003 | 20 | 3.9 | 0.0002 |
phloretin-2′-glucoside | 6 | 10,890 | 6 | 687 | 0.0001 | 6 | 10.4 | 0.00009 |
Phenolic acids | ||||||||
chlorogenic acid | 200 | 220 | 209 | 655 | 0.0047 | 200 | 9.6 | 0.0034 |
chlorogenic acid isomer | 50 | 1473 | 43 | 761 | 0.0004 | 50 | 6.1 | 0.0005 |
Flavonols | ||||||||
quercetin-3-rhamnoside | 9 | 1634 | 9 | 355 | 0.0006 | 9 | 47 | 0.0006 |
“Batulenka” | ||||||||
Phenolic acids | ||||||||
chlorogenic acid | 60 | 928 | 21 | 2064 | 0.0006 | 27 | 2.2 | 0.0003 |
chlorogenic acid isomer | 50 | 1002 | 29 | 1584 | 0.0008 | 50 | 2.3 | 0.0007 |
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Jakobek, L.; Buljeta, I.; Ištuk, J.; Barron, A.R. Polyphenols of Traditional Apple Varieties in Interaction with Barley β-Glucan: A Study of the Adsorption Process. Foods 2020, 9, 1278. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091278
Jakobek L, Buljeta I, Ištuk J, Barron AR. Polyphenols of Traditional Apple Varieties in Interaction with Barley β-Glucan: A Study of the Adsorption Process. Foods. 2020; 9(9):1278. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091278
Chicago/Turabian StyleJakobek, Lidija, Ivana Buljeta, Jozo Ištuk, and Andrew R. Barron. 2020. "Polyphenols of Traditional Apple Varieties in Interaction with Barley β-Glucan: A Study of the Adsorption Process" Foods 9, no. 9: 1278. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091278
APA StyleJakobek, L., Buljeta, I., Ištuk, J., & Barron, A. R. (2020). Polyphenols of Traditional Apple Varieties in Interaction with Barley β-Glucan: A Study of the Adsorption Process. Foods, 9(9), 1278. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091278