Effect of Microwave Pretreatment of Seeds on the Quality and Antioxidant Capacity of Pomegranate Seed Oil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Material
2.2. Sample Moisturizing
2.3. Microwave Pretreatment
2.3.1. Equipment Calibration
2.3.2. Pretreatment
2.4. Oil Extraction
2.5. Pomegranate Seeds Microstructures Analysis
2.6. Determination of PSO Quality Indices
2.6.1. Refractive and Yellowness Index
2.6.2. Peroxide Value, Conjugated Dienes, ρ-Anisidine Value and Total Oxidation Value
2.7. Determination of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity
2.7.1. Total Carotenoids Content and Total Phenolic Content
2.7.2. Phytosterol Composition
2.7.3. Radical Scavenging Ability
2.7.4. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power
2.8. Fatty Acid Composition
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Oil Yield and Seeds Microstructures
3.2. Refractive and Yellowness Index
3.3. Peroxide Value, Conjugated Dienes and Trienes, ρ-Anisidine Value and Total Oxidation Value
3.4. Total Carotenoids Content, Total Phenolic Content, and Antioxidant Capacity
3.5. Phytosterol Composition
3.6. Fatty Acid Composition
3.7. Principal Component Analysis and Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cultivar | Treatment | RI | K232 | K270 | PV | AV | TOTOX |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wonderful | Unmicrowaved | 1.5181 ± 0.00 a | 0.22 ± 0.01 b | 0.28 ± 0.005 b | 0.04 ± 0.001 d | 14.22 ± 0.58 a | 14.30 ± 0.58 a |
Microwaved | 1.5180 ± 0.00 a | 0.28 ± 0.01 a | 0.29 ± 0.009 ab | 0.05 ± 0.005 d | 12.50 ± 0.59 a | 12.59 ± 0.59 a | |
Herskawitz | Unmicrowaved | 1.5180 ± 0.00 a | 0.30 ± 0.01 a | 0.31 ± 0.008 a | 0.17 ± 0.008 e | 13.06 ± 0.34 a | 13.40 ± 0.35 a |
Microwaved | 1.5180 ± 0.00 a | 0.19 ± 0.02 b | 0.29 ± 0.016 ab | 0.22 ± 0.011 c | 12.90 ± 1.20 a | 13.33 ± 1.19 a | |
Acco | Unmicrowaved | 1.5180 ± 0.00 a | 0.20 ± 0.01 b | 0.31 ± 0.005 a | 0.27 ± 0.005 a | 2.00 ± 0.66 c | 2.53 ± 0.65 c |
Microwaved | 1.5180 ± 0.00 a | 0.29 ± 0.01 a | 0.31 ± 0.009 ab | 0.35 ± 0.007 b | 5.90 ± 1.15 b | 6.60 ± 1.16 b |
Cultivar | Treatment | TCC | TPC | DPPH | FRAP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wonderful | Unmicrowaved | 22.65 ± 0.96 d | 1.67 ± 0.01 c | 1.70 ± 0.05 bc | 6.09 ± 1.44 b |
Microwaved | 21.19 ± 1.81 d | 2.09 ± 0.17 b | 1.72 ± 0.02 bc | 8.98 ± 0.41 a | |
Herskawitz | Unmicrowaved | 30.27 ± 0.36 b | 2.91 ± 0.11 a | 1.66 ± 0.01 c | 3.00 ± 0.17 c |
Microwaved | 33.47 ± 0.43 a | 3.12 ± 0.07 a | 1.78 ± 0.01 ab | 5.46 ± 0.90 b | |
Acco | Unmicrowaved | 27.00 ± 0.96 c | 2.05 ± 0.06 c | 1.69 ± 0.03 c | 1.95 ± 0.02 c |
Microwaved | 32.08 ± 0.73 ab | 2.39 ± 0.13 b | 1.76 ± 0.02 a | 1.80 ± 0.13 c |
Cultivar/Treatment | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fatty Acid | Wonderful | Herskawitz | Acco | |||
Unmicrowaved | Microwaved | Unmicrowaved | Microwaved | Unmicrowaved | Microwaved | |
Palmitic acid (C16:0) | 5.64 ± 0.14 c | 5.98 ± 0.17 bc | 5.66 ± 0.35 c | 6.82 ± 0.53 ab | 6.72 ± 0.16 b | 7.74 ± 0.27 a |
Stearic acid (C18:0) | 2.50 ± 0.08 c | 2.49 ± 0.09 bc | 2.34 ± 0.11 ab | 2.35 ± 0.08 ab | 2.87 ± 0.03 b | 3.08 ± 0.02 a |
Oleic acid (C18:1) | 8.04 ± 0.47 c | 8.59 ± 0.16 bc | 7.43 ± 0.30 c | 8.11 ± 0.40 ab | 8.75 ± 0.12 b | 9.62 ± 0.17 a |
Linoleic acid (C18:2) | 11.59 ± 0.23 c | 11.62 ± 0.53 bc | 12.09 ± 1.25 c | 16.54 ± 1.53 ab | 12.86 ± 0.42 b | 14.35 ± 0.95 a |
Punicic acid (C18:3) | 68.95 ± 0.63 c | 68.99 ± 0.71 bc | 70.51 ± 1.96 c | 63.55 ± 2.84 ab | 66.30 ± 0.58 b | 62.75 ± 1.84 a |
Arachidic acid (C20:0) | 0.45 ± 0.03 c | 0.54 ± 0.01 bc | 0.53 ± 0.02 c | 0.60 ± 0.04 ab | 0.88 ± 0.19 b | 0.76 ± 0.02 a |
SFA | 8.59 ± 0.24 cd | 9.01 ± 0.27 cd | 8.53 ± 0.30 d | 9.77 ± 0.63 bc | 10.47 ± 0.36 ab | 11.58 ± 0.30 a |
MUFA | 8.04 ± 0.47 bc | 8.59 ± 0.16 b | 7.43 ± 0.30 c | 8.11 ± 0.40 bc | 8.75 ± 0.12 ab | 9.62 ± 0.17 a |
PUFA | 80.53 ± 0.43 ab | 80.61 ± 0.19 ab | 82.60 ± 0.70 a | 80.09 ± 1.31 b | 79.16 ± 0.17 bc | 77.09 ± 0.90 c |
UFA/SFA ratio | 17.43 ± 0.25 a | 17.55 ± 0.14 a | 17.15 ± 0.15 a | 16.40 ± 0.27 b | 16.33 ± 0.14 b | 16.29 ± 0.08 b |
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Kaseke, T.; Opara, U.L.; Fawole, O.A. Effect of Microwave Pretreatment of Seeds on the Quality and Antioxidant Capacity of Pomegranate Seed Oil. Foods 2020, 9, 1287. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091287
Kaseke T, Opara UL, Fawole OA. Effect of Microwave Pretreatment of Seeds on the Quality and Antioxidant Capacity of Pomegranate Seed Oil. Foods. 2020; 9(9):1287. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091287
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaseke, Tafadzwa, Umezuruike Linus Opara, and Olaniyi Amos Fawole. 2020. "Effect of Microwave Pretreatment of Seeds on the Quality and Antioxidant Capacity of Pomegranate Seed Oil" Foods 9, no. 9: 1287. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091287