Risk Assessment of Essential and Toxic Elements in Freshwater Fish Species from Lakes near Black Sea, Bulgaria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling and Sample Treatment
2.2. Reagents and Standard Solutions
2.3. Sample Digestion and Instrumental Parameters
2.4. The Public Health Risk Evaluation Associated with Freshwater Fish Consumption
2.4.1. Target Hazard Quotient (THQ)
2.4.2. Hazard Index (HI)
2.4.3. Target Risk (TR)
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Heavy Metals Concentration in Freshwater Fish Muscle Tissues
3.2. Potential Health Risk Assessment
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Location | N | Weight (kg) ± SD | Length (cm) ± SD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Crucian carp (Carassius carassius) | S1 | 6 | 0.253 ± 0.112 | 15 ± 2 |
Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) | S1 | 3 | 2.189 ± 0.859 | 46 ± 9 |
Roach (Rutilus rutilus) | S2 | 3 | 0.963 ±0.026 | 25 ± 9 |
Freshwater Bream (Abramis brama) | S2 | 4 | 2.562 ± 1.002 | 50 ± 5 |
Prussian Carp (Carassius gibelio) | S2 | 3 | 1.106 ± 0.089 | 38 ± 3 |
Microwave Digestion System “MARS 6”, Acid Mixture | Step | Initial Power (W) | Time (min) | Final Power (W) | Fan | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T °C (max) | 200 °C | 1 | 100 | 5 | 600 | 1 |
Pressure (max) | 75 bar | 2 | 600 | 5 | 600 | 1 |
Quartz vessels | EasyPrepTMPlus | 3 | 600 | 5 | 800 | 1 |
Sample amount | 1 g | 4 | 800 | 15 | 800 | 1 |
Plasma gas flow | 8 L/min |
Auxiliary gas flow | 0.4 L/min |
Nebulizer gas flow | 0.6 L/min |
RF Power | 1500 watts |
Viewing height | 15 mm |
Purge flow | High |
Plasma view | Axial |
Read delay | 90 s |
Read parameters | Auto (1 to 5 (Min-Max)) |
Peristaltic pump flow rate | 1.5 mL/min |
Processing peak | Area/High |
Calibration | Linear Calculated Intercept |
Spray chamber | Cyclonic Glass |
Nebulizer | Concentric Glass, MEINHARD® Type C |
İnjector | Alumina 2.0 mm i.d |
Quartz torch | 1-slot |
Auto integration(min-max) | 0.1–0.5 s |
Replicates | 3 |
Background correction | 1 or 2 points, manually |
Toxic and Essential Elements | S1 | S2 | National and International Standard Limits * | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. carassius | C. carpio | R. rutilus | C. gibelio | A. brama | ||
As | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | 2.0 [32] |
Cd | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.001 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.05 [33] |
Cr | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | - |
Cu | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.17 ± 0.11 | 0.12 ± 0.11 | 1.0 [34] |
Fe | 1.85 ± 0.71 | 1.92 ± 0.15 | 1.68 ± 0.96 | 2.23 ± 1.63 | 5.86 ± 1.97 | 100 [35] |
Mn | 0.71 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.16 | 0.20 ± 0.10 | 0.32 ± 0.03 | - |
Ni | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.05 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.5 [36] |
Pb | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 0.25 ± 0.06 | 0.27 ± 0.07 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.3 [33] |
Zn | 9.06 ± 0.44 | 3.27 ± 0.06 | 4.99 ± 4.12 | 6.98 ± 0.66 | 1.94 ± 0.16 | 100 [34] |
Fish Sample | Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) | Hazard Index (HI) | Target Risk (TR) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Fe | Mn | Ni | Pb | Zn | As | Pb | Ni | ||
FEMALES | |||||||||||||
C. carassius | --- | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.0011 | 0.043 | 0.0010 | 0.0008 | 0.011 | 0.006 | 0.075 | --- | 1.84 × 10−5 | 3.13 × 10−5 |
C. carpio | --- | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.0008 | 0.044 | 0.0001 | 0.0008 | 0.010 | 0.002 | 0.067 | --- | 1.91 × 10−5 | 3.25 × 10−5 |
R. rutilus | --- | 0.010 | 0.003 | 0.0006 | 0.039 | 0.0003 | 0.0011 | 0.013 | 0.004 | 0.071 | --- | 6.00 × 10-5 | 4.35 × 10−5 |
C. gibelio | --- | 0.009 | 0.003 | 0.0009 | 0.052 | 0.0003 | 0.0010 | 0.014 | 0.005 | 0.085 | --- | 6.51 × 10−5 | 3.82 × 10−5 |
A. brama | --- | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.0006 | 0.137 | 0.0005 | 0.0006 | 0.008 | 0.001 | 0.155 | --- | 3.55 × 10−5 | 2.25 × 10−5 |
MALES | |||||||||||||
C. carassius | --- | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.0009 | 0.035 | 0.0009 | 0.0007 | 0.0093 | 0.0052 | 0.078 | --- | 1.59 × 10−5 | 2.51 × 10−5 |
C. carpio | --- | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.0007 | 0.036 | 0.0001 | 0.0007 | 0.0086 | 0.0019 | 0.099 | --- | 1.76 × 10−5 | 2.61 × 10−5 |
R. rutilus | --- | 0.008 | 0.003 | 0.0005 | 0.032 | 0.0002 | 0.0009 | 0.0109 | 0.0029 | 0.148 | --- | 4.81 × 10−5 | 3.49 × 10−5 |
C. gibelio | --- | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.0007 | 0.043 | 0.0002 | 0.0008 | 0.0118 | 0.0040 | 0.096 | --- | 5.22 × 10−5 | 3.06 × 10−5 |
A. brama | --- | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.0005 | 0.113 | 0.0004 | 0.0005 | 0.0065 | 0.0011 | 0.082 | --- | 2.85 × 10−5 | 1.80 × 10−5 |
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Peycheva, K.; Panayotova, V.; Stancheva, R.; Makedonski, L.; Merdzhanova, A.; Parrino, V.; Nava, V.; Cicero, N.; Fazio, F. Risk Assessment of Essential and Toxic Elements in Freshwater Fish Species from Lakes near Black Sea, Bulgaria. Toxics 2022, 10, 675. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110675
Peycheva K, Panayotova V, Stancheva R, Makedonski L, Merdzhanova A, Parrino V, Nava V, Cicero N, Fazio F. Risk Assessment of Essential and Toxic Elements in Freshwater Fish Species from Lakes near Black Sea, Bulgaria. Toxics. 2022; 10(11):675. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110675
Chicago/Turabian StylePeycheva, Katya, Veselina Panayotova, Rositsa Stancheva, Lubomir Makedonski, Albena Merdzhanova, Vincenzo Parrino, Vincenzo Nava, Nicola Cicero, and Francesco Fazio. 2022. "Risk Assessment of Essential and Toxic Elements in Freshwater Fish Species from Lakes near Black Sea, Bulgaria" Toxics 10, no. 11: 675. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110675