Residual Levels of Mercury, Cadmium, Lead and Arsenic in Some Commercially Key Species from Italian Coasts (Adriatic Sea): Focus on Human Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Chemical Analyses and Instrumental Conditions
2.3. Quality Control and Assurance
2.4. Health Risk Assessment
2.4.1. Estimated Intake
2.4.2. Target Hazard Quotient and Hazard Index
2.4.3. Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk
2.4.4. Estimation of Safe Monthly Consumption Rate
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Metal(loid) Levels and Accumulation Versus Fish Length
3.2. Comparison with Literature Data
3.3. Health Risk Assessment
3.3.1. Metal(loid) Concentrations vs. International Dietary Standards
3.3.2. Estimated Intake
3.3.3. Non-Carcinogenic and Carcinogenic Risk Assessment
3.3.4. Estimation of Safe Monthly Consumption Rate
4. Uncertainties and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Length Range (cm) | N° Specimens | Hg | Cd | Pb | As | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Umbrina cirrosa (Shi drum) | 28.5–30.4 | 40 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.03 | 0.58 ± 0.08 | |
30.5–32.4 | 36 | 0.18 ± 0.05 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.61 ± 0.09 | ||
32.5–34.4 | 38 | 0.22 ± 0.04 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.03 | 0.49 ± 0.07 | ||
34.5–36.4 | 23 | 0.18 ± 0.05 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.66 ± 0.10 | ||
36.5–38.4 | 10 | 0.20 ± 0.05 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.60 ± 0.10 | ||
Total 147 | Min–Max Average ± St. Dev. | 0.11–0.22 0.18 ± 0.04 | 0.05–0.09 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.08–0.12 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.49–0.66 0.59 ± 0.06 | ||
Sciaena umbra (Brown meagre) | 20.5–22.4 | 32 | 0.14 ± 0.03 | 0.12 ± 0.03 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.66 ± 0.09 | |
22.5–23.4 | 34 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.12 ± 0.03 | 0.58 ± 0.07 | ||
23.5–24.4 | 23 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.16 ± 0.03 | 0.78 ± 0.11 | ||
24.5–25.4 | 25 | 0.21 ± 0.04 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.61 ± 0.10 | ||
25.5–26.4 | 12 | 0.33 ± 0.04 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.80 ± 0.12 | ||
Total 126 | Min-Max Average ± St. Dev. | 0.09–0.33 0.19 ± 0.09 | 0.07–0.13 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.09–0.16 0.12 ± 0.03 | 0.58–0.80 0.69 ± 0.10 | ||
MPLs | 0.50 1 | 0.05 1 | 0.30 1 | 1.0 2, 2.0 3 |
EWIHg | PTMICd | EWIPb | EDIiAs | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GP | HC | GP | HC | GP | HC | GP | HC | |
Umbrina cirrosa (Shi drum) | 0.43–0.86 | 0.78–1.57 | 0.84–1.50 | 1.53–2.75 | 0.31–0.47 | 0.57–0.86 | 0.03–0.04 | 0.05–0.07 |
0.69 ± 0.16 | 1.27 ± 0.30 | 1.10 ± 0.25 | 2.02 ± 0.46 | 0.40 ± 0.07 | 0.73 ± 0.13 | 0.03 ± 0.003 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | |
Sciaena umbra (Brown meagre) | 0.35–1.29 | 0.64–2.35 | 1.17–2.17 | 2.14–3.97 | 0.35–0.62 | 0.64–1.14 | 0.03–0.04 | 0.06–0.08 |
0.74 ± 0.35 | 1.35 ± 0.64 | 1.64 ± 0.46 | 2.99 ± 0.85 | 0.46 ± 0.10 | 0.84 ± 0.19 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | |
PTWI/PTMI | Hg 1:4; MeHg 2:1.6 | 25 | 25 | - | ||||
BMDL01 | - | - | - | 0.3–8 |
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Barone, G.; Storelli, A.; Garofalo, R.; Mallamaci, R.; Storelli, M.M. Residual Levels of Mercury, Cadmium, Lead and Arsenic in Some Commercially Key Species from Italian Coasts (Adriatic Sea): Focus on Human Health. Toxics 2022, 10, 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10050223
Barone G, Storelli A, Garofalo R, Mallamaci R, Storelli MM. Residual Levels of Mercury, Cadmium, Lead and Arsenic in Some Commercially Key Species from Italian Coasts (Adriatic Sea): Focus on Human Health. Toxics. 2022; 10(5):223. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10050223
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarone, Grazia, Arianna Storelli, Rita Garofalo, Rosanna Mallamaci, and Maria Maddalena Storelli. 2022. "Residual Levels of Mercury, Cadmium, Lead and Arsenic in Some Commercially Key Species from Italian Coasts (Adriatic Sea): Focus on Human Health" Toxics 10, no. 5: 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10050223
APA StyleBarone, G., Storelli, A., Garofalo, R., Mallamaci, R., & Storelli, M. M. (2022). Residual Levels of Mercury, Cadmium, Lead and Arsenic in Some Commercially Key Species from Italian Coasts (Adriatic Sea): Focus on Human Health. Toxics, 10(5), 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10050223