Urinary Malondialdehyde (MDA) and N-Acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase (NAG) Associated with Exposure to Trichloroethylene (TCE) in Underground Water
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Polluted Areas and Their Citizens
2.2. Determination of Urinary TCA, MDA and NAG Levels
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Population (N = 563) n (%) | Urine Sample (N = 174) n (%) | |
---|---|---|
Sex | (n = 563) | (n = 174) |
Male | 288 (51.2) | 93 (53.4) |
Female | 275 (48.8) | 81 (46.6) |
Age (year) | (n = 558) | (n = 171) |
<30 | 65 (11.6) | 21 (12.3) |
30–65 | 364 (65.2) | 112 (65.5) |
>65 | 129 (23.1) | 38 (22.2) |
Mean | 52.10 ± 16.85 | 52.11 ± 16.9 |
Duration of living (year) | (n = 538) | (n = 163) |
<5 | 45 (8.4) | 13 (8.0) |
5–30 | 310 (57.6) | 89 (54.6) |
>30 | 183 (34.0) | 61 (37.4) |
Mean | 27.12 ± 17.36 | 29.20 ± 18.42 |
Current sources of drinking water | (n = 573) | (n = 171) |
Pape water | 522 (91.1) | 160 (93.5) |
Buy water | 13 (2.3) | 6 (3.5) |
Underground water | 17 (3.0) | 3 (1.8) |
unknown | 21 (3.7) | 2 (1.2) |
Duration of sources of drinking water (year) | (n = 538) | (n = 171) |
<3 | 358 (66.5) | 112 (65.5) |
3–10 | 55 (10.2) | 21 ( (12.2) |
>10 | 125 (23.2) | 38 (22.3) |
Past use underground water (n = 531) | 451 (84.9) | 120 (80.0) |
Duration of use underground water (year) | (n = 449) | (n = 140) |
<10 | 56 (12.5) | 12 (8.6) |
10–30 | 252 (56.1) | 71 (50.7) |
>30 | 141 (31.4) | 57 (40.7) |
Mean | 26.5 ± 15.0 | 29.3 ± 17.9 |
Used water-purification systems | 324 (60.1) | 100 (62.9) |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | TCA (mg/g cre.) | MDA (mg/g cre.) | NAG (U/g cre.) | Mean ± SD | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.000 | −0.298 ** | 0.560 ** | −0.343 ** | 114.16 ± 66.61 |
TCA (mg/g cre.) | - | 1.000 | −0.193 * | 0.180 * | 9.83 ± 18.91 |
MDA (mg/g cre.) | - | - | 1.000 | −0.155 * | 0.15 ± 0.10 |
NAG (U/g cre.) | - | - | - | 1.000 | 7.07 ± 9.32 |
MDA (N = 179) (mg/g cre.) | NAG (N = 161) (U/g cre.) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | mean ± SD | p | n | mean ± SD | p | |
TCA (mg/g cre.) | ||||||
<3.59 | 92 | 0.17 ± 0.09 | 0.002 | 86 | 5.41 ± 6.28 | 0.039 |
3.59–10 | 42 | 0.13 ± 0.09 | 38 | 8.14 ± 7.64 | ||
>10 | 42 | 0.11 ± 0.12 | 37 | 9.83 ± 14.74 |
MDA > 0.32 mg/g cre. | NAG > 12 U/g cre. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | OR | 95%CI | p | n | OR | 95%CI | p | |
TCA (mg/g cre.) | ||||||||
<3.59 | 90 | 1 | 83 | 1 | ||||
3.59–10 | 37 | 0.54 | 0.10–2.85 | 0.469 | 33 | 4.08 | 1.28–12.94 | 0.017 |
>10 | 36 | 0.24 | 0.03–2.03 | 0.188 | 31 | 3.05 | 0.93–10.02 | 0.066 |
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Lin, W.-Y.; Tu, C.-P.; Kuo, H.-H.; Kuo, H.-W. Urinary Malondialdehyde (MDA) and N-Acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase (NAG) Associated with Exposure to Trichloroethylene (TCE) in Underground Water. Toxics 2022, 10, 293. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10060293
Lin W-Y, Tu C-P, Kuo H-H, Kuo H-W. Urinary Malondialdehyde (MDA) and N-Acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase (NAG) Associated with Exposure to Trichloroethylene (TCE) in Underground Water. Toxics. 2022; 10(6):293. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10060293
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Wen-Yu, Chun-Ping Tu, Hsien-Hua Kuo, and Hsien-Wen Kuo. 2022. "Urinary Malondialdehyde (MDA) and N-Acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase (NAG) Associated with Exposure to Trichloroethylene (TCE) in Underground Water" Toxics 10, no. 6: 293. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10060293