Research on the Relationship between Exposure to Dioxins and Cancer Incidence in Vietnam
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources, Search Strategy and Selection Criteria
2.2. Data Extraction and Synthesis
3. Results
3.1. Dioxins and Cancer around the World
3.2. Dioxins and Cancer in Vietnam
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The results of epidemiological studies confirm the association between exposure to dioxins and the development of cancer subtypes (soft tissue sarcoma; Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; and lung, prostate, and liver cancer) in some contaminated areas of Vietnam.
- The incidence of these cancer subtypes in Vietnam veterans affected by Agent Orange is much higher than the results of studies published in other parts of the world because of the high levels of dioxins in South Vietnam, which is where Agent Orange was sprayed during the war.
- In the future, epidemiological studies on the relationship between dioxins and cancers in Vietnam should be conducted using improved research methods to correct the methodological problems of previous Vietnamese studies. In addition, the reliability of the research results needs to be achieved by assessing TCDD exposure level with a large number of study participants.
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Study | Country/Cohort | Time Period | Exposure Way | Exposure Assessment | Cancer Types | Gender | No. of Cancer Cases/Cohort or Controls | Age (Years) | RR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
External exposure to TCDD and cancer incidence (exposure incidence) | ||||||||||
1 | Kogevinas [15] | Part of IARC | 1955–1988 | Occupational | Job and company records, questionnaires | All cancers, breast cancer | F | 29/701 | N/A | 2.22 |
2 | Read [16] | New Zealand | 1970–2001 | Nonoccupational | Individual records | All cancers | F/M | 8013/375,583 | N/A | 0.91–1.11 |
3 | Pesatori [3] | Italy, Seveso | 1977–1996 | Industrial accident | Measurements of TCDD soil levels | All cancers | F/M | 2122/218,761 | 0–74 | Zone A: 1.03 Zone B: 1.00 Zone R: 0.96 |
Blood level of TCDD and cancer incidence (blood incidence) | ||||||||||
4 | Pavuk [8] | USA, Vietnam Veterans | 1982–2003 | Vietnam war | Physical examinations and blood samples | All cancers | M | 402/1482 | Mean 63.7 | 1.6 |
5 | Warner [12] | Italy, Seveso, SWHS cohort | I:1976–1996, II:1997–2009 | Industrial accidents | Interviews, physical and blood samples, and sample examination | All cancers, breast cancer | F | 66/981 | 0–40 | 2.77 |
6 | Ott [11] | Germany, Ludwigshafe | 1959–1992 | Occupational | Questionnaires and blood samples | All cancers | M | 31/243 | N/A | 1.3 |
Type of Cancer | Pooled Risk Ratio (RR) | 95% CI |
---|---|---|
All cancers | 1.01 | 0.97–1.06 |
Soft tissue sarcoma | 1.37 | 0.97–1.93 |
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma | 1.13 | 0.83–1.54 |
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma | 1.09 | 0.92–1.30 |
Exposed Group | Unexposed Group | Risk Ratio | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 28,817 | N = 19,076 | |||||
Diseases | Number | Incidence (%) | Number | Incidence (%) | RR | 95% CI |
All cancers | 1262 | 4.38 | 220 | 1.15 | 3.80 | 3.29–4.38 |
Soft tissue sarcoma | 54 | 0.19 | 5 | 0.03 | 7.15 | 2.86–17.87 |
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma | 58 | 0.20 | 3 | 0.02 | 12.80 | 4.01–40.83 |
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma | 142 | 0.49 | 29 | 0.15 | 3.24 | 2.17–4.83 |
Carcinomas of the lung, bronchus, and trachea. | 577 | 2.00 | 111 | 0.58 | 3.44 | 2.81–4.21 |
Prostate cancer | 164 | 0.57 | 37 | 0.19 | 2.93 | 2.05–4.19 |
Liver cancer | 267 | 0.93 | 35 | 0.18 | 5.05 | 3.55–7.18 |
Type of Cancer | Number | Incidence (%) |
---|---|---|
All cancers | 163 | 9.73 |
Lung cancer | 17 | 1.01 |
Liver cancer | 23 | 1.37 |
Kidney cancer | 34 | 2.03 |
Prostate cancer | 69 | 6.23 |
Ovary cancer | 7 | 1.23 |
Uterine cancer | 13 | 2.29 |
Type of Cancer | Risk Ratio in Dioxin-Exposed Vietnamese in the Study of Le et al. * | Risk Ratio in Dioxin-Exposed Patient from other Countries ** | RRVietnam /RROther Countries |
---|---|---|---|
All cancers | 3.80 | 1.01 | 3.76 |
Soft tissue sarcoma | 7.15 | 1.37 | 5.22 |
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma | 12.80 | 1.13 | 11.33 |
Non- Hodgkin’s Lymphoma | 3.24 | 1.09 | 2.97 |
Lung cancer | 3.44 (4.40) | No data | - |
Prostate cancer | 2.93 (21.24) | No data | - |
Liver cancer | 5.05 (7.48) | No data | - |
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Vuong, T.P. Research on the Relationship between Exposure to Dioxins and Cancer Incidence in Vietnam. Toxics 2022, 10, 384. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10070384
Vuong TP. Research on the Relationship between Exposure to Dioxins and Cancer Incidence in Vietnam. Toxics. 2022; 10(7):384. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10070384
Chicago/Turabian StyleVuong, Tuong Phi. 2022. "Research on the Relationship between Exposure to Dioxins and Cancer Incidence in Vietnam" Toxics 10, no. 7: 384. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10070384