Systematic Review of Nano- and Microplastics’ (NMP) Influence on the Bioaccumulation of Environmental Contaminants: Part II—Freshwater Organisms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Selection Process
3. Results
3.1. Literature Search and Selection
3.2. Characteristics of the Selected Studies
3.3. Studies with Fish
3.4. Studies with Bacteria, Algae, and Macrophyte
4. Discussion
4.1. Influence of NMPs on the Bioaccumulation of Environmental Contaminants in Fish
4.1.1. Increase in Bioaccumulation Induced by NMPs
4.1.2. Decrease in Bioaccumulation Induced by NMPs
4.1.3. No Effect of NMPs on Bioaccumulation
4.2. NMPs Influence the Bioaccumulation of Environmental Contaminants by Other Species (Protozoa, Bacteria, Macrophytes, Crab, and Bivalve)
Daphnia magna
5. Final Remarks and Identified Gaps
- Most studies performed particle pre-treatment (pre-incubation, pre-sorption) prior to exposure. However, no data are available to confirm whether particle pre-treatment will influence the results. This should be considered for further studies, especially in the cases where sorption occurs at optimal conditions (pH, Tº) different from the exposure condition (e.g., in the study of Yang et al. (2022) [35], PS-MPs were incubated with Pb 24 h prior to exposure at 25 °C, while exposure of the Pb-loaded MPs to snails occurred at 20–22 °C).
- Not all studies presented a bioconcentration or bioaccumulation factor (BCF/BAF). The presentation of those values and the size of the associated NMPs could improve the comparison of the potential for bioaccumulation of specific substances in combination with NMPs.
- The composition and shape of the polymers used were mainly represented by PS and spherical forms. Although it is difficult to produce nanoplastics of irregular shape, and many companies offer spherical nanoplastics to be used in the tests, perfect spherical NPs are most probably not found in the environment. That is because most nanoplastics are formed as the breakdown of larger plastic particles. Additionally, in the environment, the aging process of NMPs is extremely important, leading to the formation of eco-coronas (i.e., the presence of microorganisms and organic substances, such as proteins) and free radicals on the NMPs’ surface. Studies have shown how these processes affect the adsorption capacity of NMPs [74,75] and even affect the ecotoxicity of NMPs to aquatic organisms [76]. However, no studies on aged NMPs were found in this review. Future studies could use more realistic exposures, including irregularly shaped and aged NMPs.
- There is a lack of information regarding the influence of NMPs on the bioaccumulation of pesticides by freshwater species. Analytical techniques to quantify metal in animal tissue are cheaper and more accessible than the methodology required to quantify organic contaminants, such as the case of PPCPs and PAHs. On the other hand, given the hydrophobic nature of the NMP surface and, consequently, its higher affinity for non-polar substances, such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and other organic compounds, more studies should be conducted to test whether the presence of NMPs should facilitate the internalization and bioaccumulation of such substances in different species.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ribeiro, F.; Pavlaki, M.D.; Loureiro, S.; Sarmento, R.A.; Soares, A.M.V.M.; Tourinho, P.S. Systematic Review of Nano- and Microplastics’ (NMP) Influence on the Bioaccumulation of Environmental Contaminants: Part II—Freshwater Organisms. Toxics 2023, 11, 474. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11060474
Ribeiro F, Pavlaki MD, Loureiro S, Sarmento RA, Soares AMVM, Tourinho PS. Systematic Review of Nano- and Microplastics’ (NMP) Influence on the Bioaccumulation of Environmental Contaminants: Part II—Freshwater Organisms. Toxics. 2023; 11(6):474. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11060474
Chicago/Turabian StyleRibeiro, Fabianne, Maria D. Pavlaki, Susana Loureiro, Renato Almeida Sarmento, Amadeu M. V. M. Soares, and Paula S. Tourinho. 2023. "Systematic Review of Nano- and Microplastics’ (NMP) Influence on the Bioaccumulation of Environmental Contaminants: Part II—Freshwater Organisms" Toxics 11, no. 6: 474. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11060474
APA StyleRibeiro, F., Pavlaki, M. D., Loureiro, S., Sarmento, R. A., Soares, A. M. V. M., & Tourinho, P. S. (2023). Systematic Review of Nano- and Microplastics’ (NMP) Influence on the Bioaccumulation of Environmental Contaminants: Part II—Freshwater Organisms. Toxics, 11(6), 474. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11060474