Biomonitoring Study of Toxic Metal(loid)s: Levels in Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients
2.2. Metal Analysis
2.2.1. Chemicals
2.2.2. Preparation of Urine Samples
2.2.3. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Arsenic
4.2. Chromium
4.3. Nickel
4.4. Cadmium
4.5. Mercury
4.6. Lead
4.7. Molybdenum
4.8. Manganese
4.9. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element a | Symbol | LOD (μg/L Urine) | LOQ (μg/L Urine) | Accuracy (%) b,c | Repeatability (%RSD) | Reproducibility (%RSD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chromium | Cr | 1.6 | 4.8 | 99.6 | 2.97 | 3.42 |
Manganese | Mn | 0.8 | 2.4 | 102.9 | 3.44 | 6.00 |
Nickel | Ni | 8 | 24 | 100.1 | 4.09 | 7.99 |
Arsenic | As | 0.4 | 1.2 | 101.1 | 1.34 | 2.35 |
Molybdenum | Mo | 2 | 6 | 103.7 | 1.78 | 3.65 |
Cadmium | Cd | 0.17 | 0.5 | 93.7 | 1.59 | 2.34 |
Mercury | Hg | 0.63 | 1.9 | 105.2 | 1.11 | 2.85 |
Lead | Pb | 4 | 12 | 92.8 | 4.45 | 9.01 |
Cr (μg/L) | Mn (μg/L) | Ni (μg/L) | As (μg/L) | Mo (μg/L) | Cd (μg/L) | Hg (μg/L) | Pb (μg/L) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | ≥LOQ | 26 | 20 | 32 | 58 | 57 | 39 | 40 | 6 |
<LOQ | 37 | 43 | 31 | 5 | 6 | 24 | 23 | 57 | |
Frequency of detection | 41.27% (26/63) | 31.75% (20/63) | 50.79% (32/63) | 92.06% (58/63) | 90.48% (57/63) | 61.90% (39/63) | 63.49% (40/63) | 9.52% (6/63) | |
Mean | 25.276 | 6.312 | 98.745 | 17.145 | 48.478 | 2.720 | 7.237 | 15.681 | |
Median | 11.290 | 5.244 | 59.624 | 9.406 | 32.672 | 2.266 | 5.878 | 14.893 | |
Standard deviation | 28.855 | 3.560 | 91.391 | 21.001 | 55.110 | 2.014 | 5.505 | 2.596 | |
Minimum | 5.585 | 2.782 | 26.020 | 1.246 | 6.463 | 0.617 | 1.940 | 12.828 | |
Maximum | 117.544 | 14.989 | 446.498 | 119.405 | 350.696 | 11.828 | 28.115 | 19.340 | |
Percentile | 25 | 7.425 | 3.495 | 37.160 | 3.881 | 19.740 | 1.233 | 3.697 | 13.529 |
50 | 11.290 | 5.245 | 59.624 | 9.406 | 32.672 | 2.266 | 5.878 | 14.893 | |
75 | 27.895 | 8.582 | 133.616 | 23.591 | 50.641 | 3.782 | 8.661 | 18.614 | |
95 | 106.291 | 14.886 | 339.827 | 62.772 | 147.117 | 5.667 | 21.931 | n.a. | |
ToxGuide mean levels | 0.22 μg/L | 1.19 μg/L | n.a. | n.a. | 32 μg/L | 0.185 μg/L | n.a. | n.a. | |
ToxGuide median levels | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 0.140 μg/L | n.a. | |
ToxGuide reference levels | n.a. | 1–8 μg/L | 1–3 μg/L | <100 μg/L | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | |
Frequency above ToxGuide levels | 41.27% (26/63) | 9.52% (6/63) | 50.79% (32/63) | 1.58% (1/63) | 46.03% (29/63) | 61.90% (39/63) | 63.49% (40/63) | n.a. |
Cr (μg/gCre) | Mn (μg/gCre) | Ni (μg/gCre) | As (μg/gCre) | Mo (μg/gCre) | Cd (μg/gCre) | Hg (μg/gCre) | Pb (μg/gCre) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | ≥LOQ | 26 | 20 | 32 | 58 | 57 | 39 | 40 | 6 |
<LOQ | 37 | 43 | 31 | 5 | 6 | 24 | 23 | 57 | |
Mean | 72.216 | 16.471 | 240.715 | 31.927 | 79.262 | 5.524 | 15.330 | 47.992 | |
Median | 27.305 | 12.230 | 170.275 | 16.714 | 55.108 | 3.506 | 6.479 | 54.246 | |
Standard deviation | 118.607 | 14.218 | 272.106 | 41.694 | 92.450 | 5.257 | 31.630 | 29.300 | |
Minimum | 2.812 | 2.040 | 12.098 | 1.155 | 6.674 | 0.481 | 0.752 | 6.190 | |
Maximum | 555.067 | 54.312 | 1212.742 | 237.399 | 537.641 | 28.356 | 197.619 | 90.141 | |
Percentiles | 25 | 11.400 | 5.118 | 52.992 | 6.001 | 27.498 | 2.531 | 4.614 | 19.761 |
50 | 27.305 | 12.230 | 170.276 | 16.714 | 55.108 | 3.506 | 6.479 | 54.246 | |
75 | 79.414 | 22.690 | 246.476 | 38.624 | 91.760 | 7.078 | 10.579 | 66.668 | |
95 | 466.498 | 53.628 | 947.892 | 104.598 | 351.444 | 16.666 | 48.072 | n.a. |
Gender | N ≥ LOQ | Mean (μg/L) | p Value | Mean (μg/gCre) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cr | M | 14 | 36.154 ± 35.3357 | 0.035 * | 101.324 ± 155.039 | 0.161 |
F | 12 | 12.586 ± 9.505 | 38.258 ± 35.040 | |||
Mn | M | 8 | 7.236 ± 3.496 | 0.356 | 18.784 ± 19.049 | 0.567 |
F | 12 | 5.697 ± 3.616 | 14.929 ± 10.573 | |||
Ni | M | 17 | 86.041 ± 103.351 | 0.403 | 173.359 ± 280.119 | 0.138 |
F | 15 | 113.143 ± 76.609 | 317.052 ± 250.039 | |||
As | M | 33 | 17.890 ± 23.585 | 0.750 | 23.504 ± 25.719 | 0.110 |
F | 25 | 16.162 ± 17.436 | 43.047 ± 54.958 | |||
Mo | M | 32 | 52.059 ± 62.906 | 0.567 | 59.343 ± 68.306 | 0.065 |
F | 25 | 43.893 ± 44.003 | 104.759 ± 112.740 | |||
Cd | M | 22 | 2.905 ± 2.379 | 0.495 | 3.692 ± 2.981 | 0.023 * |
F | 17 | 2.480 ± 1.448 | 7.894 ± 6.587 | |||
Hg | M | 24 | 7.837 ± 5.966 | 0.385 | 10.325 ± 13.095 | 0.225 |
F | 16 | 6.339 ± 4.772 | 22.837 ± 47.308 | |||
Pb | M | 1 | 14.887 | n.a. | 90.141 | n.a. |
F | 5 | 15.840 ± 2.869 | 39.562 ± 23.240 |
Former Smokers (29/63) | Current Smokers (29/63) | Never Smoked (5/63) | p Value | Family of Smokers (28/39) | Family Never Smoked (11/39) | p Value | Everyday Second-Hand Smoking (21/39) | Rare or No Second-Hand Smoking (18/39) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |||||
Pack-year | 46.93 ± 25.85 | 52.62 ± 24.18 | - | 0.395 | / | / | / | / | ||
Started to smoke | 20.28 ± 6.01 | 18.24 ± 4.19 | - | 0.689 | / | / | / | / | ||
Cd (μg/gCre) | 4.569 ± 4.044 | 6.568 ± 6.158 | 1.827 * | 0.581 | 6.208 ± 5.914 | 4.180 ± 3.078 | 0.290 | 6.105 ± 5.873 | 4.845 ± 4.506 | 0.463 |
Cd (μg/L) | 2.681 ± 1.188 | 2.792 ± 2.611 | 1.971 * | 0.922 | 2.964 ± 2.232 | 2.189 ± 1.394 | 0.294 | 2.721 ± 1.590 | 2.718 ± 2.469 | 0.997 |
Amalgam Dental Fillings | No Amalgam Dental Fillings | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
Hg (μg/gCre) | 11.420 ± 12.264 | 18.260 ± 39.749 | 0.523 |
Hg (μg/L) | 6.519 ± 6.479 | 7.857 ± 4.937 | 0.470 |
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Milošević, N.; Milanović, M.; Sazdanić Velikić, D.; Sudji, J.; Jovičić-Bata, J.; Španović, M.; Ševo, M.; Lukić Šarkanović, M.; Torović, L.; Bijelović, S.; et al. Biomonitoring Study of Toxic Metal(loid)s: Levels in Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients. Toxics 2024, 12, 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070490
Milošević N, Milanović M, Sazdanić Velikić D, Sudji J, Jovičić-Bata J, Španović M, Ševo M, Lukić Šarkanović M, Torović L, Bijelović S, et al. Biomonitoring Study of Toxic Metal(loid)s: Levels in Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients. Toxics. 2024; 12(7):490. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070490
Chicago/Turabian StyleMilošević, Nataša, Maja Milanović, Danica Sazdanić Velikić, Jan Sudji, Jelena Jovičić-Bata, Milorad Španović, Mirjana Ševo, Mirka Lukić Šarkanović, Ljilja Torović, Sanja Bijelović, and et al. 2024. "Biomonitoring Study of Toxic Metal(loid)s: Levels in Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients" Toxics 12, no. 7: 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070490