Toxics

23 pages, 333 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Is Missing in Offshore Explosive Ordnance Disposal Risk Assessment?

by Torsten Frey

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070468 (registering DOI) - 27 Jun 2024

Offshore explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) in the marine environment is a high-risk activity. Structured risk assessment (RA) can be a helpful tool to provide EOD experts with decision-making support. This paper hypothesizes that existing RA approaches that address unexploded ordnance (UXO) in the [...] Read more.

Offshore explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) in the marine environment is a high-risk activity. Structured risk assessment (RA) can be a helpful tool to provide EOD experts with decision-making support. This paper hypothesizes that existing RA approaches that address unexploded ordnance (UXO) in the sea do not meet the requirements of EOD RA. To test this hypothesis, the paper proposes a novel categorization tool. It uses five review criteria: study type (qualitative vs. quantitative), level of decision-making (strategic vs. applied), risk component (probability vs. consequence), spatial scale (global vs. local), and temporal scale (long-term vs. short-term). The categorization tool is used to identify the requirements of EOD RA and to test whether nine existing RA methods fulfill these requirements. The study finds that none of the investigated RAs meets the requirements and, hence, concludes that a new method should be developed. However, some aspects of the existing studies should be considered when designing a new method. This includes using risk factors (type and mass of explosive material, type and state of the fuze, and water depth) that are relevant for EOD RA. It also involves setting up a directed graph to assess the complex interdependencies between these risk factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sea Dumped Munitions: From Detection, Analysis and Risk Assessment to the Remediation of World War Relicts)

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21 pages, 1562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Toxic Elements in Sheep Milk, Whey, and Cheese from the Environmentally Burdened Area in Eastern Slovakia and Health Risk Assessment with Different Scenarios of Their Consumption

by Simona Almášiová, Róbert Toman, Martina Pšenková, Vladimír Tančin and Ivona Jančo

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070467 (registering DOI) - 27 Jun 2024

Abstract

The study aimed to determine the content of 17 elements (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sr, and Zn) in samples of sheep milk, cheese, and whey (36 samples in total) collected from a [...] Read more.

The study aimed to determine the content of 17 elements (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sr, and Zn) in samples of sheep milk, cheese, and whey (36 samples in total) collected from a farm in an environmentally burdened area due to the long-term mining and industrial activity in Slovakia as well as to determine the possible risk of consumption via health risk assessment calculations. Consumption of 120 g of milk, 500 g of milk, 20 g of cheese, and 100 g of cheese were used in calculations for children and adults, respectively. According to the results, concentrations of four elements are controversial. Lead concentrations in all types of samples exceeded the maximum permissible lead limit in milk set by European Union legislation. The content of Se and As is problematic for children’s consumption, and the target hazard quotient for As and Al is higher than one (considered potentially not safe) in all scenarios. According to the target system approach, lead concentrations in milk and cheese could adversely influence the nervous system and kidneys of adults’ and children’s developmental and reproductive systems. Considering the worst-case scenario, consuming sheep milk and cheese from the monitored areas could represent a risk and be potentially harmful to human health, mainly for children. However, further monitoring of the levels of elements and concentrations in environmentally burdened areas and more robust data on consumption are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agrochemicals and Food Toxicology)

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17 pages, 342 KiB

Open AccessReview

Food Safety and Health Concerns of Synthetic Food Colors: An Update

by Petra Amchova, Filip Siska and Jana Ruda-Kucerova

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070466 (registering DOI) - 27 Jun 2024

Abstract

The toxicity of food additives is widely studied and concerns many consumers worldwide. Synthetic food colors are often considered an unnecessary risk to consumer health. Since the European Food Safety Authority’s (EFSA) re-evaluation between 2009 and 2014, the body of scientific literature on [...] Read more.

The toxicity of food additives is widely studied and concerns many consumers worldwide. Synthetic food colors are often considered an unnecessary risk to consumer health. Since the European Food Safety Authority’s (EFSA) re-evaluation between 2009 and 2014, the body of scientific literature on food colors has grown, and new evaluations are being published by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Therefore, this narrative review aims to review the toxicological data that have become available since 2014. The reviewed colors are Quinoline Yellow, Sunset Yellow, Azorubine, Amaranth, Ponceau 4R, Erythrosine, Allura Red, Patent Blue, Indigo Carmine, Brilliant Blue FCF, Green S, Brilliant Black, Brown HT, and Lithol Rubine BK. Tartrazine was not included in this paper; the overwhelming amount of recent data on Tartrazine toxicity requires more space than this review can provide. The issues regarding the toxicity of synthetic food colors and real population exposures are being regularly examined and reviewed by relevant authorities, such as the EFSA and JECFA. The current ADI limits set by the authorities are mostly in agreement, and they seem safe. However, the EFSA and JECFA assessments of some of the colors are more than a decade old, and new evidence will soon be required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agrochemicals and Food Toxicology)

12 pages, 416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Impact of Airborne Fine Particulate Matter and Heavy Metals on Oxidative Stress via Vitamin Supplementation

by Eunji Lee, Seonmi Hong, Yong-Dae Kim, Dae-In Lee and Sang-Yong Eom

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070465 - 27 Jun 2024

Abstract

This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the interrelationships between PM_2.5 exposure, heavy metal concentrations, and oxidative stress indicators, while evaluating the impact of antioxidant intake, such as vitamins, on these associations. PM_2.5 exposure assessments were conducted using portable sensor-based monitors; biomarker [...] Read more.

This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the interrelationships between PM_2.5 exposure, heavy metal concentrations, and oxidative stress indicators, while evaluating the impact of antioxidant intake, such as vitamins, on these associations. PM_2.5 exposure assessments were conducted using portable sensor-based monitors; biomarker analyses for heavy metals and oxidative stress were performed in 114 non-smoking adults. We observed that personal or ambient PM_2.5 exposure levels were not associated with increased levels of heavy metals in blood and urine, nor with oxidative stress levels in urine. However, the concentrations of cadmium and lead in blood, and those of chromium and nickel in urine, were significantly associated with the urinary malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Additionally, increases in blood cadmium, urinary chromium, and nickel levels were significantly associated with higher urinary MDA concentrations in the non-vitamin-supplement group, but this trend was not observed in the regular vitamin supplement group. Our findings suggest that a regular intake of vitamin supplements might modulate the relationship between heavy metal exposure and oxidative stress, indicating potential protective effects against oxidative damage induced by PM_2.5 and heavy metals. This study highlights the complexity of environmental pollutant exposure and its impact on human health, emphasizing the need for further research to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and explore potential protective strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air Pollution and Health)

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14 pages, 1676 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Air Quality Improvement and Frailty Progression: A National Study across China

by Mingqin Liu, Mohammed Zeeshan, Tiantian Sun, Xiangming Hu, Zhiqiang Nie, Haojian Dong, Guanghui Dong and Yanqiu Ou

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070464 - 27 Jun 2024

Abstract

Accumulating evidence strongly suggests that exposure to ambient air pollution is linked with increased frailty. However, little is known about the effect of improved air quality on frailty progression. We aimed to investigate whether improvements in air quality (PM₁, PM_2.5 [...] Read more.

Accumulating evidence strongly suggests that exposure to ambient air pollution is linked with increased frailty. However, little is known about the effect of improved air quality on frailty progression. We aimed to investigate whether improvements in air quality (PM₁, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, and O₃) can alleviate frailty progression, particularly in the aftermath of implementation of the “Clean Air Action” policy in China. The study involved 12,891 participants with geocoded environmental data from the nationwide China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) during the period from May 2011 to August 2015. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to analyze the association of air pollution improvements and frailty progression. The protective effects were noted for PM₁, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and NO₂ indices, with an aOR (adjusted odds ratio) ranging from 0.72 to 0.79. Air quality improvement in PM₁, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and NO₂ could alleviate the progression of frailty. The study is the first to examine the association between the improvement of air quality and the progression of frailty, setting a precedent for the importance of a nationwide clean air policy and its impact on healthy ageing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Association between Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Exposures and Human Health Risk)

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16 pages, 2087 KiB

Open AccessReview

Progress and Prospects of Microplastic Biodegradation Processes and Mechanisms: A Bibliometric Analysis

by Yingnan Cao, Jing Bian, Yunping Han, Jianguo Liu, Yuping Ma, Weiying Feng, Yuxin Deng and Yaojiang Yu

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070463 - 26 Jun 2024

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Abstract

In order to visualize the content and development patterns of microplastic biodegradation research, the American Chemical Society (ACS), Elsevier, Springer Link, and American Society for Microbiology (ASM) were searched for the years 2012–2022 using Citespace and VOSvivewer for bibliometrics and visual analysis. The [...] Read more.

In order to visualize the content and development patterns of microplastic biodegradation research, the American Chemical Society (ACS), Elsevier, Springer Link, and American Society for Microbiology (ASM) were searched for the years 2012–2022 using Citespace and VOSvivewer for bibliometrics and visual analysis. The biodegradation processes and mechanisms of microplastics were reviewed on this basis. The results showed a sharp increase in the number of publications between 2012 and 2022, peaking in 2020–2021, with 62 more publications than the previous decade. The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), and Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) are the top three research institutions in this field. Researchers are mainly located in China, The United States of America (USA), and India. Furthermore, the research in this field is primarily concerned with the screening of functional microorganisms, the determination of functional enzymes, and the analysis of microplastic biodegradation processes and mechanisms. These studies have revealed that the existing functional microorganisms for microplastic biodegradation are bacteria, predominantly Proteobacteria and Firmicutes; fungi, mainly Ascomycota; and some intestinal microorganisms. The main enzymes secreted in the process are hydrolase, oxidative, and depolymerization enzymes. Microorganisms degrade microplastics through the processes of colonization, biofilm retention, and bioenzymatic degradation. These studies have elucidated the current status of and problems in the microbial degradation of microplastics, and provide a direction for further research on the degradation process and molecular mechanism of functional microorganisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occurrence and Environmental Risks of Organic Pollutants in Aquatic Environment)

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16 pages, 1165 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Transboundary PM2.5 from Biomass Burning in Northern Thailand Using the WRF-Chem Model

by Kevalin Inlaung, Chakrit Chotamonsak, Ronald Macatangay and Vanisa Surapipith

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070462 - 26 Jun 2024

Viewed by 118

Abstract

Air pollution, particularly PM2.5, poses a significant environmental and public health concern, particularly in northern Thailand, where elevated PM2.5 levels are prevalent during the dry season (January–May). This study examines the influx and patterns of transboundary biomass burning PM2.5 (TB PM2.5) in this [...] Read more.

Air pollution, particularly PM2.5, poses a significant environmental and public health concern, particularly in northern Thailand, where elevated PM2.5 levels are prevalent during the dry season (January–May). This study examines the influx and patterns of transboundary biomass burning PM2.5 (TB PM2.5) in this region during the 2019 dry season using the WRF-Chem model. The model’s reliability was confirmed through substantial correlations between model outputs and observations from the Pollution Control Department (PCD) of Thailand at 10 monitoring stations. The findings indicate that TB PM2.5 significantly influences local PM2.5 levels, often surpassing contributions from local sources. The influx of TB PM2.5 began in January from southern directions, intensifying and shifting northward, peaking in March with the highest TB PM2.5 proportions. Elevated levels persisted through April and declined in May. Border provinces consistently exhibited higher TB PM2.5 concentrations, with Chiang Rai province showing the highest average proportion, reaching up to 45%. On days when PM2.5 levels were classified as ‘Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups’ or ‘Unhealthy,’ TB PM2.5 contributed at least 50% to the total PM2.5 at all stations. Notably, stations in Chiang Rai and Nan showed detectable TB PM2.5 even at ‘Very Unhealthy’ levels, underscoring the significant impact of TB PM2.5 in the northern border areas. Effective mitigation of PM2.5-related health risks requires addressing PM2.5 sources both within and beyond Thailand’s borders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Particulate Matter Pollution: Source, Transport and Effects)

16 pages, 3189 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of PM_2.5 Carbonaceous Components in a Typical Industrial City in China under Continuous Mitigation Measures

by Hongya Niu, Chunmiao Wu, Michael Schindler, Luis F. O. Silva, Bojian Ma, Xinyi Ma, Xiaoteng Ji, Yuting Tian, Hao Zhu, Xiaolei Bao and Yanhai Cheng

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070461 - 26 Jun 2024

Viewed by 123

Abstract

The goals of the “dual carbon” program in China are to implement a series of air pollution policies to reduce the emission of carbon-bearing particulate matter (PM). Following improvements in the reduction in carbon emissions in Handan City, China, fine particulate matter (PM [...] Read more.

The goals of the “dual carbon” program in China are to implement a series of air pollution policies to reduce the emission of carbon-bearing particulate matter (PM). Following improvements in the reduction in carbon emissions in Handan City, China, fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) was collected in the winters from 2016 to 2020 to characterize the concentrations and sources of carbonaceous components in PM_2.5. Trend analysis revealed that both organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations significantly decreased. The proportion of total carbon aerosol (TCA) in PM_2.5 decreased by 47.0%, highlighting the effective reduction in carbon emissions. Secondary organic carbon (SOC) concentrations increased from 2016 (12.86 ± 14.10 μg·m⁻³) to 2018 (36.76 ± 21.59 μg·m⁻³) and then declined gradually. SOC/OC was larger than 67.0% from 2018 to 2020, implying that more effective synergistic emission reduction measures for carbonaceous aerosol and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were needed. In the winters from 2016 to 2020, primary organic carbon (POC) concentrations reduced by 76.1% and 87.6% under a light/moderate pollution period (LP) and heavy/severe pollution periods (HPs), respectively. The TCA/PM_2.5 showed a decreasing trend under LP and HP conditions, decreasing by 42.1% and 54.7%, respectively. Source analysis revealed that carbonaceous components were mainly from biomass burning, coal combustion and automotive exhaust emissions in the winters of 2016 and 2020. OC/EC and K⁺/EC analysis pointed out that air pollutant reduction measurements should focus on rectification biomass fuels in the next stage. Compared with 2016, the contributions of automotive exhaust emissions decreased in 2020. OC and EC concentrations decreased due to control measures on automotive exhaust emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineralogic and Health Risk of Respirable Dust Exposures: Current Progress and Future Challenges)

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14 pages, 2855 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Different Thiamethoxam Concentrations on Riptortus pedestris Development and Fecundity

by Zijie Wang, Song Wang, Lixia Li, Lei Chen, Yu Gao, Ming Yuan, Yueying Wang and Shusen Shi

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070460 - 26 Jun 2024

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Abstract

The stink bug, Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Alydidae), is a highly destructive pest that significantly damages legume crops in East and South Asia. Neonicotinoid insecticides containing thiamethoxam are widely used to control R. pedestris in soybean fields. However, the current knowledge on the [...] Read more.

The stink bug, Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Alydidae), is a highly destructive pest that significantly damages legume crops in East and South Asia. Neonicotinoid insecticides containing thiamethoxam are widely used to control R. pedestris in soybean fields. However, the current knowledge on the impact of different thiamethoxam concentrations on R. pedestris growth and reproduction is lacking and insufficient. The present study investigated the effects of thiamethoxam on the biological traits of R. pedestris after treatment with LC₁₀ (19.8 mg/L), LC₂₀ (31.6 mg/L), LC₃₀ (44.2 mg/L), LC₄₀ (58.9 mg/L), and LC₅₀ (77.0 mg/L) concentrations. These five thiamethoxam concentrations (LC₁₀~LC₅₀) reduced adult longevity and fecundity in the F₁ generation females. Thiamethoxam treatment also significantly decreased the population trend index, intrinsic rate of increase, net reproductive rate, gross reproductive rate, and finite rate of increase and increased the mean generation time. These results show that thiamethoxam hinders and suppresses the development and growth of the F₁ population of R. pedestris. Thiamethoxam is recommended for spray control during peak adult emergence, as it not only has a controlling effect on the parental generation but also a negative impact on the F₁ generations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioavailability, Biotransformation and Biotoxicity Induced by Pesticide Exposure)

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18 pages, 2054 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Response of the Soil Bacterial Community and Lettuce Growth in a Fluorine and Cadmium Co-Contaminated Yellow Soil

by Mei Wang, Xiangxiang Chen, Yasir Hamid and Xiaoe Yang

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070459 - 25 Jun 2024

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Abstract

The impact of cadmium (Cd) and fluorine (F) on plant and human health has provoked significant public concern; however, their combined effects on plant and soil bacterial communities have yet to be determined. Here, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects [...] Read more.

The impact of cadmium (Cd) and fluorine (F) on plant and human health has provoked significant public concern; however, their combined effects on plant and soil bacterial communities have yet to be determined. Here, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of exogenous F, Cd, and their combination (FCd) on lettuce growth and soil bacterial communities. The results revealed that F and Cd concentrations in lettuce ranged from 63.69 to 219.45 mg kg^–1 and 1.85 to 33.08 mg kg^–1, respectively, presenting lower values in shoots than in the roots. Moreover, low contamination levels had no discernable influence on lettuce growth, but showed a synergistic negative on plant biomass when exogenous F and Cd exceeds 300 and 1.0 mg kg^–1, respectively. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that the most abundant bacterial community at the phylum level was Proteobacteria, with the relative abundance ranging from 33.42% to 44.10% across all the treatments. The contaminants had little effect on bacterial richness but impacted the structure of bacterial communities. The PCoA showed that compartment and contaminants were the primary contributors to the largest source of community variation, while the VPA indicated that F and Cd synergistically affected the bacterial communities. In turn, lettuce plants could enhance the resistance to the combined stress by increasing the relative abundance of Oxyphotobacteria, Subgroup 6, Thermoleophilia, and TK10 classes in the rhizosphere. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safe Utilization and Ecological Restoration of Heavy Metal Polluted Farmland)

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14 pages, 2439 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Therapeutic Efficacy and Adverse Reactions among Various Thrombolytic Agents

by Chenxi Xie, Naying Zheng, Mingmei Li, Zhiyang Zhang, Dongqin Huang, Meizhu Xiao, Dongdong Chen, Chengyong He, Zhenghong Zuo and Xintan Chen

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 458; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070458 - 25 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Thrombosis is a major health concern that contributes to the development of several cardiovascular diseases and a significant number of fatalities worldwide. While stent surgery is the current recommended treatment according to the guidelines, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the optimal approach for [...] Read more.

Thrombosis is a major health concern that contributes to the development of several cardiovascular diseases and a significant number of fatalities worldwide. While stent surgery is the current recommended treatment according to the guidelines, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the optimal approach for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, in remote areas with limited resources, PCI procedures may not be feasible, leading to a delay in treatment and irreversible outcomes. In such cases, preoperative thrombolysis becomes the primary choice for managing AMI in remote settings. The market for thrombolytic drugs is continuously evolving, and identifying a safe and effective thrombolytic agent for treating AMI is crucial. This study evaluated Urokinase, Alteplase, and Recombinant Human TNK Tissue-type Plasminogen Activator for Injection (rhTNK) as representatives of first-, second-, and third-generation thrombolytic drugs, respectively. The research included in vitro thrombolysis experiments, exposure of human cardiomyocytes, zebrafish tail vein injections, and vascular endothelial transgenic zebrafish models. The findings revealed that rhTNK is the most effective thrombolytic drug with the least adverse effects and lowest bleeding rate, highlighting its potential as the preferred treatment option for AMI. The order of thrombolytic effectiveness was Urokinase < Alteplase < rhTNK, with adverse effects on cardiomyocytes post-thrombolytic therapy ranking similarly as Urokinase < Alteplase < rhTNK, while the bleeding rate after thrombolysis followed the order of Urokinase > Alteplase > rhTNK. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Drugs Toxicity)

35 pages, 2355 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pharmaceutical and Trace Metal Interaction within the Water–Soil–Plant Continuum: Implications for Human and Soil Health

by Lesly Ayala Cabana, Ana de Santiago-Martín, Raffaella Meffe, Isabel López-Heras and Irene de Bustamante

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070457 - 25 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Unplanned water reuse for crop irrigation may pose a global health risk due to the entry of contaminants into the food chain, undesirable effects on crop quality, and impact on soil health. In this study, we evaluate the impact derived from the co-occurrence [...] Read more.

Unplanned water reuse for crop irrigation may pose a global health risk due to the entry of contaminants into the food chain, undesirable effects on crop quality, and impact on soil health. In this study, we evaluate the impact derived from the co-occurrence of pharmaceuticals (Phs), trace metals (TMs), and one metalloid within the water–soil–plant continuum through bioassay experiments with Lactuca sativa L. Results indicate that the co-occurrence of Phs and TMs has synergistic or antagonistic effects, depending on target contaminants and environmental compartments. Complex formations between drugs and TMs may be responsible for enhanced sorption onto the soil of several Phs and TMs. Concerning plant uptake, the co-occurrence of Phs and TMs exerts antagonistic and synergistic effects on carbamazepine and diazepam, respectively. With the exception of Cd, drugs exert an antagonistic effect on TMs, negatively affecting their uptake and translocation. Drug contents in lettuce edible parts do not pose any threat to human health, but Cd levels exceed the maximum limits set for leafy vegetable foodstuffs. Under Ph-TM conditions, lettuce biomass decreases, and a nutrient imbalance is observed. Soil enzyme activity is stimulated under Ph-TM conditions (β-galactosidase) and Ph and Ph-TM conditions (urease and arylsulfatase), or it is not affected (phosphatase). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Strategies for Detection and Bioremediation of Contaminated Water and Soil)

19 pages, 1276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

2,2′,4,4′-Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-47) at Environmental Levels Influenced Photosynthesis in the Mangrove Species Kandelia obovata

by Meijing Xue, Yajun Shi, Jing Xiang, Yan Zhang, Hanxun Qiu, Wenming Chen and Jiliang Zhang

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070456 - 25 Jun 2024

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Abstract

2,2’,4,4’-tetra-bromodiphenytol ether (BDE-47) is one of the ubiquitous organic pollutants in mangrove sediments. To reveal the toxic effects of BDE-47 on mangrove plants, the mangrove species Kandelia obovate was used to investigate the photosynthetic capacity effects and the molecular mechanisms involved after BDE-47 [...] Read more.

2,2’,4,4’-tetra-bromodiphenytol ether (BDE-47) is one of the ubiquitous organic pollutants in mangrove sediments. To reveal the toxic effects of BDE-47 on mangrove plants, the mangrove species Kandelia obovate was used to investigate the photosynthetic capacity effects and the molecular mechanisms involved after BDE-47 exposure at environment-related levels (50, 500, and 5000 ng g⁻¹ dw). After a 60-day exposure, the photosynthetic capacity was inhibited in K. obovata seedlings, and a decrease in the stomatal density and damage in the chloroplast ultrastructure in the leaves were found. Transcriptome sequencing showed that, following exposure to BDE-47, gene expression in photosynthesis-related pathways was predominantly suppressed in the leaves. The bioinformatics analysis indicated that BDE-47 exerts toxicity by inhibiting photosystem I activity and chlorophyll a/b-binding protein-related genes in the leaves of K. obovata. Thus, this study provides preliminary theoretical evidence for the toxic mechanism effect of BDE-47 on photosynthesis in mangrove species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecotoxicology)

29 pages, 915 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effects of Per- and Polyfluoroalkylated Substances on Female Reproduction

by María Estefanía González-Alvarez, Collins Antwi-Boasiako and Aileen F. Keating

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070455 - 25 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Per- and poly-fluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) are a large group of chemicals that persist both in the environment and in the body. Legacy PFAS, e.g., perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, are implicated as endocrine disruptors and reproductive and developmental toxicants in epidemiological and [...] Read more.

Per- and poly-fluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) are a large group of chemicals that persist both in the environment and in the body. Legacy PFAS, e.g., perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, are implicated as endocrine disruptors and reproductive and developmental toxicants in epidemiological and animal model studies. This review describes female reproductive outcomes of reported studies and includes where associative relationships between PFAS exposures and female reproductive outcomes have been observed as well as where those are absent. In animal models, studies in which PFAS are documented to cause toxicity and where effects are lacking are described. Discrepancies exist in both human and animal studies and are likely attributable to human geographical contamination, developmental status, duration of exposure, and PFAS chemical identity. Similarly, in animal investigations, the model used, exposure paradigm, and developmental status of the female are important and vary widely in documented studies. Taken together, support for PFAS as reproductive and developmental toxicants exists, although the disparity in study conditions and human exposures contribute to the variation in effects noted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Environment: Sources, Fate and Risk Assessments)

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18 pages, 1170 KiB

Open AccessReview

Potential Early Effect Biomarkers for Ambient Air Pollution Related Mental Disorders

by Lijun Bai, Kai Wang, Dandan Liu and Shaowei Wu

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070454 - 24 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Air pollution is one of the greatest environmental risks to health, with 99% of the world’s population living where the World Health Organization’s air quality guidelines were not met. In addition to the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, the brain is another potential target [...] Read more.

Air pollution is one of the greatest environmental risks to health, with 99% of the world’s population living where the World Health Organization’s air quality guidelines were not met. In addition to the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, the brain is another potential target of air pollution. Population- and experiment-based studies have shown that air pollution may affect mental health through direct or indirect biological pathways. The evidence for mental hazards associated with air pollution has been well documented. However, previous reviews mainly focused on epidemiological associations of air pollution with some specific mental disorders or possible biological mechanisms. A systematic review is absent for early effect biomarkers for characterizing mental health hazards associated with ambient air pollution, which can be used for early warning of related mental disorders and identifying susceptible populations at high risk. This review summarizes possible biomarkers involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, and epigenetic changes linking air pollution and mental disorders, as well as genetic susceptibility biomarkers. These biomarkers may provide a better understanding of air pollution’s adverse effects on mental disorders and provide future research direction in this arena. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air Pollution and Health)

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14 pages, 3759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Biodegradable Bioplastics with Sericin and Gelatin from Silk Cocoons and Fish Waste

by Natesan Vijayakumar, Aathiyur Velumani Sanjay, Khalid A. Al-Ghanim, Marcello Nicoletti, Gurunathan Baskar, Ranvijay Kumar and Marimuthu Govindarajan

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070453 - 24 Jun 2024

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Abstract

The bioplastics sector promotes environmentally friendly means of cutting down on the usage of fossil fuels, plastic waste, and environmental pollution. Plastic contamination has detrimental effects on both ecological systems and the global food supply. The approach we present here to resolve this [...] Read more.

The bioplastics sector promotes environmentally friendly means of cutting down on the usage of fossil fuels, plastic waste, and environmental pollution. Plastic contamination has detrimental effects on both ecological systems and the global food supply. The approach we present here to resolve this issue involves the integration of sericin and gelatin, obtained from cocoon and fish waste, respectively, with nano-reinforced cellulose crystals, to develop a biodegradable and compostable plastic material. The use of cocoon and fish wastes for the extraction of sericin and gelatin presents an environmentally beneficial approach since it contributes to waste reduction. The sericin level found in silk cocoon waste was determined to be 28.08%, and the gelatin amount in fish waste was measured to be 58.25%. The inclusion of sericin and gelatin in bioplastics was accompanied by the incorporation of glycerol, vinegar, starch, sodium hydroxide, and other coloring agents. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) examination of bioplastics revealed the presence of functional groups that corresponded to the sericin and gelatin components. The tensile strength of the bioplastic material was measured to be 27.64 MPa/psi, while its thickness varied between 0.072 and 0.316 mm. The results of burial experiments indicated that the bioplastic material had a degradation rate of 85% after 14 days. The invention exhibits potential as a viable alternative for packaging, containment, and disposable plastic materials. The use of this sustainable approach is recommended for the extraction of sericin and gelatin from silk cocoons and fish waste, with the intention of using them as raw materials for bioplastic production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Scenery of Bioplastics and Beyond: Unveiling the Environmental Implications for a Sustainable Horizon)

14 pages, 4055 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate and Tris (nonylphenyl) phosphite Promote Human Renal Cell Apoptosis through the ERK/CEPBA/Long Non-Coding RNA Cytoskeleton Regulator Axis

by Hu Zhao, Yi Yan, Yanyan Gao, Jiafu Wang and Sheng Li

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070452 - 22 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) are widely used and have the potential to be harmful environmental toxicants to humans. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) plays a crucial regulatory role in cytotoxicity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of OPs on the expression of lncRNAs in [...] Read more.

Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) are widely used and have the potential to be harmful environmental toxicants to humans. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) plays a crucial regulatory role in cytotoxicity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of OPs on the expression of lncRNAs in cells. The effects of the industrial OPs TNPP and TCPP on both CYTOR and cellular viability were examined in the following human renal cell lines: HEK293T and HK-2. Both TCPP and TNPP downregulated CYTOR expression, increased reactive oxygen species levels, and induced apoptosis; the upregulated expression of CYTOR resulted in a reduction in apoptosis. The results of the luciferase reporter assay and the knock-down assay indicate that CEBPA binds to the upstream promoter region of CYTOR and regulates its transcription. Furthermore, TCPP and TNPP were found to downregulate the phosphorylation of ERK in the signaling pathway that is upstream of CEBPA. These results indicate that TCPP and TNPP can decrease the level of CEBPA by reducing ERK phosphorylation; this leads to a decrease in CYTOR expression, which further promotes cellular reactive oxygen species and apoptosis. Therefore, the ERK/CEBPA/CYTOR axis is one of the pathways by which organophosphates produce cytotoxicity, leading to renal cell injury. This study presents evidence for both the abnormal expression of lncRNA that is caused by organophosphates and the regulatory function of lncRNA regarding downstream cellular viability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Emerging Contaminants)

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16 pages, 2204 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Safety of Cosmetic Ingredients and Their Skin Compatibility through In Silico and In Vivo Assessments of a Newly Developed Eye Serum

by Anca Maria Juncan, Luca-Liviu Rus, Claudiu Morgovan and Felicia Loghin

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070451 - 22 Jun 2024

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Abstract

The term “risk assessment” is often substituted with “safety assessment”, to demonstrate the safe properties of cosmetic ingredients and formulations. With respect to the actual legislative framework, the proper use of in silico evaluation could offer a representative non-animal substitute for the toxicity [...] Read more.

The term “risk assessment” is often substituted with “safety assessment”, to demonstrate the safe properties of cosmetic ingredients and formulations. With respect to the actual legislative framework, the proper use of in silico evaluation could offer a representative non-animal substitute for the toxicity evaluation of cosmetic ingredients. The in silico assessment needs to be integrated with other lines of proof (in vitro and/or in vivo data) in the form of a complex methodology in order to demonstrate the safety evaluation of cosmetic ingredients/products. The present study aimed to develop and characterize a new cosmetic formulation, designed for the skin care of the periorbital area. Quality control comprising stability, physicochemical, and microbiological evaluation was performed. Another objective of this study was to present a screening model for the safety evaluation of the cosmetic formulation by identifying individual ingredients, and to confirm the skin compatibility based on in vivo evaluation. The results demonstrated the in silico and in vivo safety profile of the cosmetic ingredients used in the present formulation. In silico evaluation, using a novel, specific software applicable for the risk evaluation of ingredients and formulations, showed that the incorporated ingredients were non-mutagenic and non-sensitizing, and considering the margin of safety (MoS), the cosmetic raw materials could be considered safe. Skin compatibility was confirmed by the patch test performed under dermatological control, evidencing the “non-irritating” potential of the developed cosmetic formulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Skin Sensitization Testing Using New Approach Methodologies)

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16 pages, 2129 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adsorption Behavior and Mechanisms of Trihalomethanes onto Virgin and Weathered Polyvinyl Chloride Microplastics

by Yi Li, Paragi Neema and Susan Andrews

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070450 - 22 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Microplastics that adsorb various toxic contaminants in water may be transported into cells and organs, possibly posing toxicological risks in the aquatic environment. Disinfection byproducts (DBPs), which are ubiquitous in chlorinated drinking water and wastewater, may have some potential to sorb onto microplastics [...] Read more.

Microplastics that adsorb various toxic contaminants in water may be transported into cells and organs, possibly posing toxicological risks in the aquatic environment. Disinfection byproducts (DBPs), which are ubiquitous in chlorinated drinking water and wastewater, may have some potential to sorb onto microplastics (MPs) through hydrophobic or electrostatic interactions. However, DBP adsorption on microplastics has not yet been closely examined. This work investigated the adsorption behavior of trihalomethanes (THMs)—a regulated and ubiquitous DBP class in chlorinated water—onto virgin and weathered polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics, the most widely used plastic material in drinking water distribution and sewer systems. A comparative analysis of kinetic and isotherm test results indicated that the adsorption mechanisms mainly involved hydrophobic interactions from a combination of weak and strong physisorption behavior and possibly chemisorption. The adsorption coefficients from all the models examined suggested that the adsorption of THMs, and perhaps chemically similar DBPs, onto virgin PVC microplastics can be 10–20 µg g⁻¹. However, the weathered PVC microplastics contained more polar functional groups, which led to a decreased hydrophobicity and reduced THM adsorption capacity by approximately 10%. These findings offer novel insights into the possible adsorption characteristics of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) onto microplastics and will assist in targeting more toxic DBPs for future investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Risks of Drinking Water: Micropollutants and Disinfection Byproducts)

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14 pages, 2115 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reduction of Glyoxalase 1 Expression Links Fetal Methylmercury Exposure to Autism Spectrum Disorder Pathogenesis

by Joseph Wai-Hin Leung, Allison Loan, Yilin Xu, Guang Yang, Jing Wang and Hing Man Chan

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070449 - 22 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Glyoxalase 1 (Glo1) is an essential enzyme to detoxify methylglyoxal (MGO), a cytotoxic byproduct of glycolysis. Accumulating studies have shown an important role of Glo1 in regulating cortical development and neurogenesis, potentially contributing to the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) when impaired. [...] Read more.

Glyoxalase 1 (Glo1) is an essential enzyme to detoxify methylglyoxal (MGO), a cytotoxic byproduct of glycolysis. Accumulating studies have shown an important role of Glo1 in regulating cortical development and neurogenesis, potentially contributing to the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) when impaired. We have previously shown that prenatal exposure to non-apoptotic low-dose methylmercury (MeHg), an environmental pollutant, induces premature cortical neurogenesis and ASD-like behaviors in a rodent model. In this study, we aimed to determine the underlying molecular mechanisms that mediate prenatal MeHg-induced premature neuronal differentiation and abnormal neurodevelopment. Using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), we found that prenatal MeHg exposure at a non-apoptotic dose significantly reduced Glo1 gene expression in embryonic cultured radial glia precursors (RGPs). In cultured RGPs, the knockdown of Glo1 expression increased neuronal production at the expense of the cultured RGPs population, while overexpression of Glo1 restored MeHg-induced neuronal differentiation back to normal levels. Furthermore, we found that co-treatment with both MeHg and multiple MGO scavengers or a CREB inhibitor (iCREB) mitigated MeHg-induced premature neuronal differentiation, reinforcing the role of Glo1 and CREB in mediating MeHg-induced neuronal differentiation. Our findings demonstrate a direct link between MeHg exposure and expression of an ASD risk gene Glo1 in cortical development, supporting the important role of gene–environment interaction in contributing to the etiology of neural developmental disorders, such as ASD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mercury Cycling and Health Effects)

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11 pages, 499 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bisphenol S and Its Chlorinated Derivatives in Indoor Dust and Human Exposure

by Yi Qian, Jianqiang Zhu, Ruyue Guo and Hangbiao Jin

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070448 - 21 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Bisphenol S (BPS), an environmental endocrine disruptor, has been identified in global environmental matrices. Nevertheless, limited studies have investigated the presence of chlorinated analogues of BPS (Clx-BPSs) with potential estrogenic activities in environmental matrices. In this study, the occurrence of BPS and five [...] Read more.

Bisphenol S (BPS), an environmental endocrine disruptor, has been identified in global environmental matrices. Nevertheless, limited studies have investigated the presence of chlorinated analogues of BPS (Clx-BPSs) with potential estrogenic activities in environmental matrices. In this study, the occurrence of BPS and five types of Clx-BPSs was characterized in indoor dust (n = 178) from Hangzhou City. BPS was measurable in 94% of indoor dust samples, with an average level of 0.63 μg/g (<LD–2.4 μg/g). Among the detected Clx-BPSs homologues, Cl₁-BPS (2-chloro-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonylphenol; detection frequency 70%), Cl₂-BPS-2 (2-chloro-4-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonylphenol; 65%), and Cl₂-BPS-1 (2,6-dichloro-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonylphenol; 61%) were among the frequently detected Clx-BPSs. Cl₁-BPS was the most abundant analyte, with an average of 0.048 μg/g (<LD—0.24 μg/g), followed by Cl₂-BPS-1 (0.035 μg/g, <LD—0.14 μg/g), and Cl₂-BPS-2 (0.031 μg/g, <LD—0.13 μg/g). Significant correlations in indoor dust concentrations were observed between BPS and Cl₁-BPS (p < 0.01), as well as between BPS and Cl₂-BPS-1 (p < 0.01). Moreover, an estimation was made for the total daily intake of Clx-BPSs via the ingestion of indoor dust by infants, children, and adults. This study presents the first evidence of the existence of Clx-BPSs in indoor dust, concurrently highlighting the necessity to address their potential human exposure risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Airborne Contaminants Exposure on Early Health Damage Biomarkers)

20 pages, 1933 KiB

Open AccessReview

Selective Adsorption of Hazardous Substances from Wastewater by Hierarchical Oxide Composites: A Review

by Wenjun Tu and Weiquan Cai

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070447 - 21 Jun 2024

Viewed by 255

Abstract

Large volumes of wastewater containing toxic contaminants (e.g., heavy metal ions, organic dyes, etc.) are produced from industrial processes including electroplating, mining, petroleum exploitation, metal smelting, etc., and proper treatment prior to their discharge is mandatory in order to alleviate the impacts on [...] Read more.

Large volumes of wastewater containing toxic contaminants (e.g., heavy metal ions, organic dyes, etc.) are produced from industrial processes including electroplating, mining, petroleum exploitation, metal smelting, etc., and proper treatment prior to their discharge is mandatory in order to alleviate the impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Adsorption is one of the most effective and practical methods for removing toxic substances from wastewater due to its simplicity, flexibility, and economics. Recently, hierarchical oxide composites with diverse morphologies at the micro/nanometer scale, and the combination advantages of oxides and composite components have been received wide concern in the field of adsorption due to their multi-level structures, easy functionalization characteristic resulting in their large transport passages, high surface areas, full exposure of active sites, and good stability. This review summarizes the recent progress on their typical preparation methods, mainly including the hydrothermal/solvothermal method, coprecipitation method, template method, polymerization method, etc., in the field of selective adsorption and competitive adsorption of hazardous substances from wastewater. Their formation processes and different selective adsorption mechanisms, mainly including molecular/ion imprinting technology, surface charge effect, hard-soft acid-base theory, synergistic effect, and special functionalization, were critically reviewed. The key to hierarchical oxide composites research in the future is the development of facile, repeatable, efficient, and scale preparation methods and their dynamic adsorption with excellent cyclic regeneration adsorption performance instead of static adsorption for actual wastewater. This review is beneficial to broaden a new horizon for rational design and preparation of hierarchical oxide materials with selective adsorption of hazardous substances for wastewater treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterial-Enabled Environmental Remediation and Removal of Emerging Pollutants)

24 pages, 2662 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Prenatal PM_2.5 Exposure and Its Association with Low Birth Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Nichapa Parasin, Teerachai Amnuaylojaroen and Surasak Saokaew

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070446 - 21 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Exposure to PM_2.5 while pregnant is associated with negative effects on low birth weight (LBW). This study employed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the impact of PM_2.5 exposure during pregnancy on LBW. A search of databases such as Scopus, [...] Read more.

Exposure to PM_2.5 while pregnant is associated with negative effects on low birth weight (LBW). This study employed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the impact of PM_2.5 exposure during pregnancy on LBW. A search of databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, and PubMed identified thirteen appropriate studies. This study used a random-effects model to calculate pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each trimester. The findings revealed a significant relationship between PM_2.5 exposure and LBW in both the first and second trimesters (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.00–1.09, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between trimesters (p = 0.704). The results emphasize the persistent influence of PM_2.5 on fetal development throughout all stages of pregnancy. Reducing air pollution is critical for improving pregnancy outcomes and decreasing the incidence of LBW. Further study is needed to improve exposure assessments and investigate the underlying biological pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ambient Air Pollution Exposure and Human Health)

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22 pages, 18013 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of IRE1α/XBP1/CHOP/NLRP3 Signalling Pathway in Neonicotinoid Imidacloprid-Induced Pancreatic Dysfunction in Rats and Antagonism of Lycopene: In Vivo and Molecular Docking Simulation Approaches

by Walaa Bayoumie El Gazzar, Heba Bayoumi, Heba S. Youssef, Tayseer A. Ibrahim, Reham M. Abdelfatah, Noha M. Gamil, Mervat K. Iskandar, Amal M. Abdel-Kareim, Shaymaa M. Abdelrahman, Mohammed A. Gebba, Mona Atya Mohamed, Maha M. Mokhtar, Tayseir G. Kharboush, Nervana M. Bayoumy, Hatun A. Alomar and Amina A. Farag

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070445 - 21 Jun 2024

Viewed by 313

Abstract

Imidacloprid (IMI) is a commonly used new-generation pesticide that has numerous harmful effects on non-targeted organisms, including animals. This study analysed both the adverse effects on the pancreas following oral consumption of imidacloprid neonicotinoids (45 mg/kg daily for 30 days) and the potential [...] Read more.

Imidacloprid (IMI) is a commonly used new-generation pesticide that has numerous harmful effects on non-targeted organisms, including animals. This study analysed both the adverse effects on the pancreas following oral consumption of imidacloprid neonicotinoids (45 mg/kg daily for 30 days) and the potential protective effects of lycopene (LYC) administration (10 mg/kg/day for 30 days) with IMI exposure in male Sprague–Dawley rats. The apoptotic, pyroptotic, inflammatory, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress biomarkers were evaluated, along with the histopathological alterations. Upon IMI administration, noticeable changes were observed in pancreatic histopathology. Additionally, elevated oxidative/endoplasmic reticulum-associated stress biomarkers, inflammatory, pyroptotic, and apoptotic biomarkers were also observed following IMI administration. LYC effectively reversed these alterations by reducing oxidative stress markers (e.g., MDA) and enhancing antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT). It downregulated ER stress markers (IRE1α, XBP1, CHOP), decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β), and suppressed pyroptotic (NLRP3, caspase-1) along with apoptotic markers (Bax, cleaved caspase-3). It also improved the histopathological and ultrastructure alterations brought on by IMI toxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug and Pesticides-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis)

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19 pages, 2904 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Levels of Potentially Toxic and Essential Elements in Water and Estimation of Human Health Risks in a River Located at the Interface of Brazilian Savanna and Amazon Biomes (Tocantins River)

by Thiago Machado da Silva Acioly, Marcelo Francisco da Silva, Letícia Almeida Barbosa, José Iannacone and Diego Carvalho Viana

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070444 - 21 Jun 2024

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Abstract

The Tocantins–Araguaia basin is one of South America’s largest river systems, across three Brazilian states (Maranhão, Tocantins, and Pará), within the Legal Amazon region. Despite draining extensive Cerrado savanna and rainforest ecosystems, it has suffered significant degradation, notably in the past 40 years. [...] Read more.

The Tocantins–Araguaia basin is one of South America’s largest river systems, across three Brazilian states (Maranhão, Tocantins, and Pará), within the Legal Amazon region. Despite draining extensive Cerrado savanna and rainforest ecosystems, it has suffered significant degradation, notably in the past 40 years. Human activities, including agricultural expansion, deforestation, and the introduction of non-native species, have worsened the environmental damage, which is alarming since many residents and villages along the middle Tocantins River rely on it for water supply, recreation, and fishing. This study assessed the concentration of potentially toxic and essential elements in water samples from four sampling sites distributed along the middle Tocantins River. The monitoring occurred throughout 2023, involving the measurement of parameters both on-site and in the laboratory. Water quality and its health implications were evaluated using the Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAWQI), the Water Quality Index (WQI), and the health risk assessment index. The levels of aluminum, copper, iron, magnesium, and selenium exceeded legal standards. Seasonal fluctuations indicate a complex dynamic influenced by climatic or seasonal factors, with February showing the highest values. Site P1, located in urban areas, exhibited elevated mean concentrations for conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and chlorophyll, indicating the need for continuous monitoring. The nitrogen concentrations at P1 raise concerns regarding drinking water quality, which is a concern for the region’s residents who use untreated river water. Despite seasonal variations in element concentrations, the overall WAWQI categorized all sections as “Excellent,” and the WQI rated as “Good.” Human health risk assessments detected no risks, but continuous monitoring and interventions are crucial for sustained water quality improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Health Risk Assessment of the Trace and Macro Elements)

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Toxics, Volume 12, Issue 7 (July 2024) – 25 articles

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