Association between Serum 6:2 Chlorinated Polyfluorinated Ether Sulfonate Concentrations and Lung Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Control (n = 604) | Case (n = 302) | p-Value a | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number (%) | Mean | Median | Range | Number (%) | Mean | Median | Range | ||
Gender | N/A | ||||||||
Male | 356 (58.9) | 4.0 | 2.9 | <LOD-26 | 178 (58.9) | 4.6 | 3.3 | <LOD-25 | |
Female | 248 (41.1) | 4.0 | 2.9 | <LOD-25 | 124 (41.1) | 3.7 | 3.1 | <LOD-13 | |
Age (years) | N/A | ||||||||
<51 | 110 (18.2) | 3.7 | 2.8 | <LOD-26 | 55 (18.2) | 4.8 | 3.6 | <LOD-25 | |
51–60 | 120 (19.9) | 4.2 | 3.0 | 0.031–21 | 60 (19.9) | 4.4 | 3.4 | 0.11–12 | |
61–70 | 200 (33.1) | 4.3 | 2.9 | <LOD-25 | 100 (33.1) | 3.9 | 3.2 | 0.10–15 | |
>70 | 174 (28.8) | 3.7 | 2.9 | <LOD-20 | 87 (28.8) | 4.1 | 3.1 | <LOD-20 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.842 | ||||||||
<18.5 | 38 (6.3) | 3.5 | 2.8 | 0.033–20 | 22 (7.3) | 3.6 | 3.1 | <LOD-13 | |
18.5–24.9 | 375 (62.1) | 4.0 | 2.9 | <LOD-26 | 187 (61.9) | 4.4 | 3.3 | <LOD-20 | |
>24.9 | 191 (31.6) | 4.0 | 2.8 | <LOD-25 | 93 (30.8) | 4.0 | 3.2 | <LOD-25 | |
Educational level | 0.681 | ||||||||
≤9 | 494 (81.8) | 4.1 | 2.9 | <LOD-25 | 242 (80.1) | 4.2 | 3.2 | <LOD-22 | |
>9 | 108 (17.9) | 3.8 | 2.8 | <LOD-26 | 57 (18.9) | 4.1 | 3.4 | <LOD-25 | |
Annual household income (CNY) | 0.626 | ||||||||
<50,000 | 216 (35.8) | 3.8 | 2.8 | <LOD-25 | 113 (37.4) | 4.1 | 3.2 | <LOD-15 | |
50,000–100,000 | 248 (41.0) | 4.1 | 2.9 | <LOD-26 | 114 (37.8) | 4.5 | 3.2 | <LOD-25 | |
>100,000 | 140 (23.2) | 4.2 | 3.1 | <LOD-23 | 75 (24.8) | 4.0 | 3.6 | <LOD-22 | |
Occupational status | 0.330 | ||||||||
Employed | 213 (35.3) | 4.1 | 2.9 | <LOD-23 | 97 (32.1) | 4.9 | 3.3 | 0.10–25 | |
Unemployed | 389 (64.4) | 4.0 | 2.9 | <LOD-26 | 205 (67.9) | 3.9 | 3.2 | <LOD-14 | |
Marital status | 0.542 | ||||||||
Married | 498 (82.5) | 4.0 | 2.8 | <LOD-25 | 244 (80.8) | 4.2 | 3.3 | <LOD-25 | |
Divorced and widowed | 106 (17.5) | 3.9 | 3.1 | <LOD-26 | 58 (19.2) | 4.0 | 3.1 | <LOD-22 | |
Dietary habit | 0.909 | ||||||||
Spicy food | 474 (78.5) | 4.2 | 2.9 | <LOD-26 | 236 (78.1) | 4.2 | 3.2 | <LOD-25 | |
Non-spicy food | 130 (21.5) | 3.4 | 2.9 | <LOD-20 | 66 (21.9) | 4.2 | 3.7 | 0.10–14 | |
Residence | 0.957 | ||||||||
Urban | 455 (75.3) | 3.9 | 2.8 | <LOD-26 | 228 (75.5) | 4.2 | 3.2 | <LOD-25 | |
Rural | 149 (24.7) | 4.3 | 3.1 | <LOD-23 | 74 (24.5) | 4.1 | 3.2 | 0.10–22 | |
Smoking habit | 0.565 | ||||||||
Nonsmoker | 368 (61.0) | 4.0 | 2.9 | <LOD-25 | 178 (58.9) | 4.0 | 3.1 | <LOD-25 | |
Current smoker | 236 (39.0) | 4.1 | 2.8 | <LOD-26 | 124 (41.1) | 4.6 | 3.4 | <LOD-20 | |
Alcohol consumption habit | 0.304 | ||||||||
Nondrinker | 418 (69.2) | 3.9 | 2.9 | <LOD-25 | 219 (72.5) | 4.1 | 3.2 | <LOD-22 | |
Current drinker | 186 (30.8) | 4.2 | 2.9 | <LOD-26 | 83 (27.5) | 4.6 | 3.2 | <LOD-25 | |
Family history of lung cancer | 0.004 | ||||||||
No | 583 (96.5) | 4.0 | 2.9 | <LOD-26 | 279 (92.4) | 4.3 | 3.2 | <LOD-25 | |
Yes | 16 (2.7) | 3.7 | 2.5 | 0.29–10 | 20 (6.6) | 3.9 | 4.1 | 0.54–8.6 | |
History of any lung disease b | 0.003 | ||||||||
No | 580 (96.0) | 4.0 | 2.9 | <LOD-26 | 275 (91.1) | 4.3 | 3.3 | <LOD-25 | |
Yes | 23 (3.9) | 3.1 | 2.3 | <LOD-13 | 26 (8.6) | 3.3 | 2.8 | 0.11–10 | |
Histologic type | N/A | ||||||||
Non-small cell carcinoma | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 168 (55.6) | 4.3 | 3.2 | <LOD-20 | |
Small cell carcinoma | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 71 (23.5) | 3.9 | 3.5 | 0.11–11 | |
Squamous cell carcinoma | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 63 (20.9) | 4.1 | 2.9 | <LOD-25 |
Cases/Controls (n) | Crude | Adjusted a | |
---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||
Total participants (n = 906) | |||
Q1 (<1.3) | 56/151 | Ref. | Ref. |
Q2 (1.3–2.9) | 68/151 | 1.21 (0.79, 1.84) | 1.20 (0.79, 1.85) |
Q3 (2.9–6.0) | 87/151 | 1.55 (1.03, 2.32) | 1.51 (1.00, 2.28) |
Q4 (>6.0) | 91/151 | 1.62 (1.08, 2.42) | 1.59 (1.06, 2.39) |
p for trend * | 0.018 | 0.026 | |
Excluding participants who have a family history of lung cancer (n = 774) | |||
Q1 (<1.3) | 46/129 | Ref. | Ref. |
Q2 (1.3–2.8) | 58/129 | 1.26 (0.79, 1.99) | 1.23 (0.77, 1.96) |
Q3 (2.8–5.7) | 77/129 | 1.67 (1.07, 2.59) | 1.60 (1.02, 2.50) |
Q4 (>5.7) | 77/129 | 1.67 (1.07, 2.59) | 1.63 (1.04, 2.55) |
p for trend * | 0.027 | 0.036 | |
Excluding participants who were diagnosed with any lung disease (n = 753) | |||
Q1 (<1.3) | 46/126 | Ref. | Ref. |
Q2 (1.3–2.9) | 58/125 | 1.27 (0.80, 2.01) | 1.20 (0.75, 1.95) |
Q3 (2.9–6.0) | 71/126 | 1.54 (0.98, 2.41) | 1.42 (0.89, 2.25) |
Q4 (>6.0) | 76/125 | 1.66 (1.07, 2.59) | 1.62 (1.02, 2.55) |
p for trend * | 0.028 | 0.037 | |
Excluding urban participants (n = 223) | |||
Q1 (<1.6) | 14/37 | Ref. | Ref. |
Q2 (1.6–3.1) | 19/38 | 1.32 (0.57, 3.01) | 1.35 (0.55, 3.31) |
Q3 (3.1–5.3) | 20/37 | 1.42 (0.63, 3.20) | 1.38 (0.57, 3.32) |
Q4 (>5.3) | 21/37 | 1.51 (0.66, 3.44) | 1.55 (0.63, 3.77) |
p for trend * | 0.392 | 0.375 |
Cases/Controls (n) | Crude | Adjusted a | |
---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||
Subjects’ gender | |||
Male (n = 534) | |||
Q1 (<1.3) | 30/89 | Ref. | Ref. |
Q2 (1.3–2.9) | 38/89 | 1.26 (0.72, 2.22) | 1.27 (0.71, 2.27) |
Q3 (2.9–5.9) | 49/89 | 1.63 (0.95, 2.80) | 1.64 (0.94, 2.87) |
Q4 (>5.9) | 61/89 | 2.03 (1.20, 3.44) | 2.04 (1.19, 3.51) |
p for trend * | 0.005 | 0.006 | |
Female (n = 372) | |||
Q1 (<1.4) | 28/62 | Ref. | Ref. |
Q2 (1.4–2.9) | 28/62 | 1.00 (0.53, 1.88) | 0.99 (0.50, 1.94) |
Q3 (2.9–6.1) | 41/62 | 1.46 (0.80, 2.65) | 1.43 (0.75, 2.72) |
Q4 (>6.1) | 27/62 | 0.96 (0.51, 1.82) | 1.04 (0.53, 2.03) |
p for trend * | 0.970 | 0.840 | |
p for interaction | 0.239 | 0.232 | |
Smoking habit | |||
Smoker (n = 360) | |||
Q1 (<1.3) | 21/59 | Ref. | Ref. |
Q2 (1.3–2.8) | 22/59 | 1.04 (0.52, 2.10) | 1.10 (0.51, 2.34) |
Q3 (2.8–5.7) | 36/59 | 1.71 (0.89, 3.27) | 1.86 (0.92, 3.75) |
Q4 (>5.7) | 45/59 | 2.14 (1.14, 4.02) | 2.48 (1.25, 4.89) |
p for trend * | 0.007 | 0.003 | |
Nonsmoker (n = 546) | |||
Q1 (<1.4) | 36/92 | Ref. | Ref. |
Q2 (1.4–2.9) | 47/92 | 1.30 (0.77, 2.19) | 1.32 (0.77, 2.25) |
Q3 (2.9–6.1) | 51/92 | 1.41 (0.84, 2.37) | 1.38 (0.81, 2.35) |
Q4 (>6.1) | 44/92 | 1.22 (0.72, 2.07) | 1.22 (0.71, 2.09) |
p for trend * | 0.641 | 0.662 | |
p for interaction | 0.244 | 0.216 |
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Mao, W.; Qu, J.; Guo, R.; Chen, Y.; Jin, H.; Xu, J. Association between Serum 6:2 Chlorinated Polyfluorinated Ether Sulfonate Concentrations and Lung Cancer. Toxics 2024, 12, 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12080603
Mao W, Qu J, Guo R, Chen Y, Jin H, Xu J. Association between Serum 6:2 Chlorinated Polyfluorinated Ether Sulfonate Concentrations and Lung Cancer. Toxics. 2024; 12(8):603. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12080603
Chicago/Turabian StyleMao, Weili, Jianli Qu, Ruyue Guo, Yuanchen Chen, Hangbiao Jin, and Jingyan Xu. 2024. "Association between Serum 6:2 Chlorinated Polyfluorinated Ether Sulfonate Concentrations and Lung Cancer" Toxics 12, no. 8: 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12080603