Removal of the Highly Toxic Anticoccidial Monensin Using Six Different Low-Cost Bio-Adsorbents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Bio-Adsorbent Materials
2.3. Characterization of the Bio-Adsorbents
2.4. Experimental Design
2.4.1. Influence of Environmental Factors
2.4.2. Experiments on Adsorption and Desorption (Batch Tests)
2.4.3. Quantification of MON
2.5. Calculation and Statistical Treatment
3. Results
3.1. Bio-Adsorbents Characteristics
3.2. MON Adsorption
3.3. Fitting of Experimental Data to Adsorption Models
3.4. MON Desorption
4. Discussion
4.1. MON Adsorption
4.2. Fitting to Adsorption Models
4.3. Scatchard Plots Analysis
4.4. MON Desorption
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alfa Fiber | Cactus Fiber | Palm Fiber | Acacia Bark | Eucalyptus Bark | Zean Oak Bark | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pHw | 5.1 | 7.4 | 5.5 | 4.9 | 5.4 | 5.7 |
pHKCl | 4.7 | 7.6 | 6.9 | 4.2 | 5.1 | 4.8 |
pHPZC | 6.6 | 6.2 | 4.3 | 7.1 | 7.4 | 5.8 |
EC | 21 | 204 | 818 | 19.7 | 4.2 | 5.9 |
H% | 9.3 | 6.2 | 5.4 | 10.7 | 11.5 | 7.0 |
DM | 90.7 | 93.8 | 94.6 | 89.3 | 88.5 | 93.0 |
P | 86.6 | 48.0 | 41.6 | 62.8 | 65.7 | 57.5 |
As | 2.45 | 3.34 | 4.36 | 1.22 | 1.42 | 1.91 |
VM | 97.55 | 96.66 | 95.64 | 98.58 | 98.58 | 98.09 |
BD | 1.28 | 0.96 | 0.81 | 1.42 | 1.53 | 1.1 |
RD | 1.65 | 1.23 | 1.14 | 1.86 | 1.97 | 1.43 |
SI | 2.56 | 1.43 | 1.08 | 2.82 | 2.96 | 1.84 |
OM | 40.72 | 21.76 | 18.84 | 49.21 | 50.25 | 29.85 |
OC% | 19.54 | 10.44 | 9.04 | 23.62 | 24.12 | 14.32 |
Ale | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.09 |
Cae | 6.74 | 2.04 | 1.97 | 7.44 | 7.98 | 4.22 |
Ke | 2.22 | 3.04 | 2.96 | 2.02 | 2.07 | 2.79 |
Mge | 1.57 | 3.06 | 2.99 | 1.03 | 0.86 | 2.81 |
Nae | 2.32 | 1.05 | 0.96 | 3.77 | 4.04 | 1.12 |
eCEC | 13.97 | 9.26 | 8.55 | 14.45 | 15.08 | 11.04 |
Paricle size (%) | ||||||
0.075–0.1 mm | 86.17 | 52.28 | 66.71 | 26.14 | 31.30 | 39.70 |
0.05–0.075 mm | 11.68 | 30.61 | 15.77 | 68.43 | 65.45 | 53.40 |
0.05–0.02 mm | 2.15 | 10.73 | 13.47 | 4.16 | 3.25 | 6.78 |
<0.02 mm | -- | 6.38 | 4.05 | 1.27 | -- | 1.20 |
Alfa Fiber | Cactus Fiber | Palm Fiber | Acacia Bark | Eucalyptus Bark | Zean-Oak Bark | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Freundlich model | KF | 227.7 | 116.1 | 57.4 | 331.1 | 470.4 | 195.5 |
Error | 40.1 | 9.8 | 19.1 | 93.1 | 101.2 | 6.4 | |
n | 1.415 | 0.212 | 0.236 | 2.484 | 2.685 | 0.458 | |
Error | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.28 | 0.09 | |
R2 | 0.762 | 0.826 | 0.817 | 0.723 | 0.741 | 0.842 | |
Langmuir model | KL | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.08 |
Error | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.00 | |
qm | 957.9 | 835.8 | 809.9 | 987.2 | 1046.1 | 527.9 | |
Error | 97.4 | 80.7 | 60.6 | 107.5 | 140.3 | 37.48 | |
R2 | 0.997 | 0.962 | 0.995 | 0.972 | 0.989 | 0.934 | |
Linear model | Kd | 28.85 | 5.04 | 2.29 | 114.9 | 167.8 | 6.46 |
Error | 5.52 | 0.49 | 0.28 | 30.4 | 34.9 | 0.3 | |
R2 | 0.634 | 0.622 | 0.611 | 0.631 | 0.578 | 0.601 | |
Sips model | Ks | 3.21 | 1.00 | 0.18 | 4.77 | 6.2 | 1.85 |
Error | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.93 | 1.1 | 0.05 | |
n | 1.523 | 0.270 | 0.173 | 2.137 | 2.754 | 0.441 | |
Error | 0.13 | 0.1 | 0.007 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.02 | |
qm | 925.6 | 474.5 | 336.1 | 969.3 | 925.6 | 704.6 | |
Error | 10.3 | 32.1 | 23.3 | 47.8 | 35.1 | 15.5 | |
R2 | 0.944 | 0.873 | 0.869 | 0.925 | 0.932 | 0.884 | |
Temkin model | Kt | 2.71 | 0.64 | - | 3.84 | 4.21 | - |
Error | 0.004 | 0.00 | - | 0.34 | 0.001 | - | |
bt | 4.772 | 0.344 | 0.231 | 5.022 | 6.765 | 2.522 | |
Error | 0.8 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 1.33 | 1.53 | |
R2 | 0.989 | 0.979 | 0.968 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.982 |
MON Concentration Added (µmol L−1) | Hysteresis Index (HI) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alfa Fiber | Cactus Fiber | Palm Fiber | Acacia Bark | Eucalyptus Bark | Zean Oak Bark | |
5 | 0.852 | 0.977 | 0.982 | 0.904 | 0.869 | 1 |
10 | 0.907 | 0.956 | 0.961 | 0.914 | 0.895 | 1 |
20 | 0.935 | 0.855 | 0.918 | 0.921 | 0.903 | 0.996 |
40 | 0.973 | 0.390 | 0.748 | 0.932 | 0.914 | 0.943 |
80 | 0.979 | −0.221 | −0.248 | 0.938 | 0.919 | 0.914 |
100 | 0.985 | −1.546 | −1.281 | 0.957 | 0.936 | 0.824 |
Average values | 0.938 | 0.235 | 0.429 | 0.928 | 0.906 | 0.946 |
Alfa Fiber | Cactus Fiber | Palm Fiber | Acacia Bark | Eucalyptus Bark | Zean Oak Bark | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Freundlich model | KF | 0.627 | - | 17.638 | 2.685 | - | - |
Error | 0.263 | - | 2.143 | 0.519 | - | - | |
n | 0.144 | - | 0.045 | 2.732 | 3.112 | 0.769 | |
Error | 0.021 | - | 0.015 | 0.331 | 0.301 | 0.180 | |
R2 | 0.737 | - | 0.892 | 0.719 | 0.741 | 0.868 | |
Langmuir model | KL | 0.204 | 0.009 | 0.049 | 0.06 | 0.121 | 0.070 |
Error | 0.001 | 0.00 | 0.022 | 0.03 | 0.042 | 0.001 | |
qm | 281.36 | 443.21 | 324.65 | 270.58 | 254.36 | 178.12 | |
Error | 32.02 | 97.46 | 65.13 | 104.70 | 123.23 | 54.82 | |
R2 | 0.653 | 0.573 | 0.465 | 0.705 | 0.713 | 0.745 | |
Linear model | Kd | 0.641 | 6.210 | 0.955 | 0.423 | 0.418 | 0.162 |
Error | 0.182 | 0.521 | 0.026 | 0.072 | 0.068 | 0.029 | |
R2 | 0.625 | 0.752 | 0.832 | 0.721 | 0.789 | 0.727 | |
Sips model | Ks | 0.875 | - | - | - | - | 0.052 |
Error | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | 0.0021 | |
n | 0.872 | 0.445 | 1.972 | 0.582 | 0.673 | 0.341 | |
Error | 0.00 | 0.012 | 0.052 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.001 | |
qm | 59.60 | 64.211 | 175.73 | 25.195 | 28.012 | 6.055 | |
Error | 11.00 | 15.022 | 23.06 | 19.540 | 10.332 | 2.013 | |
R2 | 0.918 | 0.950 | 0.934 | 0.932 | 0.987 | 0.995 | |
Temkin model | Kt | 0.381 | 1.292 | 2.887 | 1.022 | 1.307 | 0.077 |
Error | 0.049 | 0.011 | 0.153 | 0.142 | 0.062 | 0.010 | |
bt | 0.405 | 0.532 | 0.112 | 0.311 | 0.285 | 0.028 | |
Error | 0.155 | 0.213 | 0.003 | 0.101 | 0.031 | 0.00 | |
R2 | 0.998 | 0.989 | 0.984 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.993 |
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Hamdi, S.; Issaoui, M.; Hammami, S.; Míguez-González, A.; Cela-Dablanca, R.; Barreiro, A.; Núñez-Delgado, A.; Álvarez-Rodríguez, E.; Fernández-Sanjurjo, M.J. Removal of the Highly Toxic Anticoccidial Monensin Using Six Different Low-Cost Bio-Adsorbents. Toxics 2024, 12, 606. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12080606
Hamdi S, Issaoui M, Hammami S, Míguez-González A, Cela-Dablanca R, Barreiro A, Núñez-Delgado A, Álvarez-Rodríguez E, Fernández-Sanjurjo MJ. Removal of the Highly Toxic Anticoccidial Monensin Using Six Different Low-Cost Bio-Adsorbents. Toxics. 2024; 12(8):606. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12080606
Chicago/Turabian StyleHamdi, Samiha, Manel Issaoui, Sonia Hammami, Ainoa Míguez-González, Raquel Cela-Dablanca, Ana Barreiro, Avelino Núñez-Delgado, Esperanza Álvarez-Rodríguez, and María J. Fernández-Sanjurjo. 2024. "Removal of the Highly Toxic Anticoccidial Monensin Using Six Different Low-Cost Bio-Adsorbents" Toxics 12, no. 8: 606. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12080606