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Volume 13
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Article

Ambient Air Pollution and Parkinson’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis

by
Cuiyao Xie
1,2,3,4,†,
Xi Xia
1,2,3,4,†,
Kai Wang
1,2,3,4,
Jie Yan
1,2,3,4,
Lijun Bai
1,2,3,4,
Liqiong Guo
5,6,
Xiaoxue Li
7,8,9,* and
Shaowei Wu
1,2,3,4,*
1
Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
2
Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
3
Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, Ministry of Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
4
Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
5
School of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
6
Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, Wenzhou 325000, China
7
Disaster Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
8
2021RU006 Research Unit of Disaster Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
9
Beijing Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine, Beijing 100039, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Toxics 2025, 13(2), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13020139
Submission received: 17 January 2025 / Revised: 11 February 2025 / Accepted: 12 February 2025 / Published: 15 February 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unraveling the Health Impacts of Air Pollution: Assessments and Mechanisms)
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Abstract

Background: Previous epidemiological evidence regarding the associations between ambient air pollution and two major neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), remains inconclusive. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the associations between long-term and short-term exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 (i.e., particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of, or smaller than, 2.5 μm or 10 μm), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide and the risks of AD and PD. Methods: A random-effects model was used to summarize individual effect estimates in the meta-analysis. A subgroup meta-analysis was further conducted to explore the potential sources of heterogeneity. Results: In total, 42 eligible studies were included. For each 5 μg/m3 increase in long-term PM2.5 exposure, the odds ratios (ORs) were 1.16 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.30; I2 = 95%) and 1.10 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.17; I2 = 95%) for AD and PD, respectively. For each 5 μg/m3 increase in short-term PM2.5 exposure, the OR was 1.01 (95% CI: 1.002, 1.01; I2 = 77%) for PD. For each 1 ppb increase in long-term NO2 exposure, the OR was 1.01 (95% CI: 1.0002, 1.02; I2 = 79%) for PD. Conclusion: Ambient air pollution, particularly PM2.5, may contribute to the increased risks of neurodegenerative diseases including AD and PD.
Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; ambient air pollution; meta-analysis; Parkinson’s disease; particulate matter Alzheimer’s disease; ambient air pollution; meta-analysis; Parkinson’s disease; particulate matter
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MDPI and ACS Style

Xie, C.; Xia, X.; Wang, K.; Yan, J.; Bai, L.; Guo, L.; Li, X.; Wu, S. Ambient Air Pollution and Parkinson’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis. Toxics 2025, 13, 139. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13020139

AMA Style

Xie C, Xia X, Wang K, Yan J, Bai L, Guo L, Li X, Wu S. Ambient Air Pollution and Parkinson’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis. Toxics. 2025; 13(2):139. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13020139

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xie, Cuiyao, Xi Xia, Kai Wang, Jie Yan, Lijun Bai, Liqiong Guo, Xiaoxue Li, and Shaowei Wu. 2025. "Ambient Air Pollution and Parkinson’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis" Toxics 13, no. 2: 139. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13020139

APA Style

Xie, C., Xia, X., Wang, K., Yan, J., Bai, L., Guo, L., Li, X., & Wu, S. (2025). Ambient Air Pollution and Parkinson’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis. Toxics, 13(2), 139. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13020139

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