Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Neurotoxicity in Sentinel and Non-Traditional Laboratory Model Systems: Potential Utility in Predicting Adverse Outcomes in Human Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Qualities of Good Sentinel Species
3. Invertebrate Species Used to Study Neurotoxicity of PFAS
3.1. Caenorhabditis elegans
3.2. Dugesia japonica
4. Vertebrate Species Used to Study Neurotoxicity of PFAS
4.1. Danio rerio
4.2. Oryzias melastigma
4.3. Frogs
4.4. Ursus maritimus
5. Critical Analyses of the Use of Sentinels in PFAS Toxicity: Integration of Findings across Sentinel and Non-Traditional Models and Potential to Predict Adverse Outcomes
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Sample Type | PFOS (µg/mg) | Exposure | Exposure Time | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. elegans | Whole body | 13.06 | 1 mg/L | 72 h | Sammi, 2019 [30] |
Oreochromis mossambicus | Whole body | 0.0000416 | n/a | n/a | Bangma, 2017 [37] |
D. rerio | Whole body | 0.000021.6 | 1 mg/L | 6 days | Spulber, 2014 [38] |
R. pipiens | Whole body | 0.0045 | 1 mg/L | 30 days | Foguth, 2019 [39] |
Tursiops truncatus | Plasma | 0.000571 | n/a | n/a | Soloff, 2017 [40] |
Pusa hispida | Serum | 57.3 ng/mL | n/a | n/a | Levin, 2016 [41] |
U. maritimus | Liver | 0.00002882 | n/a | n/a | Biosvert, 2019 [42] |
Tachycineta bicolor | Serum | 137 ng/mL | n/a | n/a | Custer, 2012 [43] |
Sus scrofa | Liver | 0.000040 | n/a | n/a | Watanabe, 2010 [44] |
(A) | ||||||
Organism | Concentration (µM) | Length of Exposure | Neurobehavior | Neurotransmitters | Neuropathology | Reference |
C. elegans | 40–400 | 72 h | ↑Repulsion time | NT | ↓Dopaminergic neurons | Sammi, 2019 [30] |
C. elegans | 20 | 48 h | ↑Forward movement and thrashing | NT | ↓Dopaminergic and cholinergic neurons | Chen, 2014 [33] |
D. japonica | 1–20 | 5–7 d | NT | ↑Dopamine Δ Serotonin Δ GABA | Δ Acetylcholinesterase activity Δ Neurodevelopmental genes | Yuan, 2018 [45] |
D. rerio | 2 | 6 d | ↓Bouts ↑Distance during bout ↑Reaction to light changes ↑Startle | NT | NT | Spulber, 2014 [38] |
D. rerio | 1–8 | 1–114 h | Δ Speed | NT | NT | Huang, 2010 [46] |
D. rerio | 0.02–2 | 14 d | ↑Distance Speed | NT | NT | Jantzen, 2016 [47] |
D. rerio | 2 µM | 117 h, 6 m depuration | ↓Hitting glass-males | NT | NT | Jantzen, 2016 [48] |
D. rerio | 0.06–20 | 144 h | Δ Activity ΔTime active | NT | NT | Ulhaq, 2013 [49] |
R. pipiens | 0.2–2 | 30 d | NT | ↓Dopamine ↑Dopamine turnover | NT | Foguth, 2019 [39] |
(B) | ||||||
Organism | Concentration (µM) | Length of Exposure | Neurobehavior | Neurotransmitters | Neuropathology | Reference |
D. rerio | 0.02–1 | 14 d | ↓Distance ↓Speed | NT | NT | Jantzen, 2016 [47] |
D. rerio | 2 | 117 h, 6 m depuration | ↓Distance ↓Time in the middle ↓Time frozen ↑Speed ↑Hitting glass-males ↑Time in light-males | NT | NT | Jantzen, 2016 [48] |
D. rerio | 0.06–22 | 144 h | Δ Activity Δ Time active | NT | NT | Ulhaq, 2013 [49] |
(C) | ||||||
Organism | Concentration (µM) | Length of Exposure | Neurobehavior | Neurotransmitters | Neuropathology | Reference |
D. rerio | 0.2 | 14 d | ↑Distance | NT | NT | Jantzen, 2016 [47] |
D. rerio | 2 | 117 h, 6 m depuration | ↓Time in light-females | NT | NT | Jantzen, 2016 [48] |
D. rerio | 7.2–2415 | 144 h | Δ activity Δtime active | NT | NT | Ulhaq, 2013 [49] |
R. pipiens | 2.4 | 30 d | NT | ↓Dopamine ↑Dopamine turnover | NT | Foguth, 2019 [39] |
Organism | Chemical | Concentration (µM) | Length of Exposure | Neurobehavior | Neurotransmitters | Neuropathology | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O. melastigma | PFBS | 0.03 | 6 m | NT | ↑Dopamine Sex-specific Δ norepinephrine Δ Serotonin over time Δ GABA over time ↑Acetylcholine | Δ Transcription factors involved in visual development | Chen, 2018 [50] |
D. rerio | TFAA, PFBA, PFDA (perfluorodecanoate), or PFBS | 48–14, 33.3–10000, 0.2–58.4, or 33.3–10000 | 144 h | Δ Activity ΔTime active | NT | NT | Ulhaq, 2013 [49] |
D. rerio | PFDoA | 0.4–10 | 120 h | ↓Speed | ↓Acetylcholine ↑Dopamine | ↓Acetylcholinesterase | Guo, 2018 [51] |
U. maritimus | PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS), PFHxA, perfluoroheptanoate (PFHpA), PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnDA), perfluorododecanoate (PFDoDA), perfluorotridecanoate (PFTrDA), perfluorotetradecanoate (PFTeDA), and perfluoropentadecanoate (PFPeDA) were quantified. PFAS levels were due to exposure in the wild | PFBS: 0.55 ± 0.08 PFHxS: 1.10 ± 0.10 PFOS: 22.92 ± 0.84 PFDS: 0.66 ± 0.06 PFHxA: 0.13 ± 0.03 PFHpA: not detected PFOA: 1.09 ± 0.13 PFNA: 2.59 ± 0.13 PFDA: 2.63 ± 0.15 PFUnDA: 22.30 ± 1.14 PFDoDA: 8.19 ± 0.46 PFTrDA: 37.87 ± 2.29 PFTeDA: 6.81 ± 0.40 PFPeDA: 4.71 ± 0.42 ng/g wet weight in the whole brain | Unknkown, Ages of bears at sampling were 2–10 years | NT | NT | ↑Glutathione synthase in occipital lobe and frontal cortex ↓Glutathione synthase in hypothalamus ↑Monoamine oxidase activity ↓Dopamine D2 receptors in occipital lobe and cerebellum ↓Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activity in cerebellum ↑GABA-A receptors ↑Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activity in frontal cortex ↓Acetylcholinesterase activity in frontal cortex | Eggers Pederson, 2015 [52] |
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Foguth, R.; Sepúlveda, M.S.; Cannon, J. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Neurotoxicity in Sentinel and Non-Traditional Laboratory Model Systems: Potential Utility in Predicting Adverse Outcomes in Human Health. Toxics 2020, 8, 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics8020042
Foguth R, Sepúlveda MS, Cannon J. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Neurotoxicity in Sentinel and Non-Traditional Laboratory Model Systems: Potential Utility in Predicting Adverse Outcomes in Human Health. Toxics. 2020; 8(2):42. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics8020042
Chicago/Turabian StyleFoguth, Rachel, Maria S. Sepúlveda, and Jason Cannon. 2020. "Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Neurotoxicity in Sentinel and Non-Traditional Laboratory Model Systems: Potential Utility in Predicting Adverse Outcomes in Human Health" Toxics 8, no. 2: 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics8020042