Human Biomonitoring of Glyphosate Exposures: State-of-the-Art and Future Research Challenges
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Human Biomonitoring Studies on Glyphosate
4. HBM Based Back-Calculated Oral Intake Equivalents
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ref: | Country | Type of Study | Sampling Population | Urine Sample Type | Analytical Method | GLY Conc. (µg/L) | AMPA Conc. (µg/L) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LOD/LOQ | % above LOQ/LOD | Average | Max | LOD/LOQ | % above LOQ/LOD | Average | Max | ||||||
Zhang, F. et al., 2020 [47] | China | Pesticide production plants | Workers across 4 production plants | End of work shift samples. n = 134 | GC-MS 2 | LOD 20 | ~87% | Mean 292 | 17,200 | 10 | ~81% | Median 68 | 2730 |
Perry, M.J. et al., 2019 [43] 3 | US | US agricultural cohort study | 18 farmers—8 hrs after application and 17 non-applicators | Spot urine samples 4 | LC-MS/MS 5 | LOD 0.4 | 39% | Median < LOD | 12.0 | 1 | 6% | Median < LOD | NR 6 |
Connolly, A. et al., 2018 [42] | Ireland | Horticulture amenity gardening | 20 workers for 29 tasks. A total of 125 individual samples | Individual full void samples 7 | LC-MS/MS | LOQ 0.5 | 93% | Peak values GM 1.90 AM 2.53 | 7.36 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Connolly, A. et al., 2017 [44] | Ireland | Horticulture amenity gardening | 17 workers—31 paired samples | Spot samples 8 | LC-MS/MS | LOQ 0.5 | 55% | GM 0.66 AM 1.35 | 10.66 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Mesnage, R. et al., 2012 [39] | France | Farm family exposure study | 1 farmer, spouse and 3 children | 24-h urine over three days | HPLC-ESI-MS 9 | LOD 1 LOQ 2 | NR2 | Overall results not given | 9.5 | NR | 0 | Non detect | Non detect |
Curwin, B. et al., 2007 [24] 10 | USA—Iowa | Farm and ‘non-farm’ familiesinvestigating take-home pesticide exposure | Farm Father (n = 24) Mother (n = 24) Child (n = 25) | Two full void spot urine samples. 11 | Immunoassay (fluorescent microbeads) | LOD 0.9 | Overall ~77% | GM Farm: Father 1.9 Mother 1.5 Child 2.0 | 18 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Acquavella, J.F. et al., 2004 [40] 12 | USA—South Carolina, Minnesota | Occupational and residential exposures in an agricultural setting | 48 farmers, 48 spouses and 79 children | 24-hr composite urine samples 13 | HPLC following ion exchange | LOD 1 | Farmer 60% Spouse 4% Child 12% | Farmer GM 3.2 | Farmer 233 Spouse 3 Child 29 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Lavy, T.L et al., 1992 [45] | United States | Conifer Seedling Nursery | 14 workers | 24-h urine 14 | Not specified | LOQ 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Jauhiainen, A. et al., 1991 [46] | Finland 1988 | Forest workers | 5 Forest workers and 5 control group | Post work shift samples 15 | GC with a 63Ni-electron capture detector | LOD 100 | 0 | N/A | <LOD 16 | LOD 50 | 0 | N/A | N/A |
Ref: | Country | Type of Study | Sampling Population | Urine Sample Type | Analytical Method | GLY Conc. (µg/L) | AMPA Conc. (µg/L) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LOD/LOQ | % above LOQ/LOD | Average | Max | LOD/LOQ | % above LOQ/LOD | Average | Max | ||||||
Soukup, S.T. et al., 2020 [41] | Germany | KarMeN study | Cross-sectional study of 301 adults | 24 h full void samples | LC-MS/MS | LOD/LOQ 0.05/0.20 | 8% ≥ LOQ 2 | Median < LOQ | 1.37 | LOD/LOQ 0.09/0.20 | 8% ≥ LOQ | Median < LOQ | 1.53 |
Connolly, A. et al., 2018 [52] | Ireland | Pilot study | 50 adults | One spot sample | LC-MS/MS | LOQ 0.5 | 20% | Median < LOQ | 1.35 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Parvez, S. et al., 2018 [15] | USA—Indiana | Environmental study | 71 pregnant women | NR | LC-MS/MS | LOQ 0.5 LOD 0.1 | 93% > LOD | Mean 3.40 | 7.20 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Conrad, A. et al., 2017 [38] | Germany | General population | 399 samples (20–29 years old) | 24-h urine samples 3 | GC-MS/MS 4 | LOQ 0.1 | ~32% | Median < LOQ | 2.80 | LOQ 0.1 | ~40% | Median < LOQ | 1.88 |
Knudsen, L.E. et al., 2017 [23] | Denmark | Mother and child study | Mother (n = 13) Children 6–11 (n = 14) | Spot samples 5 | ELISA 6 | LOD 0.0751 | 100% | Mean Mothers 1.28 Children 1.96 | 3.31 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Mills, P.J. et al., 2017 [55] 7 | USA—California | Older Adults between 1993 and 2016 | Adults more than 50 years old | Morning spot urine samples (n = 100) | HPLC-MS 8 | LOD 0.03 | 70% | Mean 0.314 | NR 9 | LOD 0.04 | 71% | 0.285 | NR |
Rendon-von Osten, L. and Dzul-Caamal, R. 2017 | Mexico | Farmers and Fishermen 10 | Men between 30–50 years old | Morning spot urine samples | ELISA | LOQ 1.0 | NR | Mean of 1 group (n = 15) 0.47 | NR | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
McGuire, M.K. et al., 2016 [36] | USA—Washington and Idaho | Lactating women | Analysing glyphosate in milk and urine | Midstream urine spot sample (n = 40) | LC-MS/MS | LOD/LOQ 0.02/0.10 | ~93% > LOD | Mean 0.28 | 1.93 | LOD/LOQ 0.03/0.10 | 95% > LOD | 0.30 | 1.33 |
Jayasumana, C. et al., 2015 [11] 11 | Sri Lanka | Investigate Sri Lankan Agricultural Nephropathy (SAN) patients | Patients with SAN, healthy group from the area and a different area | Morning spot urine samples. 10 samples per group | ELISA validation compared with GC-MS | LOD 0.6 | 100% | Medians SAN endemic area 73.5 Non endemic area 3.3 | Peak ≥ 80 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Krüger, M. et al., 2014 [51] | Europe | Human and animal exposure study | conventional diet n = 99 and organic diet n = 41. Healthy n = 102 and chronically diseased n = 199 | NR | ELISA partly validated against GC-MS | LOD/LOQ unknown | NR | NR | ~5 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Hoppe, H.W. 2013 [33] 12 | Europe | Environmental exposures | 18 EU countries | Not specified, urine samples n = 182 | GC-MSMS | LOQ 0.15 | 44% | Median < LOQ | 1.82 | LOQ 0.15 | 36% | Median < LOQ | 2.6 |
Varona, M. et al., 2009 [53] 13 | Columbia | Aerial spraying | 106 samples analysed 14 | Spot urine samples | G.C. with electron micro-capture detector | LOD 0.5 LOQ 2 | ~40% | Median < LOQ | 130 | LOD 1.0 LOQ 15 | 3.8% | Median < LOQ | 56 |
Curwin, B. et al., 2007 [23] 15 | USA—Iowa | Farm and ‘non-farm’ families investigating take-home pesticide exposure | Non-farm Father (n = 23) Mother (n = 24) Child (n = 25) | Two full void spot urine samples 16 | Immunoassay (fluorescent microbeads) | LOD 0.9 | 77% | GM Non-farm Father 1.4 Mother 1.2 Child 2.7 | 9.4 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Study | Percentage of EFSA ADI [%] | |
---|---|---|
Average | Max | |
Soukup et al., 2020 [41] | <LOQ (median) | 1% |
Connolly et al., 2018 [52] | <LOQ (median) | 1% |
Parvez et al., 2018 [14] | 2% (mean) | 5% |
Conrad et al., 2017 [38] | <LOQ (median) | 2% |
Knudsen et al., 2017 [23] | 1% (mothers, mean) 1% (children, mean) | 2% |
Mills et al., 2017 [55] | 0.2% (mean) | NR 3 |
Rendon-von Osten. et al., 2017 [54] | 0.3% (mean) | NR |
McGuire et al., 2016 [36] | 0.2% (mean) | 1% |
Jayasumana et al., 2015 [11] | 53% 4 | |
(control populations) | ||
SAN endemic areas | 49% (median) | |
non-endemic area | 6% (median) | |
Krüger et al., 2014 [51] | NR | 3% |
Hoppe, 2013 [33] | <LOQ (median) | 1% |
Varona et al., 2009 [53] | <LOQ (median) | 87% 4 |
Curwin et al., 2007 [24] (Non-farm family) | 1% (father, GM) 1% (mother, GM) 2% (child, GM) | 6% |
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Connolly, A.; Coggins, M.A.; Koch, H.M. Human Biomonitoring of Glyphosate Exposures: State-of-the-Art and Future Research Challenges. Toxics 2020, 8, 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics8030060
Connolly A, Coggins MA, Koch HM. Human Biomonitoring of Glyphosate Exposures: State-of-the-Art and Future Research Challenges. Toxics. 2020; 8(3):60. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics8030060
Chicago/Turabian StyleConnolly, Alison, Marie A. Coggins, and Holger M. Koch. 2020. "Human Biomonitoring of Glyphosate Exposures: State-of-the-Art and Future Research Challenges" Toxics 8, no. 3: 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics8030060
APA StyleConnolly, A., Coggins, M. A., & Koch, H. M. (2020). Human Biomonitoring of Glyphosate Exposures: State-of-the-Art and Future Research Challenges. Toxics, 8(3), 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics8030060