Transcriptomic Analysis of Polyhexamethyleneguanidine-Induced Lung Injury in Mice after a Long-Term Recovery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Animals
2.3. Experimental Design
2.4. RNA Extraction and mRNA Analysis
2.5. Histopathological Examination
2.6. RNA Extraction and Preparation for Illumina Nova-Seq Sequencing
2.7. Genome Mapping of Paired-End Sequences and Differentially Expressed Genes
2.8. Gene Set Enrichment Test
2.9. Sample Clustering and Heatmap
2.10. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Histopathological Examination
3.2. Gene Expression Profiles in PHMG-P-Treated and Control Groups
3.3. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis of PHMG-P Treatment
3.4. Network Analysis of Gene Sets in PHMG-P Treated Mice
3.5. Quantitative Real-Time PCR
3.6. Macrophage Polarization in the PHMG-P-Treated Group
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Histopathological Findings | Control | PHMG-P |
---|---|---|
Foamy macrophage aggregation | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1.25 ± 0.96 |
Brochiolo–alveolar hyperplasia | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 2.50 ± 0.58 |
Interstitial fibrosis | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1.75 ± 0.96 |
Alveolar/foamy/pigmented, diffuse macrophage | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 2.25 ± 1.26 |
Cholesterol cleft | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 2.00 ± 0.00 |
Alveolar proteinaceous substance | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1.75 ± 1.26 |
Lymphocytes infiltration | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1.75 ± 0.50 |
Genes | Description | Fold Change | Volume | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ltf | Lactotransferrin | 275.95 | 5.57 | 1 × 10−4 |
Gp2 | Glycoprotein 2 (zymogen granule membrane) | 32.01 | 1.99 | 5 × 10−4 |
Krt14 | Keratin 14 | 24.72 | 0.75 | 2 × 10−3 |
Gpnmb | Glycoprotein (transmembrane) nmb | 24.70 | 4.33 | 4 × 10−5 |
Mmp12 | Matrix metallopeptidase 12 | 20.84 | 3.23 | 1 × 10−4 |
Bpifa1 | BPI fold containing family A, member 1 | 16.73 | 9.25 | 2 × 10−3 |
Saa3 | Serum amyloid A 3 | 16.33 | 2.88 | 5 × 10−4 |
Retnla | Resistin-like alpha | 16.30 | 7.13 | 1 × 10−4 |
Jchain | Immunoglobulin joining chain | 14.74 | 6.88 | 8 × 10−3 |
Cd177 | CD177 antigen | 14.30 | 3.75 | 5 × 10−3 |
Genes | Description | Fold Change | Volume | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Car3 | Carbonic anhydrase 3 | −26.88 | 1.42 | 1 × 10−2 |
Cfd | Complement factor D (adipsin) | −22.98 | 1.76 | 1 × 10−2 |
Bex4 | Nerve growth factor receptor-associated protein 3, Brain expressed X-linked 4 | −9.38 | 2.11 | 5 × 10−3 |
Bex2 | Brain expressed X-linked 2 | −9.05 | 3.08 | 7 × 10−5 |
Hist1h2br | Histone cluster 1 H2br | −7.15 | 0.41 | 1 × 10−2 |
Fabp1 | Fatty acid binding protein 1, liver | −6.24 | 3.16 | 3 × 10−4 |
Igfbp3 | Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 | −5.71 | 3.76 | 7 × 10−3 |
Slc7a10 | Solute carrier family 7, member 10 | −5.57 | 2.38 | 8 × 10−4 |
Glp1r | Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor | −5.46 | 3.94 | 2 × 10−3 |
Cidec | Cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector c | −5.21 | 1.98 | 3 × 10−3 |
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Song, J.; Jung, K.-J.; Cho, J.-W.; Park, T.; Han, S.-C.; Park, D. Transcriptomic Analysis of Polyhexamethyleneguanidine-Induced Lung Injury in Mice after a Long-Term Recovery. Toxics 2021, 9, 253. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9100253
Song J, Jung K-J, Cho J-W, Park T, Han S-C, Park D. Transcriptomic Analysis of Polyhexamethyleneguanidine-Induced Lung Injury in Mice after a Long-Term Recovery. Toxics. 2021; 9(10):253. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9100253
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Jeongah, Kyung-Jin Jung, Jae-Woo Cho, Tamina Park, Su-Cheol Han, and Daeui Park. 2021. "Transcriptomic Analysis of Polyhexamethyleneguanidine-Induced Lung Injury in Mice after a Long-Term Recovery" Toxics 9, no. 10: 253. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9100253