Effect of the Infill Patterns on the Mechanical and Surface Characteristics of 3D Printing of PLA, PLA+ and PETG Materials
Department of Automated Manufacturing Engineering, Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10071, Iraq
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
ChemEngineering 2023, 7(3), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering7030046
Submission received: 8 March 2023
/
Revised: 16 April 2023
/
Accepted: 27 April 2023
/
Published: 12 May 2023
(This article belongs to the Collection Green and Environmentally Sustainable Chemical Processes)
Abstract
:This study aims to evaluate the 3D-printed parts of different materials in terms of the achieved mechanical properties and surface characteristics. Fourteen infill patterns were employed in the 3D printing of polylactic acid (PLA), enhanced polylactic acid (PLA+), and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) materials. The printed specimens’ mechanical properties and surface characteristics were evaluated and discussed. Ultimate tensile strengths, Young’s modulus, and strain at break % were determined as mechanical properties, while average, maximum, and total height of profiles (Ra, Rz, and Rt) were measured as surface characteristics of the produced specimens. The cubic, gyroid, and concentric patterns were found to be the best infill patterns in terms of the mechanical properties of PLA, PLA+, and PETG materials, where maximum ultimate tensile strengths were recorded for these materials: 15.6250, 20.8333, and 16.5483 MPa, respectively. From the other side, the best Ra, Rz, and Rt were achieved with cross, quarter cubic, and concentric patterns of the PLA, PETG, and PLA+ materials, where the best values were (2.832 µm, 8.19 µm, and 17.53), (4.759 µm, 24.113 µm, and 35.216), and (4.234 µm, 30.136 µm, and 31.896), respectively.
Keywords:
3D printing materials; mechanical properties; surface characteristics; FDM; PLA; PLA+; PETG1. Introduction
Three-dimensional printing technology is a promising process for various polymers and metallic engineering materials. It is a time-saving operation and used to minimize waste and produce parts with various degrees of complexity and quality. It has been available since 1980, but it did not popularize until 2012, where it became a massively producible and marketable process. Many technologies stand under the umbrella of 3D printing such as fused deposition modeling (FDM), multi jet fusion (MJF), and stereolithography (SLA) [1]. FDM is a commonly used process due to its simplicity, affordability, and utility in printing various materials [2,3,4]. In this process, the printing nozzle moves and deposits a melted material on a predetermined track with respect to the 2D layer being built. The printing nozzle begins forming a new layer on top of the previous one as soon as a layer is completed in this deposition process. A significant weight reduction and cost saving is possible by producing hollow sections. In general, this technology comprises different parameters and variables that judge and control the final mechanical and surface properties. For example, printing speed, infill density, infill pattern, temperature, and layer thickness. The processing of eco-friendly plastic is highly encouraged to support sustainability [5,6]. The most commonly used 3D printing material is currently polylactic polymer (PLA), which is an environmental friendly and biodegradable material.
Numerous investigations were done in the field of 3D printing technology and its controllable parameters to improve the quality of the produced parts via identifying the most impacted parameters [7,8,9]. For instance, the mechanical characteristics of ABS 3D-printed items were examined in terms of temperature, infill density, printing speed, and other factors. It was shown through examination of the specimen’s tensile strength and impact resistance that printing times for 100% infill were longer. Therefore, according to the applications and taking into account the load factors, the experiment’s findings pointed out that the 100% infill density is the better percentage [10]. The mechanical properties of low-density cellular PLA material were investigated by Lubombo et al. [11]. The cellular items were processed with one and three shells at three different infill densities and patterns. The results showed that strength and stiffness were improved up to 82 and 2%, respectively.
Tanikella [12] examined the mechanical properties for a wide range of materials processed by an open-source 3D printer. The 3D-printed items were checked exteriorly and interiorly to identify the optimum layer and under extrusion conditions based on the measured specimen mass. Comparable work was performed to find the mechanical properties of PLA material based on the IV standard of ASTM D638. It involves testing the strength of PLA tensile specimens with a tensile machine and verifying the achieved results with the FEM-based simulation [13].
The response of the bio-polymer utilized in medical gadgets to different infill structures was investigated [14]. The mechanical and electrical properties of biodegradable PLA material were improved by carbon nanoparticles for antistatic packaging purposes [15]. Additionally, PLA+ material was subjected to mechanical evaluation under different infill densities and orientation [16]. The effect of wood filament content and deposition angles on the mechanical properties of PLA composite materials was evaluated [17]. The PLA material was strengthened with 15 wt% and 25 wt% and was deposited at 0°, 90°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 75° crossed angles. The finding showed a direct correlation and mutual dependency between input and output parameters and also a higher effect for 25 wt% wood filament.
For the modeling of PLA materials via fusion deposition, the optimum infill patterns were found. The mechanical characteristics of the PLA-printed items are revealed by tension and three-point bending testing, which showed a considerable variation in the mechanical characteristics depending on printing speed, feed rate, and orientation [18]. Additionally, the PLA material was 3D printed using FDM at 200 °C with a rate of 200 mm/s to deposit 30 layers at 0.2 mm each. The specimens were subjected to low-speed impact and compression testing to evaluate their mechanical properties. Different patterns were applied, such as grid, triangle, tri-hexagon, and quarter cubic. The infill density was kept at 60%. The maximum compressive strength of 72 MPa was obtained with grid structure. In contrast, the maximum stiffness of 0.68 GPa and an impact resistance of 7.5 J were achieved with a triangle pattern [19].
The topology optimization was applied to another method of shell-infill structures. Using this method, gradient infills were used in place of the fixed-distance infills. The 3D-printed products have exceptional mechanical properties, and the printing time was minimized [20,21,22]. Fused deposition modeling was applied to print ammonium perchlorate-PLA composite for the first time with complex geometry and a combustible pattern. The capabilities of the structural and energetic composite were demonstrated [23].
The response of the tri-hexagon infill structure for the cubic PLA geometry was investigated at different infill densities ranging from 20 to 60%. The upper level of infill density maintained a maximum printing time of 227 min [24]. The mechanical characteristics of the 3D-printed fused deposition pieces were influenced by the printing settings, orientation, raster angle, and materials. The right adjustments to the printing parameters resulted in a noticeably higher tensile strength. The ideal factor settings were varied from the factor levels [25].
The cited works above reveal that the most 3D-printed material is PLA and the common investigated properties are mechanical properties. Furthermore, the number of examined infill patterns does not exceed four pattern structures. Thus, this study aims to investigate the influence of fourteen different pattern structures on the mechanical properties as well as the surface characteristics of the three different materials, namely PLA, PLA+, and PETG.
2. Materials and Procedures
In this study, a 3D printer was utilized to carry out the printing of PLA, PLA+, and PETG materials with fourteen different patterns. The brands PLA and PLA+ are manufactured by the Hello 3D Chinese company having a 1.75 mm filament diameter with a white and blue color, respectively. In contrast, the brand PETG is processed by the Ai Sing Di Chinese Company with a red color and the same size of PLA and PLA+. The PLA is a bio-degradable polymeric material, generally processed from sugar cane or corn starch. Therefore, it is affordable and easy to print, making it the leading material in the 3D printing world. On the other side, the PLA had been improved with different additives by various manufactures to produce the PLA+ version that is also called tough PLA and pro PLA. The improvement has taken different directions, such as impact and thermal resistances, quality, and layer adhesion. In contrast, polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) material is a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) modified by adding a glycol to improve the polymerization through minimizing the fragility and enhancing the durability and printability. PETG is also a commonly used filament by the FDM process and it exhibits better resistance to moisture, heat, and chemicals than PLA. A 3D printer (model Ender3 Pro) was used to apply the printing process. The three different materials (PLA, PLA+, and PETG) were printed in the tensile specimen form according to the ASTM D628 Standard. Three specimens were printed for each pattern. Figure 1 shows the printed specimens where white, blue, and red colors refer to the PLA, PLA+, and PETG printed materials. The specimens were subjected to two tests, namely the tensile test and surface roughness testing, in order to evaluate their mechanical properties and surface characteristics. Figure 2 depicts the universal tensile test machine while the surface roughness tester (model Tr-220) is shown in Figure 3. The two ends of the tensile test specimen are mounted carefully in the gripers and 0.5 mm/min was chosen as the speed of the moving cross head, and the specimen is pulled uniaxially until fracture. Three mechanical properties were calculated for each specimen: ultimate tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and strain at break %. These values are calculated automatically by the machine software. In contrast, average roughness, maximum roughness, and the total height of profiles (Ra, Rz, and Rt) were measured before carrying out the tensile test. Table 1 shows the fourteen different patterns and other printing parameters which were kept constant for all patterns of all materials. The filament and nozzle diameters are 1.75 mm and 0.4 mm, while the table temperature is 60 °C.
3. Results and Discussion
This section presents the collected results and discusses the effect of different patterns on the mechanical and surface characteristics of the PLA, PLA+, and PETG 3D-printed parts. Each material set consists of 14 experiments based on fourteen different patterns, where each pattern represents one experiment. Thus, a total of 42 experiments were carried out.
3.1. Mechanical Properties of PLA, PLA+, and PETG 3D Printed Materials
The mechanical properties of the 3D-printed specimens were measured by carrying out a tensile test using the universal tensile testing machine. The stress strain curves were constructed for all specimens.
The first group subjected to the tensile test was the PLA group. As mentioned above, it consists of 14 specimens. Each specimen represents an independent structure pattern with constant 3D printing parameters. Table 2 presents the ultimate tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and strain at break % that were constructed directly from the achieved stress–strain curves, which all are combined in Figure 4. The cubic pattern (specimen 5) maintained the maximum ultimate strength with a good Young’s modulus and tensile strength. In contrast, the concentric pattern exhibited bad performance, where it produced the lowest mechanical properties compared with other patterns. In addition, specimen 2 was the stiffest with the lines pattern, while the cubic subdivision pattern achieved the maximum strain at the break % (specimen 6). As a reminder, all specimens were printed with a 20% infill density.
The second group was the PETG specimens, which were also tested using the tensile test machine, and their mechanical properties were tabulated in Table 3 and presented in Figure 5. The same selected patterns and 3D-printed parameters in PLA were applied for PETG as well as PLA+. The maximum tensile strength and Young’s modulus were recorded for the Gyroid pattern (specimen 13) with good strain at the break %. Bad performance, in terms of the mechanical properties, was obtained by the grid pattern. Two other patterns achieved a tensile strength around 20.0 MPa, which were the concentric and zigzag patterns.
Finally, the tensile test was also applied for the third group (i.e., PLA+ specimens). Table 4 shows the measured mechanical properties, which themselves were calculated from the stress–strain curves in Figure 6. Specimen 9, with the concentric pattern, produced a maximum tensile strength of 16.5 MPa with a good Young’s modulus and strain at break (2.4 Gpa and 17%, respectively). No specimen exhibited bad performance for the PLA+ group.
In summation, both data visualization formats (i.e., Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4 and Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6) reveal that specimens 5, 13, and 9 with cubic, gyroid, and concentric patterns, which stand for PLA, PETG, and PLA+, attained the maximum ultimate tensile strength with a good Young’s modulus and strain at break % based on the selected printing parameters. For comparison purposes, the average and standard deviation is taken for the mechanical properties of the three materials to generate Table 5.
It can be seen from the above table that the highest average strength was recorded for PETG followed by PLA+ and PLA. With respect to Young’s modulus and strain at break %, the PLA+ was stiffer than PETG and PLA. On the other side, the PLA+ shows minimum scattering around the mean in terms of the standard deviation for the tensile strength and Young’s modulus, which were 1.0 and 0.3, respectively. It points out that PLA+ was less influenced by the 14 different patterns compared with PETG and PLA. This is obvious from Table 4, where mechanical properties for all patterns were near each other, unlike the other two materials.
To explain such variability in the measured mechanical properties (particularly ultimate tensile strength) between the specimens in each group and between the groups themselves, certain points have to be put in mind. Firstly, the cross-sectional area (width × thickness) is not a solid section because it is printed with 20% infill density. Secondly, it is well-know that the ratio of applied perpendicular tensile force to the cross-section area of all specimens stands for the applied stress and, in this case, the section is varied (in structure but not in dimensions) from specimen to specimen and group to group due to different printed patterns and materials. Finally, the bonding between layer and layer in the same specimen is different based on such variability. Therefore, the response (represented by the mechanical properties) of different specimens and groups were varied to the applied normal tensile stress. On the other hand, the obtained ductility was comparable between all of the specimens within each group. Finally, Young’s modulus was relatively similar for each group material due to fact that Young’s modulus is an indicator for how strong the atoms and molecules are bonded. According to the four elements of material’s science and engineering, the final properties are a function of the arranged internal structure, which is influenced by the type of the processing method and its parameters.
Bellehumeur et al. [26] ascribed the behavior of the mechanical properties of 3D-printed materials to the interaction influences of three resistances, namely filament resistance itself, the joint resistance between the filaments of each layer, and joint resistance between layers themselves. The first resistance is correlated with the mechanical properties of original raw material of filaments, the second and third resistances depend on the bonding energies between the filaments within the same layer and the cohesion between the layers themselves. The printed part involves two segments: the contour and infill pattern. The contour acts as a delimitation skin of the part perimeter, while the empty space inside that contour is filled by the nozzle, which follows the trajectories based on the selected infill pattern. Therefore, the contour is formed first followed by the selected infill that produces different mechanical properties [27]. During the tensile test, the cracks initiation and fracture occurs in the interlayer bonding zone between the layers of the specimens where the crack propagates and grows in the infill pattern until fracturing within the gauge length zone [28].
3.2. Surface Characteristics of PLA, PLA+, and PETG 3D Printed Materials
The surface roughness is considered as the most quality index for parts processed by various manufacturing processes [29]. Thus, in this study, all the 3D-printed materials were subjected to surface roughness measurements in terms of Ra, Rz, and Rt. Three measurements were taken at different locations and averaged. All the averaged measurements are tabulated.
Table 6 shows the measured average surface roughness of the PLA group for the whole 14-pattern set. It can be seen from the table that the three measures of surface roughness were presented, namely Ra, Rz, and Rt. The minimum values of these roughness measures were recorded for the cross-pattern structure (specimen 11). In contrast, the corresponding maximum values were achieved by specimen 6 (cubic subdivision pattern). Other patterns recorded values fluctuating between the minimum and maximum limits.
The surface roughness of the PETG group was depicted in Table 7. For this material group, 4.8 µm, 24.1 µm, and 35.2 µm were the minimum surface roughness measures that were obtained by the quarter cubic pattern (specimen 8). It is coarser than the corresponding values of PLA specimen 9. Other specimens from the PETG group generated higher values up to 7.5 µm, 33. 6 µm, and 45.8 µm for specimen 3 with a triangle pattern.
Finally, the surface roughness of the PLA+ group is presented in Table 8. Better roughness measures were recorded by specimen 9 with the concentric pattern, where it achieved 4.2 µm, 30.1 µm, and 31.9 µm. Other specimens produced values near and far from the minimum roughness measures.
If the average and standard deviation is taken for surface roughness measures of all three materials, Table 9 is produced.
In terms of the average Ra, Rz, and Rt, PLA won the competition with the lowest values (5.1 µm, 27.9 µm, and 50.0 µm) because it is known that PLA has a low melt viscosity, which is reflected by the surface texture. In contrast, the minimum level of scattering around the mean was recorded for PETG followed by PLA+. This means that those two materials were slightly affected by changing the pattern structure compared with PLA, which shows significant influence, keeping in mind that the applied infill density was low (20%) and other printing parameters are kept constant. The layering nature of the FDM process, besides different infills being applied and the tessellation process, stands for such variety in the surface quality of the specimens [30]. The improvement in the surface roughness is possible using various postprocessing techniques [31].
4. Conclusions
This study aims to investigate the effect of the independent infill pattern on the mechanical properties and surface characteristics of the PLA, PETG, and PLA+ printed materials using a low infill density. A complete set of 14 different patterns were examined for those three materials and their mechanical and surface properties were collected and discussed. Based on the achieved findings and discussion, the following conclusions are drawn.
- All three materials were successfully printed with a low infill density of 20%.
- Higher ultimate tensile strengths of PLA, PETG, and PLA+ were achieved by printing with cubic, gyroid, and concentric patterns, which produced a maximum σu of 15.6, 20.8, and 16.5 MPa, respectively.
- Better surface roughness measures of (2.8 µm, 8.2 µm, 17.5), (4.8 µm, 24.1 µm, 35.2), and (4.2 µm, 30.1 µm, 31.9) were achieved with cross, quarter cubic, and concentric patterns for the PLA, PETG, and PLA+ materials, respectively.
- The maximum average strength was recorded for PETG (16.5 MPa), followed by PLA+ (14.7 MPa) and PLA (12.4 MPa).
- Pertaining to Young’s modulus and strain at break %, the PLA+ was stiffer than PETG and PLA.
- PLA+ shows the minimum scattering around the mean in terms of the standard deviation for the tensile strength and Young’s modulus, which were 1.0 and 0.3.
- The minimum average Ra, Rz, and Rt (5.1 µm, 27.9 µm, and 50.0 µm) were acquired by PLA.
- The surface roughness measures of PETG and PLA+ show low scattering around the mean compared with PLA.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, A.H.K. and S.A.-Z.; methodology, A.H.K.; software, S.A.-Z.; validation, A.H.K., S.A.-Z. and S.S.A.; formal analysis, S.A.-Z.; investigation, A.H.K.; resources, A.H.K.; data curation, S.A.-Z.; writing—original draft preparation, S.A.-Z.; writing—review and editing, A.H.K., S.A.-Z. and S.S.A.; visualization, S.A.-Z.; supervision, A.H.K.; project administration, A.H.K.; funding acquisition, S.S.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
The study did not report any data.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- Ghareeb, N.M.A.M.M. Combination of FDM 3D Printing and Compressed Tablet for Preparation of Baclofen as Gastro-Floating Drug Delivery System. Iraqi J. Pharm. Sci. 2023, 31, 18–24. [Google Scholar]
- Solomon, I.J.; Sevvel, P.; Gunasekaran, J. A review on the various processing parameters in FDM. Mater. Today Proc. 2020, 37, 509–514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prabhu, R.; Devaraju, A. Recent review of tribology, rheology of biodegradable and FDM compatible polymers. Mater. Today Proc. 2020, 39, 781–788. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shanmugam, V.; Rajendran, D.J.J.; Babu, K.; Rajendran, S.; Veerasimman, A.; Marimuthu, U.; Singh, S.; Das, O.; Neisiany, R.E.; Hedenqvist, M.S.; et al. The mechanical testing and performance analysis of polymer-fibre composites prepared through the additive manufacturing. Polym. Test. 2020, 93, 106925. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohamed, M.R.; Naguib, H.M.; El-Ghazawy, R.A.; Shaker, N.O.; Amer, A.A.; Soliman, A.M.; Kandil, U.F. Surface Activation of Wood Plastic Composites (WPC) for Enhanced Adhesion with Epoxy Coating. Mater. Perform. Charact. 2019, 8, 20180034. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Naguib, H.M.; Zaki, E.G.; Abdelsattar, D.E.; Dhmees, A.S.; Azab, M.A.; Elsaeed, S.M.; Kandil, U.F. Environmentally Friendly Polymer Concrete: Polymer Treatment, Processing, and Investigating Carbon Footprint with Climate Change. ACS Omega 2023, 8, 8804–8814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Delfs, P.; Tows, M.; Schmid, H.-J. Optimized build orientation of additive manufactured parts for improved surface quality and build time. Addit. Manuf. 2016, 12, 314–320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kechagias, J.; Chaidas, D.; Vidakis, N.; Salonitis, K.; Vaxevanidis, N. Key parameters controlling surface quality and dimensional accuracy: A critical review of FFF process. Mater. Manuf. Process. 2022, 37, 963–984. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mushtaq, R.T.; Iqbal, A.; Wang, Y.; Cheok, Q.; Abbas, S. Parametric Effects of Fused Filament Fabrication Approach on Surface Roughness of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene and Nylon-6 Polymer. Materials 2022, 15, 5206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Álvarez, K.; Lagos, R.F.; Aizpun, M. Investigating the influence of infill percentage on the mechanical properties of fused deposition modelled ABS parts. Ing. E Investig. 2016, 36, 110–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lubombo, C.; Huneault, M.A. Effect of infill patterns on the mechanical performance of lightweight 3D-printed cellular PLA parts. Mater. Today Commun. 2018, 17, 214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tanikella, N.G.; Wittbrodt, B.; Pearce, J.M. Tensile strength of commercial polymer materials for fused filament fabrication 3D printing. Addit. Manuf. 2017, 15, 40–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anand Kumar, S.; Shivraj Narayan, Y. Tensile Testing and Evaluation of 3D-Printed PLA Specimens as per ASTM D638 Type IV Standard. In Innovative Design, Analysis and Development Practices in Aerospace and Automotive Engineering (I-DAD 2018); Springer: Singapore, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Culbreath, C.J.; Gaerke, B.; Taylor, M.S.; McCullen, S.D.; Mefford, O.T. Effect of infill on resulting mechanical properties of additive manufactured bioresorbable polymers for medical devices. Materialia 2020, 12, 100732. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ali, N.A. Characterization of biochar (bio carbon) on the properties of plasticized polylactic acid composites for antistatic packaging. Iraqi J. Phys. 2019, 17, 13–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alhazmi, M.; Backar, A. Influence of Infill density and Orientation on the Mechanical Response of PLA+ Specimens Produced using FDM 3D Printing. Int. J. Adv. Sci. Technol. 2020, 29, 3362–3371. [Google Scholar]
- Kain, S.; Ecker, J.V.; Haider, A.; Musso, M.; Petutschnigg, A. Effects of the infill pattern on mechanical properties of fused layer modeling (FLM) 3D printed wood/polylactic acid (PLA) composites. Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 2020, 78, 65–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chacón, J.M.; Caminero, M.A.; García-Plaza, E.; Núñez, P.J. Additive manufacturing of PLA structures using fused deposition modelling: Effect of process parameters on mechanical properties and their optimal selection. Mater. Des. 2017, 124, 143–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aloyaydi, B.; Sivasankaran, S.; Mustafa, A. Investigation of infill-patterns on mechanical response of 3D printed poly-lactic-acid. Polym. Test. 2020, 87, 106557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Tamimi, A.A.; Almeida, H.; Bartolo, P. Structural optimisation for medical implants through additive manufacturing. Prog. Addit. Manuf. 2020, 5, 95–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qiu, W.; Jin, P.; Jin, S.; Wang, C.; Xia, L.; Zhu, J.; Shi, T. An evolutionary design approach to shell-infill structures. Addit. Manuf. 2020, 34, 101382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alexandersen, J.; Andreasen, C.S. A Review of Topology Optimisation for Fluid-Based Problems. Fluids 2020, 5, 29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Monogarov, K.A.; Fomenkov, I.V.; Pivkina, A.N. FDM 3D printing of combustible structures: First results. Mendeleev Commun. 2022, 32, 228–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maurya, S.; Malik, B.; Sharma, P.; Singh, A.; Chalisgaonkar, R. Investigation of different parameters of cube printed using PLA by FDM 3D printer. Mater. Today Proc. 2022, 64, 1217–1222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Doshi, M.; Mahale, A.; Singh, S.K.; Deshmukh, S. Printing parameters and materials affecting mechanical properties of FDM-3D printed Parts: Perspective and prospects. Mater. Today Proc. 2022, 50, 2269–2275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bellehumeur, C.; Li, L.; Sun, Q.; Gu, P. Modeling of Bond Formation Between Polymer Filaments in the Fused Deposition Modeling Process. J. Manuf. Process. 2004, 6, 170–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Travieso-Rodriguez, J.A.; Jerez-Mesa, R.; Llumà, J.; Traver-Ramos, O.; Gomez-Gras, G.; Rovira, J.J.R. Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printing Polylactic Acid Parts subjected to Bending Stress and Fatigue Testing. Materials 2019, 12, 3859. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dezaki, M.L.; Ariffin, M.K.A.M.; Serjouei, A.; Zolfagharian, A.; Hatami, S.; Bodaghi, M. Influence of Infill Patterns Generated by CAD and FDM 3D Printer on Surface Roughness and Tensile Strength Properties. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 7272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baden, A.S. Optimization and Prediction of Process Parameters in SPIF that Affecting on Surface Quality Using Simulated Annealing Algorithm. Al-Khwarizmi Eng. J. 2017, 12, 81–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alsoufi, M.S.; Elsayed, A.E. How Surface Roughness Performance of Printed Parts Manufactured by Desktop FDM 3D Printer with PLA+ is Influenced by Measuring Direction. Am. J. Mech. Eng. 2017, 5, 211–222. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, L.; Zhang, X. Modification the surface quality and mechanical properties by laser polishing of Al/PLA part manufactured by fused deposition modeling. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2019, 492, 765–775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Figure 1.
Three-dimensional-printed materials: (a) PLA (white), (b) PETG (red), and (c) PLA+ (blue).
Figure 1.
Three-dimensional-printed materials: (a) PLA (white), (b) PETG (red), and (c) PLA+ (blue).
Figure 2.
Universal tensile test machine.
Figure 3.
Surface roughness tester.
Figure 4.
Stress–strain curves of PLA 3D-printed materials (specimens 1–14).
Figure 5.
Stress–strain curves of PETG 3D-printed materials (specimens 1–14).
Figure 6.
Stress–strain curves of PLA+ 3D-printed materials (specimens 1–14).
Table 1.
Printing parameters and infill patterns.
| No. | Speed (mm/s) | Temperature (°C) | Layer Thickness (mm) | Infill Density (%) | Pattern | Pattern Configuration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 45 | 220 | 0.2 | 20 | Grid |  |
| 2 | Lines |  | ||||
| 3 | Triangles |  | ||||
| 4 | Tri-Hexagon |  | ||||
| 5 | Cubic |  | ||||
| 6 | Cubic subdivision |  | ||||
| 7 | Octet |  | ||||
| 8 | Quarter cubic |  | ||||
| 9 | Concentric |  | ||||
| 10 | Zigzag |  | ||||
| 11 | Cross |  | ||||
| 12 | Cross 3D |  | ||||
| 13 | Gyroid |  | ||||
| 14 | Lightening |  |
Table 2.
Mechanical properties of PLA 3D-printed materials.
| No. | Pattern | σu (MPa) | Young Modulus (GPa) | Strain at Break% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Grid | 13.8 | 2.0 | 9.1 |
| 2 | Lines | 14.6 | 2.5 | 8.8 |
| 3 | Triangles | 14.0 | 2.0 | 8.7 |
| 4 | Tri-hexagon | 12.9 | 1.5 | 7.4 |
| 5 | Cubic | 15.6 | 1.8 | 8.8 |
| 6 | Cubic subdivision | 14.2 | 1.3 | 10.8 |
| 7 | Octet | 13.5 | 1.5 | 7.9 |
| 8 | Quarter cubic | 13.1 | 1.9 | 6.6 |
| 9 | Concentric | 3.2 | 0.8 | 4.3 |
| 10 | Zigzag | 15.0 | 2.0 | 7.9 |
| 11 | Cross | 14.0 | 1.8 | 7.5 |
| 12 | Cross 3D | 3.1 | 0.4 | 7.7 |
| 13 | Gyroid | 14.4 | 2.2 | 9.0 |
| 14 | Lightening | 11.9 | 1.5 | 8.6 |
Table 3.
Mechanical properties of PETG 3D-printed materials.
| No. | Pattern | σu (MPa) | Young Modulus (GPa) | Strain at Break% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Grid | 4.4 | 1.0 | 8.4 |
| 2 | Lines | 13.1 | 1.3 | 6.5 |
| 3 | Triangles | 17.9 | 1.8 | 9.4 |
| 4 | Tri-hexagon | 17.7 | 1.8 | 11.4 |
| 5 | Cubic | 6. 7 | 1.5 | 3.8 |
| 6 | Cubic subdivision | 18.3 | 2.0 | 11.3 |
| 7 | Octet | 19.6 | 2.0 | 15.0 |
| 8 | Quarter cubic | 19.0 | 1.8 | 12.4 |
| 9 | Concentric | 20.6 | 2.0 | 12.1 |
| 10 | Zigzag | 20.0 | 1.7 | 13.5 |
| 11 | Cross | 17.7 | 2.3 | 9.4 |
| 12 | Cross 3D | 16.0 | 2.0 | 10.1 |
| 13 | Gyroid | 20.8 | 2.5 | 9.8 |
| 14 | Lightening | 18.8 | 2.3 | 10.5 |
Table 4.
Mechanical properties of PLA+ 3D-printed materials.
| No. | Pattern | σu (MPa) | Young Modulus (GPa) | Strain at Break% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Grid | 14. 7 | 2.0 | 19.5 |
| 2 | Lines | 14.4 | 2.8 | 13.5 |
| 3 | Triangles | 13.3 | 2.0 | 11.3 |
| 4 | Tri-hexagon | 13.4 | 2.3 | 10.7 |
| 5 | Cubic | 14.2 | 2.7 | 12.0 |
| 6 | Cubic subdivision | 15.6 | 1.8 | 15.0 |
| 7 | Octet | 14.8 | 2.0 | 15.0 |
| 8 | Quarter cubic | 15.4 | 2.3 | 16.5 |
| 9 | Concentric | 16.5 | 2.4 | 17.0 |
| 10 | Zigzag | 16.3 | 2.3 | 12.8 |
| 11 | Cross | 13.3 | 1.9 | 9.8 |
| 12 | Cross 3D | 14.9 | 1.8 | 10.1 |
| 13 | Gyroid | 14.2 | 1.7 | 16.9 |
| 14 | Lightening | 14.4 | 1.9 | 12.9 |
Table 5.
Average and standard deviation of the mechanical properties for three materials.
| No. | Materials | Average Tensile Strength (MPa) | Average Young’s Modulus (GPa) | Average Strain at Break % | Stdev of Tensile Strength | Stdev of Young’s Modulus | Stdev of Strain at Break% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | PLA | 12.4 | 1.6 | 8.1 | 4.0 | 0.5 | 1.5 |
| 2 | PETG | 16.5 | 1.8 | 10.2 | 5.1 | 0.4 | 2.8 |
| 3 | PLA+ | 14.7 | 2.1 | 13.8 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 3.0 |
Table 6.
Surface roughness of PLA 3D-printed materials.
| No. | Pattern | Ra (µm) | Rz (µm) | Rt (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Grid | 5.7 | 30.4 | 90.0 |
| 2 | Lines | 6.7 | 41.4 | 67.3 |
| 3 | Triangles | 7.5 | 58.4 | 55.6 |
| 4 | Tri-hexagon | 5.2 | 28.4 | 33.1 |
| 5 | Cubic | 6.4 | 39.0 | 80.6 |
| 6 | Cubic subdivision | 8.0 | 57.7 | 91.4 |
| 7 | Octet | 5.3 | 28.5 | 37.3 |
| 8 | Quarter cubic | 5.7 | 22.6 | 62.3 |
| 9 | Concentric | 4.2 | 10.1 | 28.2 |
| 10 | Zigzag | 3.3 | 15.9 | 32.4 |
| 11 | Cross | 2.8 | 8.2 | 17.5 |
| 12 | Cross 3D | 4.4 | 20.1 | 33.7 |
| 13 | Gyroid | 3.7 | 17.5 | 45.6 |
| 14 | Lightening | 3.4 | 11.9 | 25.7 |
Table 7.
Surface roughness of PETG 3D-printed materials.
| No. | Pattern | Ra (µm) | Rz (µm) | Rt (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Grid | 6.0 | 29.8 | 40.0 |
| 2 | Lines | 6.1 | 31.3 | 41.5 |
| 3 | Triangles | 7.5 | 33.6 | 45.8 |
| 4 | Tri-hexagon | 7.1 | 35.7 | 47.9 |
| 5 | Cubic | 5.9 | 30.8 | 40.8 |
| 6 | Cubic subdivision | 7.1 | 35.5 | 49.7 |
| 7 | Octet | 6.1 | 29.9 | 38.5 |
| 8 | Quarter cubic | 4.8 | 24.1 | 35.2 |
| 9 | Concentric | 6.4 | 31.4 | 39.2 |
| 10 | Zigzag | 7.1 | 32.8 | 41.9 |
| 11 | Cross | 6.0 | 33.9 | 39.8 |
| 12 | Cross 3D | 5.8 | 34.0 | 43.5 |
| 13 | Gyroid | 6.5 | 37.9 | 43.8 |
| 14 | Lightening | 7.3 | 34.5 | 58.6 |
Table 8.
Surface roughness of PLA+ 3D-printed materials.
| No. | Pattern | Ra (µm) | Rz (µm) | Rt (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Grid | 4.3 | 29.9 | 33.2 |
| 2 | Lines | 5.1 | 35.3 | 40.7 |
| 3 | Triangles | 5.0 | 33.7 | 39.0 |
| 4 | Tri-hexagon | 4.3 | 28.0 | 32.5 |
| 5 | Cubic | 5.4 | 37.3 | 49.7 |
| 6 | Cubic subdivision | 6.7 | 48.1 | 60.3 |
| 7 | Octet | 6.8 | 42.7 | 58.0 |
| 8 | Quarter cubic | 5.9 | 42.0 | 54.8 |
| 9 | Concentric | 4.2 | 30.1 | 31.9 |
| 10 | Zigzag | 4.9 | 37.0 | 46.5 |
| 11 | Cross | 5.0 | 25.9 | 39.9 |
| 12 | Cross 3D | 4.4 | 28.0 | 32.4 |
| 13 | Gyroid | 5.2 | 34.5 | 40.7 |
| 14 | Lightening | 5.0 | 36.5 | 46.4 |
Table 9.
Average and standard deviation of the surface roughness measures for three materials.
| No. | Materials | Average Ra (µm) | Average Rz (µm) | Average Rt (µm) | Stdev Ra | Stdev Rz | Stdev Rt |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | PLA | 5.1 | 27.9 | 50.0 | 1.6 | 16.2 | 24.6 |
| 2 | PETG | 6.4 | 32.5 | 43.3 | 0.7 | 3.4 | 5.8 |
| 3 | PLA+ | 5.2 | 34.9 | 43.3 | 0.8 | 6.4 | 9.6 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Kadhum, A.H.; Al-Zubaidi, S.; Abdulkareem, S.S. Effect of the Infill Patterns on the Mechanical and Surface Characteristics of 3D Printing of PLA, PLA+ and PETG Materials. ChemEngineering 2023, 7, 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering7030046
AMA Style
Kadhum AH, Al-Zubaidi S, Abdulkareem SS. Effect of the Infill Patterns on the Mechanical and Surface Characteristics of 3D Printing of PLA, PLA+ and PETG Materials. ChemEngineering. 2023; 7(3):46. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering7030046
Chicago/Turabian StyleKadhum, A. H., Salah Al-Zubaidi, and Salah S. Abdulkareem. 2023. "Effect of the Infill Patterns on the Mechanical and Surface Characteristics of 3D Printing of PLA, PLA+ and PETG Materials" ChemEngineering 7, no. 3: 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering7030046
APA StyleKadhum, A. H., Al-Zubaidi, S., & Abdulkareem, S. S. (2023). Effect of the Infill Patterns on the Mechanical and Surface Characteristics of 3D Printing of PLA, PLA+ and PETG Materials. ChemEngineering, 7(3), 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering7030046
