Estimation of Incoming Sediments and Useful Life of Haditha Reservoir with Limited Measurements Using Hydrological Modeling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Model Data Inputs
4. Methodology
4.1. SWAT Model Setup and Calibration
4.2. Trap Efficiency and Sediment Accumulation
4.3. SWAT Hydrologic Model
4.4. The Trap Efficiency Function (TEF)
- The appropriate mean sedimentation factor, , is 0.00688 [8].
- The values of and for the inflow sediment mixture are estimated to be 1100 kg/m3 and 0.85, respectively [52].
- Gill’s number, , was obtained from Equation (8), discussed later.
- Equation (7) is solved by trial and error to determine the remaining capacity of the reservoir after years of operation, noting that is the original volume of the reservoir.
- The sediment accumulated in the reservoir is calculated as the difference between base line capacity () and the computed capacity () at the specified levels during the specific survey.
- The average , measured at nine cross sections of the Euphrates River upstream of the HR, is estimated to be 0.23 mm [36].
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Calibration and Uncertainties in SWAT Model Outputs
5.2. Simulation of Streamflow and Sediment Inflow
5.3. Sediment Accumulation in HR
6. Conclusions
- Based on the statistical measures adopted, the performance of the SWAT model in predicting streamflows was better during calibration than validation for all three locations.
- The SWAT model predictive ability was higher on a monthly time scale than a daily time scale.
- The daily sediment loads during calibration and validation were predicted at lower R2 and NSE values than the daily streamflows.
- The storage capacity during the period ranging from 1986 to 2005 was continuously decreasing with time for all operating water surface levels in the reservoir. For 1986, the initial storage capacity at water level 112 m was established to be 188 m-m3 and the loss of capacity for this level in 2005 was 15% from the initial storage, while the initial capacity for the 147 m water level was established to be 8200 m-m3, and the storage loss for this level was 35% in 2005.
- After 19 years of operation (1986–2005) at 147 m water level, it is predicted that the quantity of accumulated sediment deposited in the reservoir is 3.20 m-ts, with about 0.98 m-ts added during the years 2000 to 2005. This suggests an increasing rate of sedimentation over time.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Correction Statement
References
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Water Level Description | WL (m) | 1986 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2003 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Water level | 112 | 188 | 169.95 | 149.03 | 130.03 | 119.6 |
Lower working water level | 129.5 | 2362 | 2330.08 | 2290.23 | 2250.43 | 2226.56 |
Normal working water level | 143 | 6591 | 6558.1 | 6516.99 | 6475.89 | 6451.24 |
Design working water level | 147 | 8200 | 8166.99 | 8125.74 | 8084.51 | 8059.77 |
Maximum water level | 150.2 | 9850 | 9816.91 | 9775.57 | 9734.24 | 9709.45 |
Location | Name | Time Step | Drainage Area (km2) | Latitude | Longitude | Data Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Euphrates River Upstream of HR | UERBQ_1 | Daily | - | - | - | Streamflow and Sediment |
Euphrates River at Hussaybah | UERBQ_2 | Monthly | 221,000 | 34.42 | 41.01 | Streamflow |
Euphrates River at Hit | UERBQ_3 | Monthly | 264,100 | 33.61 | 42.84 | Streamflow |
Euphrates River Downstream of Hindiyah Barrage | UERBQ_4 | Monthly | 274,100 | 32.72 | 44.27 | Streamflow |
Rank | Parameter_Name | Fitted Value | Min. Value | Max. Value | t-Stat | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | R__GWQMN.gw | −0.601 | −0.736 | −0.466 | −9.561 | 0.000 |
2 | R__CN2.mgt | −0.644 | −0.777 | −0.512 | −3.774 | 0.001 |
3 | R__GW_REVAP.gw | −0.046 | −0.120 | 0.028 | −2.257 | 0.031 |
4 | R__BIOMIX.mgt | −0.066 | −0.150 | 0.018 | −1.974 | 0.057 |
5 | R__EPCO.hru | 0.030 | −0.036 | 0.096 | 1.307 | 0.201 |
6 | R__CH_N2.rte | 0.062 | −0.020 | 0.144 | 0.168 | 0.427 |
7 | R__CH_K2.rte | −0.090 | −0.186 | 0.006 | 0.804 | 0.427 |
8 | R__ALPHA_BF.gw | −0.426 | −0.906 | 0.053 | −0.803 | 0.428 |
9 | R__CANMX.hru | 0.070 | −0.016 | 0.156 | −0.678 | 0.503 |
10 | R__OV_N.hru | −0.022 | −0.084 | 0.040 | −0.669 | 0.508 |
11 | R__SOL_BD(..).sol | −0.090 | −0.186 | 0.006 | −0.634 | 0.531 |
Station | Variable Calibrated | p-Factor | r-Factor | R2 | NSE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
UERBQ_1 | Daily-Streamflow | 0.36/0.32 | 0.59/0.54 | 0.45/0.39 | 0.35/0.33 |
UERBQ_1 | Daily-Sediment | 0.34/0.30 | 0.43/0.42 | 0.37/0.34 | 0.30/0.32 |
UERBQ_2 | Monthly-Streamflow | 0.43/0.42 | 0.37/0.32 | 0.64/0.62 | 0.60/0.55 |
UERBQ_3 | Monthly-Streamflow | 0.45/0.46 | 0.4/0.41 | 0.56/0.66 | 0.36/0.34 |
UERBQ_4 | Monthly-Streamflow | 0.36/0.34 | 0.31/0.30 | 0.64/0.56 | 0.61/0.60 |
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Ajaaj, A.A.; Khan, A.A.; Mishra, A.K.; Alhathloul, S.H. Estimation of Incoming Sediments and Useful Life of Haditha Reservoir with Limited Measurements Using Hydrological Modeling. Hydrology 2024, 11, 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11080128
Ajaaj AA, Khan AA, Mishra AK, Alhathloul SH. Estimation of Incoming Sediments and Useful Life of Haditha Reservoir with Limited Measurements Using Hydrological Modeling. Hydrology. 2024; 11(8):128. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11080128
Chicago/Turabian StyleAjaaj, Aws A., Abdul A. Khan, Ashok K. Mishra, and Saleh H. Alhathloul. 2024. "Estimation of Incoming Sediments and Useful Life of Haditha Reservoir with Limited Measurements Using Hydrological Modeling" Hydrology 11, no. 8: 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11080128