Concentrations of F−, Na+, and K+ in Groundwater before and after an Earthquake: A Case Study on Tenerife Island, Spain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data Sources and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Characterization of Geological Units
2.3. Geological Setting of F−, Na+, and K+ on Volcanic Islands
2.4. Water Collection and Sampling Method
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analysis of the Water Samples: F−, Na+, and K+
3.2. Analysis of the Variations in F−, Na+, and K+, before and after 2012
3.3. Regional Increase in Fluoride Concentration in Groundwater Linked to Non-Anthropogenic Event
3.3.1. Precipitation
3.3.2. Earthquakes
3.3.3. Causes of Fluoride Variation
3.3.4. Analysis of the Decrease in F− after the Earthquake of 18 August 2012
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Ref. | UTM Tunnel Coordinates (X,Y) | Before 18 August 2012 F− (meq/L) | After 18 August 2012 F− (meq/L) | Increase F− (%) | Ref. | UTM Tunnel Coordinates (X,Y) | Before 18 August 2012 F− (meq/L) | After 18 August 2012 F− (meq/L) | Increase F− (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 325530,3124783 | 0.600 | 0.868 | 44.7 | 24 | 358375,3125004 | 0.300 | 0.540 | 80.0 |
2 | 330723,3123682 | 0.700 | 0.979 | 39.8 | 25 | 356304,3144969 | 0.300 | 0.386 | 28.8 |
3 | 359831,3131169 | 1.400 | 1.971 | 40.8 | 26 | 356560,3128460 | 0.167 | 0.400 | 139.8 |
4 | 327694,3114694 | 0.270 | 0.312 | 15.4 | 27 | 357821,3132987 | 0.100 | 0.325 | 225.4 |
5 | 338319,3108872 | 0.300 | 0.565 | 88.2 | 28 | 354095,3144361 | 0.900 | 1.055 | 17.2 |
6 | 337819,3109353 | 0.500 | 0.569 | 13.9 | 29 | 356009,3128057 | 0.900 | 1.193 | 32.6 |
7 | 341363,3112501 | 0.200 | 0.385 | 92.6 | 30 | 356645,3131748 | 0.350 | 0.470 | 34.2 |
8 | 352623,3122104 | 0.200 | 0.379 | 89.6 | 31 | 355555,3143132 | 0.200 | 0.347 | 73.7 |
9 | 348566,3122975 | 0.483 | 0.800 | 65.5 | 32 | 358984,3149307 | 0.146 | 0.200 | 36.9 |
10 | 339559,3110059 | 0.300 | 0.444 | 48.1 | 33 | 365776,3141263 | 0.100 | 0.198 | 98.4 |
11 | 358949,3131786 | 0.900 | 1.289 | 43.2 | 34 | 359148,3136337 | 0.164 | 0.316 | 92.7 |
12 | 340652,3135273 | 5.000 | 7.932 | 58.6 | 35 | 356908,3144264 | 0.300 | 0.421 | 40.2 |
13 | 340652,3135273 | 5.000 | 8.367 | 67.3 | 36 | 358608,3131679 | 0.100 | 0.368 | 268.2 |
14 | 356790,3142907 | 0.100 | 0.268 | 167.8 | 37 | 364479,3140737 | 0.100 | 0.352 | 252.2 |
15 | 357104,3146116 | 0.100 | 0.241 | 141.3 | 38 | 356338,3127000 | 0.650 | 1.227 | 88.8 |
16 | 358539,3131162 | 0.800 | 1.135 | 41.9 | 39 | 355333,3144600 | 0.800 | 0.918 | 14.7 |
17 | 346128,3136156 | 0.100 | 0.373 | 272.9 | 40 | 355429,3143492 | 0.300 | 0.365 | 21.6 |
18 | 361116,3136791 | 0.536 | 0.584 | 8.9 | 41 | 362318,3139268 | 0.500 | 0.639 | 27.8 |
19 | 358000,3131570 | 0.200 | 0.480 | 140.0 | 42 | 356984,3146608 | 0.100 | 0.328 | 228.0 |
20 | 345338,3136827 | 0.700 | 0.909 | 29.8 | 43 | 357368,3134311 | 0.150 | 0.377 | 151.3 |
21 | 359549,3136173 | 0.500 | 0.739 | 47.8 | 44 | 357395,3132216 | 1.000 | 1.382 | 38.2 |
22 | 345479,3135797 | 0.500 | 0.958 | 91.6 | 45 | 358481,3131700 | 0.100 | 0.344 | 243.9 |
23 | 358538,3125846 | 0.300 | 0.533 | 77.8 |
Ref. | UTM Tunnel Coordinates (X,Y) | Before 18 August 2012 K+ (meq/L) | After 18 August 2012 K+ (meq/L) | Increase K+ (%) | Ref. | UTM Tunnel Coordinates (X,Y) | Before 18 August 2012 K+ (meq/L) | After 18 August 2012 K+ (meq/L) | Increase K+ (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 325530,3124783 | 0.911 | 0.857 | −5.9 | 24 | 358375,3125004 | 0.352 | 0.343 | −2.6 |
2 | 330723,3123682 | 0.996 | 1.016 | 2.1 | 25 | 356304,3144969 | 0.231 | 0.216 | −6.7 |
3 | 359831,3131169 | 0.126 | 0.149 | 18.1 | 26 | 356560,3128460 | 1.366 | 1.358 | −0.6 |
4 | 327694,3114694 | 0.526 | 0.522 | −0.8 | 27 | 357821,3132987 | 0.295 | 0.326 | 10.6 |
5 | 338319,3108872 | 0.292 | 0.292 | 0.0 | 28 | 354095,3144361 | 0.090 | 0.104 | 14.7 |
6 | 337819,3109353 | 0.632 | 0.649 | 2.7 | 29 | 356009,3128057 | 0.618 | 0.602 | −2.6 |
7 | 341363,3112501 | 0.388 | 0.386 | −0.5 | 30 | 356645,3131748 | 0.518 | 0.469 | −9.3 |
8 | 352623,3122104 | 0.714 | 0.711 | −0.4 | 31 | 355555,3143132 | 0.194 | 0.193 | −0.6 |
9 | 348566,3122975 | 0.225 | 0.242 | 7.7 | 32 | 358984,3149307 | 0.126 | 0.152 | 20.9 |
10 | 339559,3110059 | 0.202 | 0.279 | 38.2 | 33 | 365776,3141263 | 0.126 | 0.130 | 3.1 |
11 | 358949,3131786 | 0.199 | 0.205 | 3.5 | 34 | 359148,3136337 | 0.292 | 0.264 | −9.4 |
12 | 340652,3135273 | 2.373 | 2.203 | −7.2 | 35 | 356908,3144264 | 0.228 | 0.207 | −9.1 |
13 | 340652,3135273 | 2.190 | 2.062 | −5.9 | 36 | 358608,3131679 | 0.208 | 0.225 | 8.2 |
14 | 356790,3142907 | 0.155 | 0.154 | −0.8 | 37 | 364479,3140737 | 0.350 | 0.352 | 0.3 |
15 | 357104,3146116 | 0.222 | 0.183 | −17.4 | 38 | 356338,3127000 | 0.618 | 0.587 | −4.9 |
16 | 358539,3131162 | 0.083 | 0.081 | −2.7 | 39 | 355333,3144600 | 0.093 | 0.090 | −3.4 |
17 | 346128,3136156 | 0.469 | 0.467 | −0.3 | 40 | 355429,3143492 | 0.093 | 0.088 | −5.4 |
18 | 361116,3136791 | 0.200 | 0.192 | −3.8 | 41 | 362318,3139268 | 0.291 | 0.291 | −0.1 |
19 | 358000,3131570 | 0.157 | 0.168 | 7.3 | 42 | 356984,3146608 | 0.226 | 0.212 | −6.2 |
20 | 345338,3136827 | 0.821 | 0.835 | 1.7 | 43 | 357368,3134311 | 0.175 | 0.208 | 18.9 |
21 | 359549,3136173 | 0.341 | 0.177 | −48.0 | 44 | 357395,3132216 | 0.357 | 0.326 | −8.7 |
22 | 345479,3135797 | 0.817 | 0.936 | 14.5 | 45 | 358481,3131700 | 0.178 | 0.153 | −14.1 |
23 | 358538,3125846 | 0.174 | 0.178 | 1.9 |
Ref. | UTM Tunnel Coordinates (X,Y) | Before 18 August 2012 Na+ (meq/L) | After 18 August 2012 Na+ (meq/L) | Increase Na+ (%) | Ref. | UTM Tunnel Coordinates (X,Y) | Before 18 August 2012 Na+ (meq/L) | After 18 August 2012 Na+ (meq/L) | Increase Na+ (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 325530,3124783 | 8.702 | 8.904 | 2.3 | 24 | 358375,3125004 | 4.293 | 4.060 | −5.4 |
2 | 330723,3123682 | 7.257 | 7.539 | 3.9 | 25 | 356304,3144969 | 7.442 | 7.212 | −3.1 |
3 | 359831,3131169 | 1.669 | 1.720 | 3.1 | 26 | 356560,3128460 | 24.814 | 24.500 | −1.3 |
4 | 327694,3114694 | 3.933 | 3.846 | −2.2 | 27 | 357821,3132987 | 3.339 | 3.350 | 0.3 |
5 | 338319,3108872 | 2.825 | 2.770 | −1.9 | 28 | 354095,3144361 | 1.434 | 1.588 | 10.8 |
6 | 337819,3109353 | 7.767 | 6.860 | −11.7 | 29 | 356009,3128057 | 10.488 | 10.042 | −4.3 |
7 | 341363,3112501 | 1.632 | 1.634 | 0.2 | 30 | 356645,3131748 | 9.449 | 8.250 | −12.7 |
8 | 352623,3122104 | 6.883 | 6.701 | −2.7 | 31 | 355555,3143132 | 2.393 | 2.421 | 1.2 |
9 | 348566,3122975 | 7.762 | 8.245 | 6.2 | 32 | 358984,3149307 | 1.735 | 1.814 | 4.5 |
10 | 339559,3110059 | 1.220 | 1.347 | 10.4 | 33 | 365776,3141263 | 1.176 | 1.054 | −10.4 |
11 | 358949,3131786 | 2.958 | 3.116 | 5.3 | 34 | 359148,3136337 | 10.757 | 10.445 | −2.9 |
12 | 340652,3135273 | 16.764 | 16.594 | −1.0 | 35 | 356908,3144264 | 6.174 | 6.128 | −0.7 |
13 | 340652,3135273 | 13.495 | 12.975 | −3.9 | 36 | 358608,3131679 | 2.028 | 2.060 | 1.6 |
14 | 356790,3142907 | 1.766 | 1.706 | −3.4 | 37 | 364479,3140737 | 5.468 | 5.188 | −5.1 |
15 | 357104,3146116 | 4.330 | 3.793 | −12.4 | 38 | 356338,3127000 | 6.218 | 6.277 | 0.9 |
16 | 358539,3131162 | 2.037 | 2.159 | 6.0 | 39 | 355333,3144600 | 4.138 | 4.147 | 0.2 |
17 | 346128,3136156 | 4.517 | 4.424 | −2.1 | 40 | 355429,3143492 | 3.279 | 3.283 | 0.1 |
18 | 361116,3136791 | 6.298 | 6.504 | 3.3 | 41 | 362318,3139268 | 5.528 | 5.371 | −2.8 |
19 | 358000,3131570 | 1.535 | 1.596 | 4.0 | 42 | 356984,3146608 | 5.971 | 5.498 | −7.9 |
20 | 345338,3136827 | 5.512 | 5.579 | 1.2 | 43 | 357368,3134311 | 5.078 | 5.304 | 4.5 |
21 | 359549,3136173 | 10.806 | 9.722 | −10.0 | 44 | 357395,3132216 | 7.625 | 7.609 | −0.2 |
22 | 345479,3135797 | 5.267 | 5.993 | 13.8 | 45 | 358481,3131700 | 1.364 | 1.308 | −4.1 |
23 | 358538,3125846 | 1.292 | 1.280 | −0.9 |
Station | Ref. | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. Viento | N1 | 225 | 314 | 238 | 184 | 287 | 267 | 285 | 370 | 295 | 450 | 254 | 282 | 117 | 335 |
Padilla | N2 | 483 | 538 | 596 | 315 | 580 | 561 | 645 | 566 | 307 | 717 | 517 | 600 | 301 | 435 |
Benijos | N3 | 611 | 653 | 487 | 354 | 609 | 737 | 644 | 621 | 336 | 734 | 479 | 587 | 270 | 431 |
Ravelo | N4 | 325 | 777 | 1006 | 433 | 1017 | 771 | 764 | 901 | 485 | 1230 | 858 | 967 | 449 | 916 |
Izaña | N5 | 337 | 729 | 492 | 267 | 279 | 526 | 141 | 246 | 244 | 528 | 268 | 282 | 92 | 309 |
Station | Ref. | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
San Juan | S1 | 315 | 370 | 168 | 168 | 77 | 315 | 370 | 168 | 168 | 77 | 315 | 370 | 168 | 168 |
Charcho | S2 | 524 | 515 | 170 | 205 | 206 | 524 | 515 | 170 | 205 | 206 | 524 | 515 | 170 | 205 |
Pinalete | S3 | 916 | 721 | 257 | 363 | 517 | 916 | 721 | 257 | 363 | 517 | 916 | 721 | 257 | 363 |
El Bueno | S4 | 528 | 656 | 309 | 329 | 213 | 743 | 183 | 196 | 570 | 305 | 382 | 232 | 98 | 267 |
Vilaflor | S5 | 1007 | 927 | 453 | 411 | 414 | 1007 | 927 | 453 | 411 | 414 | 1007 | 927 | 453 | 411 |
Station | Ref. | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Galletas | W1 | 239 | 341 | 101 | 120 | 68 | 327 | 103 | 116 | 325 | 101 | 103 | 54 | 56 | 81 |
Isora | W2 | 265 | 238 | 121 | 126 | 127 | 416 | 168 | 179 | 250 | 155 | 88 | 90 | 53 | 88 |
El Pozo | W3 | 404 | 243 | 149 | 160 | 212 | 584 | 183 | 194 | 287 | 262 | 130 | 179 | 81 | 141 |
V. Arriba | W4 | 679 | 623 | 370 | 326 | 511 | 860 | 388 | 337 | 426 | 680 | 326 | 446 | 200 | 494 |
Aripe | W5 | 533 | 326 | 211 | 230 | 332 | 865 | 246 | 228 | 365 | 403 | 226 | 268 | 139 | 212 |
Northern Slope | Station Ref. N1 | Station Ref. N2 | Station Ref. N3 | Station Ref. N4 | Station Ref. N5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Altitude (m) | 17 | 400 | 906 | 922 | 2369 |
Average (mm) | 278.8 | 511.5 | 539.5 | 778.5 | 338.6 |
Variance coef. (%) | 28.6 | 25.3 | 27.5 | 34.0 | 50.6 |
Southern Slope | Station Ref. S1 | Station Ref. S2 | Station Ref. S3 | Station Ref. S4 | Station Ref. S5 |
Altitude (m) | 135 | 505 | 850 | 930 | 1258 |
Average (mm) | 203.6 | 293.6 | 500.9 | 311.4 | 606.0 |
Variance coef. (%) | 52.8 | 57.5 | 51.2 | 62.2 | 46.0 |
West Slope | Station Ref. W1 | Station Ref. W2 | Station Ref. W3 | Station Ref. W4 | Station Ref. W5 |
Altitude (m) | 95 | 476 | 700 | 990 | 1032 |
Average (mm) | 124.6 | 146.9 | 203.3 | 445.7 | 293.8 |
Variance coef. (%) | 85.4 | 65.5 | 63.7 | 40.2 | 62.7 |
Arrangement of the Scale | II | III | IV |
---|---|---|---|
Effects on humans. | The tremor is felt only in isolated instances (<1%) of individuals at rest and in a specially receptive position indoors. | The earthquake is felt indoors by a few people. People at rest feel a swaying or light trembling. | The earthquake is felt indoors by many people and is felt outdoors only by very few. A few people are awakened. The level of vibration is not frightening. The vibration is moderate. Observers feel a slight trembling or swaying of the building, room, bed, chair, etc. |
Effects on objects and on nature. | No effect. | Hanging objects swing slightly. | Clanging of crockery, glassware, windows, and doors. Hanging objects sway. In some cases, light furniture shaking visibly. In some cases, clicking of carpentry. |
Damage to buildings. | No damage. | No damage. | No damage. |
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Island Zone | Lithology Present | % |
---|---|---|
Northeast | Basaltic lava flow and pyroclastic (main minerals; amphibole, olivine, augite, pyroxene plagioclase) | 98.4 |
Minority volcanic lithologies | 1.6 | |
West | Basaltic lava flow and pyroclastic (main minerals; amphibole, olivine, augite, pyroxene plagioclase) | 90.1 |
Ignimbrite | 4.6 | |
Epiclastic deposits and intramontane sediments | 4.0 | |
Minority volcanic lithologies | 1.3 | |
South-Southwest | Basaltic lava flow and pyroclastic (main minerals; amphibole, olivine, augite, pyroxene plagioclase) | 39.1 |
Phonolite lava flow (main minerals; amphibole, hauyna, pyroxene, plagioclase, biotite) | 58.4 | |
Minority volcanic lithologies | 2.5 | |
Center-West | Basaltic lava flow and pyroclastic (main minerals; amphibole, olivine, augite, pyroxene plagioclase) | 32.4 |
Trachybasaltic lava flow and pyroclastic (main minerals; augite, plagioclase, amphibole, olivine) | 28.5 | |
Trachytic lava flow and pyroclastic (main minerals; plagioclase and pyroxene) | 13.5 | |
Phonolite lava flow (main minerals; amphibole, hauyna, pyroxene, plagioclase, biotite) | 16.5 | |
Epiclastic deposits and intramontane sediments | 6.8 | |
Minority volcanic lithologies | 3.2 | |
Center-East | Basaltic lava flow and pyroclastic (main minerals; amphibole, olivine, augite, pyroxene plagioclase) | 55.0 |
Trachybasaltic lava flow and pyroclastic (main minerals; augite, plagioclase, amphibole, olivine) | 23.3 | |
Trachytic lava flow and pyroclastic (main minerals; plagioclase and pyroxene) | 8.1 | |
Phonolite lava flow (main minerals; amphibole, hauyna, pyroxene, plagioclase, biotite) | 7.3 | |
Minority volcanic lithologies | 6.3 |
F− | Na+ | K+ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Northern slope Total: 2 tunnels | Increase (%)/nº tunnels | 42.4%/2 tunnels | 3.1%/2 tunnels | 2.1%/1 tunnels |
Decline (%)/nº tunnels | 0%/0 tunnels | 0%/0 tunnels | −5.9%/1 tunnels | |
Southern slope Total: 8 tunnels | Increase (%)/nº tunnels | 57.7%/8 tunnels | 4.9%/4 tunnels | 13.3%/5 tunnels |
Decline (%)/nº tunnels | 0%/0 tunnels | −4.6%/4 tunnels | −0.6%/3 tunnels | |
West slope Total: 35 tunnels | Increase (%)/nº tunnels | 99.4%/35 tunnels | 3.2%/18 tunnels | 8.1%/13 tunnels |
Decline (%)/nº tunnels | 0%/0 tunnels | −5.6%/17 tunnels | −7.7%/22 tunnels | |
Total studied: 45 tunnels | Increase (%)/nº tunnels | 89.5%/45 tunnels | 3.5%/24 tunnels | 9.2%/19 tunnels |
Decline (%)/nº tunnels | 0%/0 tunnels | −5.4%/21 tunnels | −6.8%/26 tunnels |
Groups | Count | Sum | Average | Variance | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F− After 18 August 2012 | 45 | −42.185 | −0.937 | 0.669 | ||
F− Before 18 August 2012 | 45 | 13.610 | 0.302 | 0.074 | ||
Source Variation | Sum Squares | Degrees Freedom | Mean Squares | F | ρ-Value | F Critical |
Between Groups | 34.590 | 1 | 34.590 | 93.101 | 1.893 × 10−15 | 3.949 |
Within Groups | 32.695 | 88 | 0.371 | |||
Total | 67.285 | 89 | ||||
Groups | Count | Sum | Average | Variance | ||
Na+ After 18 August 2012 | 45 | −10.520 | −0.234 | 4.116 | ||
Na+ Before 18 August 2012 | 45 | −17.865 | −0.3970059 | 3.306 | ||
Source Variation | Sum Squares | Degrees Freedom | Mean Squares | F | ρ-Value | F Critical |
Between Groups | 0.599 | 1 | 0.599 | 0.161 | 0.689 | 3.949 |
Within Groups | 326.593 | 88 | 3.711 | |||
Total | 327.193 | 89 | ||||
Groups | Count | Sum | Average | Variance | ||
K+ After 18 August 2012 | 45 | 3.115 | 0.069 | 0.550 | ||
K+ Before 18 August 2012 | 45 | −0.116 | −0.002 | 0.178 | ||
Source Variation | Sum Squares | Degrees Freedom | Mean Squares | F | ρ-value | F Critical |
Between Groups | 0.116 | 1 | 0.116 | 0.318 | 0.574 | 3.949 |
Within Groups | 32.054 | 88 | 0.364 | |||
Total | 32.170 | 89 |
Ref. | Date | Latitude | Longitude | Magnitude (mbLg) | Intensity (EMS) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 18 August 2012 | 28.5295 | −16.5136 | 3.8 | IV |
2 | 18 August 2012 | 28.5201 | −16.4956 | 2.9 | II |
3 | 30 October 2016 | 28.4444 | −15.9671 | 3.8 | III |
4 | 6 January 2017 | 28.2645 | −16.6433 | 3 | II |
5 | 10 October 2017 | 27.9508 | −16.7872 | 4 | III |
6 | 18 January 2019 | 28.0795 | −16.1709 | 4.2 | III |
7 | 8 February 2019 | 28.3223 | −16.8477 | 1.9 | II |
8 | 22 May 2019 | 28.1637 | −16.2128 | 3.2 | II |
9 | 20 July 2019 | 28.1427 | −16.6419 | 2.4 | II |
10 | 27 May 2020 | 28.1758 | −16.7271 | 2.9 | II |
11 | 30 May 2020 | 28.0426 | −16.5327 | 2.6 | II |
12 | 16 July 2020 | 28.4203 | −16.8541 | 4 | III |
Ref. | Mean (meq/L) | Std (meq/L) | ∆F (meq/L/Day) | ∆F (meq/L/Year) | ∆F (meq/L in 20 Years) | Ref. | Mean (meq/L) | Std (meq/L) | ∆F (meq/L/Day) | ∆F (meq/L/Year) | ∆F (meq/L in 20 Years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.868 | 0.046 | −2.80 × 10−5 | −1.02 × 10−2 | −0.204 | 24 | 0.540 | 0.031 | −1.89 × 10−5 | −6.89 × 10−3 | −0.138 |
2 | 0.953 | 0.114 | −6.99 × 10−5 | −2.55 × 10−2 | −0.510 | 25 | 0.386 | 0.032 | −1.95 × 10−5 | −7.10 × 10−3 | −0.142 |
3 | 1.971 | 0.584 | −3.57 × 10−4 | −1.30 × 10−1 | −2.609 | 26 | 0.360 | 0.089 | −5.47 × 10−5 | −2.00 × 10−2 | −0.399 |
4 | 0.306 | 0.022 | −1.35 × 10−5 | −4.93 × 10−3 | −0.099 | 27 | 0.305 | 0.069 | −4.21 × 10−5 | −1.54 × 10−2 | −0.307 |
5 | 0.565 | 0.056 | −3.41 × 10−5 | −1.25 × 10−2 | −0.249 | 28 | 1.055 | 0.085 | −5.18 × 10−5 | −1.89 × 10−2 | −0.378 |
6 | 0.528 | 0.189 | −1.16 × 10−4 | −4.23 × 10−2 | −0.846 | 29 | 1.135 | 0.136 | −8.35 × 10−5 | −3.05 × 10−2 | −0.610 |
7 | 0.385 | 0.031 | −1.87 × 10−5 | −6.82 × 10−3 | −0.136 | 30 | 0.436 | 0.111 | −6.81 × 10−5 | −2.49 × 10−2 | −0.497 |
8 | 0.379 | 0.020 | −1.21 × 10−5 | −4.43 × 10−3 | −0.089 | 31 | 0.347 | 0.028 | −1.72 × 10−5 | −6.27 × 10−3 | −0.125 |
9 | 0.735 | 0.217 | −1.33 × 10−4 | −4.86 × 10−2 | −0.972 | 32 | 0.193 | 0.051 | −3.10 × 10−5 | −1.13 × 10−2 | −0.226 |
10 | 0.444 | 0.017 | −1.03 × 10−5 | −3.77 × 10−3 | −0.075 | 33 | 0.160 | 0.079 | −4.86 × 10−5 | −1.77 × 10−2 | −0.355 |
11 | 1.250 | 0.359 | −2.20 × 10−4 | −8.03 × 10−2 | −1.605 | 34 | 0.318 | 0.012 | −7.58 × 10−6 | −2.76 × 10−3 | −0.055 |
12 | 7.888 | 0.333 | −2.04 × 10−4 | −7.44 × 10−2 | −1.487 | 35 | 0.421 | 0.022 | −1.35 × 10−5 | −4.91 × 10−3 | −0.098 |
13 | 8.367 | 0.484 | −2.97 × 10−4 | −1.08 × 10−1 | −2.165 | 36 | 0.368 | 0.026 | −1.62 × 10−5 | −5.91 × 10−3 | −0.118 |
14 | 0.249 | 0.061 | −3.76 × 10−5 | −1.37 × 10−2 | −0.274 | 37 | 0.310 | 0.107 | −6.55 × 10−5 | −2.39 × 10−2 | −0.478 |
15 | 0.241 | 0.038 | −2.33 × 10−5 | −8.51 × 10−3 | −0.170 | 38 | 1.152 | 0.245 | −1.50 × 10−4 | −5.47 × 10−2 | −1.094 |
16 | 1.135 | 0.240 | −1.47 × 10−4 | −5.36 × 10−2 | −1.073 | 39 | 0.918 | 0.080 | −4.91 × 10−5 | −1.79 × 10−2 | −0.358 |
17 | 0.373 | 0.026 | −1.57 × 10−5 | −5.73 × 10−3 | −0.115 | 40 | 0.365 | 0.026 | −1.58 × 10−5 | −5.75 × 10−3 | −0.115 |
18 | 0.595 | 0.068 | −4.19 × 10−5 | −1.53 × 10−2 | −0.306 | 41 | 0.615 | 0.099 | −6.03 × 10−5 | −2.20 × 10−2 | −0.440 |
19 | 0.452 | 0.095 | −5.84 × 10−5 | −2.13 × 10−2 | −0.427 | 42 | 0.328 | 0.034 | −2.09 × 10−5 | −7.61 × 10−3 | −0.152 |
20 | 0.909 | 0.087 | −5.34 × 10−5 | −1.95 × 10−2 | −0.390 | 43 | 0.357 | 0.062 | −3.80 × 10−5 | −1.39 × 10−2 | −0.277 |
21 | 0.739 | 0.031 | −1.90 × 10−5 | −6.93 × 10−3 | −0.139 | 44 | 1.344 | 0.299 | −1.83 × 10−4 | −6.69 × 10−2 | −1.338 |
22 | 0.916 | 0.485 | −2.97 × 10−4 | −1.08 × 10−1 | −2.168 | 45 | 0.344 | 0.034 | −2.07 × 10−5 | −7.54 × 10−3 | −0.151 |
23 | 0.533 | 0.029 | −1.78 × 10−5 | −6.49 × 10−3 | −0.130 |
Ref. | F− (meq/L) | 1 Year (meq/L) | 2 Years (meq/L) | 3 Years (meq/L) | 4 Years (meq/L) | 5 Years (meq/L) | 6 Years (meq/L) | 7 Years (meq/L) | 20 Years (meq/L) | 40 Years (meq/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | 1.971 | 1.841 | 1.711 | 1.581 | 1.451 | 1.321 | 1.191 | 1.061 | ||
12 | 7.932 | 7.858 | 7.783 | 7.709 | 7.634 | 7.560 | 7.486 | 7.411 | 6.444 | 4.956 |
13 | 8.367 | 8.259 | 8.151 | 8.043 | 7.935 | 7.827 | 7.719 | 7.611 | 6.207 | 4.047 |
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de Miguel-García, E.; Gómez-González, J.F. Concentrations of F−, Na+, and K+ in Groundwater before and after an Earthquake: A Case Study on Tenerife Island, Spain. Hydrology 2024, 11, 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11090138
de Miguel-García E, Gómez-González JF. Concentrations of F−, Na+, and K+ in Groundwater before and after an Earthquake: A Case Study on Tenerife Island, Spain. Hydrology. 2024; 11(9):138. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11090138
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Miguel-García, Eduardo, and José Francisco Gómez-González. 2024. "Concentrations of F−, Na+, and K+ in Groundwater before and after an Earthquake: A Case Study on Tenerife Island, Spain" Hydrology 11, no. 9: 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11090138