Model-Optimizing Radiofrequency Parameters of 3D Finite Element Analysis for Ablation of Benign Thyroid Nodules
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Geometric Model
2.2. Mathematical Model
2.3. Model Parameters
Skin | Fat | Muscle | Thyroid | Nodule | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thermal conductivity | k (W/m∙K) | 0.37 [31,37] | 0.21 [31,37] | 0.49 [31,37] | 0.52 [31,37] | 0.89 [31] |
Density | ρ (kg/m3) | 1109 [31,37] | 911 [31,37] | 1090 [31,37] | 1050 [31,37] | 1050 [31] |
Specific heat at constant pressure | cp (J/kg∙K) | 3391 [31,37] | 2348 [31,37] | 3421 [31,37] | 3609 [31,37] | 3770 [31] |
Electrical conductivity | σ (S/m) | 4.09∙10−3 [37] | 4.37∙10−2 [37] | 4.43∙10−1 [37] | 5.64∙10−1 [37] | 4.81∙10−1 [38] |
Relative permittivity | εr (-) | 1.06∙103 [37] | 57.3 [37] | 3.77∙103 [37] | 2.18∙103 [37] | 2.18∙103 [37] |
Blood perfusion | ωb (s−1) | 0.00196 [39] | 5.01∙10−4 [39] | 7.08∙10−4 [39] | 0.098 [39] | 0.0096 [31] 0.021 [40] |
Metabolic heat | Qm (W/m3) | 1829.85 [31] | 464.61 [31] | 1046 [31] | 4200 [31] | 42,000 [31] |
Frequency factor | A (s−1) | 4.575∙1072 [41] | 4.43∙1016 [24] | 2.94∙1039 [42] | 7.39∙1039 [28] | 7.39∙1039 [28] |
Activation Energy | ΔE (J/mol) | 4.71∙105 [41] | 1.3∙105 [24] | 2.596∙105 [42] | 2.577∙105 [28] | 2.577∙105 [28] |
Electrode Active Tip | Electrode Shaft | ||
---|---|---|---|
Thermal conductivity | k (W/m∙K) | 400 | 0.026 |
Density | ρ (kg/m3) | 8960 | 1150 |
Specific heat at constant pressure | cp (J/kg∙K) | 385 | 1700 |
Electrical conductivity | σ (S/m) | 5.99∙107 | 1∙10−5 |
Relative permittivity | εr (-) | 1 | 1 |
2.4. Optimization Model
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bini, F.; Pica, A.; Marinozzi, F.; Giusti, A.; Leoncini, A.; Trimboli, P. Model-Optimizing Radiofrequency Parameters of 3D Finite Element Analysis for Ablation of Benign Thyroid Nodules. Bioengineering 2023, 10, 1210. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10101210
Bini F, Pica A, Marinozzi F, Giusti A, Leoncini A, Trimboli P. Model-Optimizing Radiofrequency Parameters of 3D Finite Element Analysis for Ablation of Benign Thyroid Nodules. Bioengineering. 2023; 10(10):1210. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10101210
Chicago/Turabian StyleBini, Fabiano, Andrada Pica, Franco Marinozzi, Alessandro Giusti, Andrea Leoncini, and Pierpaolo Trimboli. 2023. "Model-Optimizing Radiofrequency Parameters of 3D Finite Element Analysis for Ablation of Benign Thyroid Nodules" Bioengineering 10, no. 10: 1210. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10101210