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Article

Assessment of Thermal Osteonecrosis during Bone Drilling Using a Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model

by
Yung-Chuan Chen
1,
Yi-Jung Tsai
2,†,
Hao-Yuan Hsiao
3,4,†,
Yen-Wei Chiu
2,3,†,
You-Yao Hong
1,
Yuan-Kun Tu
4,* and
Chih-Kun Hsiao
2,4,5,*
1
Department of Vehicle Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
2
Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
3
Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan
4
Department of Orthopedics, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
5
Department of Mechanical Engineering/Graduate Institute of Mechatronics Engineering, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833301, Taiwan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Bioengineering 2024, 11(6), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11060592
Submission received: 1 May 2024 / Revised: 19 May 2024 / Accepted: 5 June 2024 / Published: 10 June 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials)

Abstract

Bone drilling is a common procedure used to create pilot holes for inserting screws to secure implants for fracture fixation. However, this process can increase bone temperature and the excessive heat can lead to cell death and thermal osteonecrosis, potentially causing early fixation failure or complications. We applied a three-dimensional dynamic elastoplastic finite element model to evaluate the propagation and distribution of heat during bone drilling and assess the thermally affected zone (TAZ) that may lead to thermal necrosis. This model investigates the parameters influencing bone temperature during bone drilling, including drill diameter, rotational speed, feed force, and predrilled hole. The results indicate that our FE model is sufficiently accurate in predicting the temperature rise effect during bone drilling. The maximum temperature decreases exponentially with radial distance. When the feed forces are 40 and 60 N, the maximum temperature does not exceed 45 °C. However, with feed forces of 10 and 20 N, both the maximum temperatures exceed 45 °C within a radial distance of 0.2 mm, indicating a high-risk zone for potential thermal osteonecrosis. With the two-stage drilling procedure, where a 2.5 mm pilot hole is predrilled, the maximum temperature can be reduced by 14 °C. This suggests that higher feed force and rotational speed and/or using a two-stage drilling process could mitigate bone temperature elevation and reduce the risk of thermal osteonecrosis during bone drilling.
Keywords: bone drilling; FE model; thermal bone necrosis; feed force bone drilling; FE model; thermal bone necrosis; feed force

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Chen, Y.-C.; Tsai, Y.-J.; Hsiao, H.-Y.; Chiu, Y.-W.; Hong, Y.-Y.; Tu, Y.-K.; Hsiao, C.-K. Assessment of Thermal Osteonecrosis during Bone Drilling Using a Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model. Bioengineering 2024, 11, 592. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11060592

AMA Style

Chen Y-C, Tsai Y-J, Hsiao H-Y, Chiu Y-W, Hong Y-Y, Tu Y-K, Hsiao C-K. Assessment of Thermal Osteonecrosis during Bone Drilling Using a Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model. Bioengineering. 2024; 11(6):592. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11060592

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Yung-Chuan, Yi-Jung Tsai, Hao-Yuan Hsiao, Yen-Wei Chiu, You-Yao Hong, Yuan-Kun Tu, and Chih-Kun Hsiao. 2024. "Assessment of Thermal Osteonecrosis during Bone Drilling Using a Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model" Bioengineering 11, no. 6: 592. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11060592

APA Style

Chen, Y.-C., Tsai, Y.-J., Hsiao, H.-Y., Chiu, Y.-W., Hong, Y.-Y., Tu, Y.-K., & Hsiao, C.-K. (2024). Assessment of Thermal Osteonecrosis during Bone Drilling Using a Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model. Bioengineering, 11(6), 592. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11060592

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