Stable and Thin-Polymer-Based Modification of Neurovascular Stents with 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine Polymer for Antithrombogenicity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Coating of Stent and Flat Metallic Plate with 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine Polymer
2.2. Surface Characterization
2.2.1. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
2.2.2. Atomic Force Microscopic Observation
2.3. Blood Compatibility Assay Using Chandler Loop Model
2.4. Scanning Electron Microscopic Observation
2.5. In Vivo Implantation of Coated Stents in Pigs
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Surface Characterization
3.2. In Vitro Evaluation: Whole-Blood Test Using Chandler Loop
3.3. In Vivo Evaluation: Stent Placement in Internal Thoracic Artery of a Pig
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Score | Evaluation Criteria |
---|---|
Level 1 | Almost no thrombus formation on the stent surface, which remains flat. |
Level 2 | Slight thrombus formation on the stent surface, but it is mostly flat. |
Level 3 | Thin thrombus formation observed in localized areas of the stent surface. |
Level 4 | Wide areas of the stent surface covered with a thin thrombus, but overall, it is flat. |
Level 5 | Stent surface is predominantly flat, but localized, raised thrombi are observed. |
Level 6 | Wide areas of the stent surface are covered with a thin thrombus, with localized, raised thrombi. |
Level 7 | Stent surface is predominantly covered with a thin thrombus, with some areas having raised thrombi. |
Level 8 | Entire stent surface is covered with thrombi, with numerous localized, raised thrombi. |
Level 9 | Entire stent surface is covered with thick, raised thrombi, with some areas having significantly thick, multilayered thrombi. |
Level 10 | Entire stent surface is completely covered with significantly thick, multilayered thrombi. |
Stent Sample | Atomic Component (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P(2p) | Si(2p) | C(1s) | N(1s) | Ti(2p) | O(1s) | Ni(2p3/2) | ||
Bare | Mean | 0.0 | 0.0 | 35.5 | 0.6 | 27.6 | 32.3 | 3.3 |
(n = 6) | SD | 0.0 | 0.0 | 12.6 | 0.7 | 9.9 | 3.8 | 2.1 |
MPC polymer-coated | Mean | 4.4 | 0.1 | 46.3 | 1.2 | 13.3 | 32.2 | 0.9 |
(n = 6) | SD | 1.3 | 0.2 | 11.6 | 0.3 | 6.2 | 4.9 | 1.4 |
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Inuzuka, N.; Shobayashi, Y.; Tateshima, S.; Sato, Y.; Ohba, Y.; Ishihara, K.; Teramura, Y. Stable and Thin-Polymer-Based Modification of Neurovascular Stents with 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine Polymer for Antithrombogenicity. Bioengineering 2024, 11, 833. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080833
Inuzuka N, Shobayashi Y, Tateshima S, Sato Y, Ohba Y, Ishihara K, Teramura Y. Stable and Thin-Polymer-Based Modification of Neurovascular Stents with 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine Polymer for Antithrombogenicity. Bioengineering. 2024; 11(8):833. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080833
Chicago/Turabian StyleInuzuka, Naoki, Yasuhiro Shobayashi, Satoshi Tateshima, Yuya Sato, Yoshio Ohba, Kazuhiko Ishihara, and Yuji Teramura. 2024. "Stable and Thin-Polymer-Based Modification of Neurovascular Stents with 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine Polymer for Antithrombogenicity" Bioengineering 11, no. 8: 833. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080833