23Na-MRI for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Monitoring: A Scoping Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Literature Search
2.2. Search Strategy
2.3. Data Extraction
2.4. Study Quality
2.5. Synthesis of Results
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection
3.2. Study Characteristics
3.3. Sodium Quantification Methods
3.4. Diagnosis
3.4.1. Treatment Regime
3.4.2. Treatment Monitoring and Outcome
Author | RF Coil | Number of RF Channels | MRI Manufacturer | Tesla | Protocol |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ianniello 2021 [16] | Dual-tuned transmit-receive breast coil (proton and sodium) | Sodium = 8 Proton = 2 | Siemens Healthineers | 7 T |
|
Jacobs 2004 [8] | Custom solenoid sodium coil designed to fit within phased array breast coil | N/A | General Electronic Healthcare | 1.5 T |
|
Jacobs 2010 [14] | Custom solenoid sodium coil designed to fit within phased array breast coil | N/A | General Electronic Healthcare | 1.5 T |
|
Jacobs 2011 [19] | Custom sodium coil designed to fit within phased array breast coil | N/A | General Electronic Healthcare | 1.5 T |
|
Ouwerkerk 2007 [17] | Custom solenoid sodium coil designed to fit within phased array breast coil | N/A | General Electronic Healthcare | 1.5 T |
|
Zaric 2016 [15] | 1H imaging: dual-tuned breast coil (proton and phosphorus) 23Na imaging: dual-tuned breast coil (proton and sodium) | Sodium Receive Only = 6 Sodium Transmit and Receive = 2 Proton Receive Only = 2 | Siemens Healthineers | 7 T |
|
Zaric 2021 [18] | Dual-tuned breast coil (proton and sodium) | Sodium = 14 Proton = 2 | Siemens Healthineers | 7 T |
|
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
# | Searches | Results |
---|---|---|
1 | Breast/ | 44,237 |
2 | Breast Neoplasms/ | 324,517 |
3 | (“breast tumo?r” or “benign breast tumo?r” or “malignant breast tumo?r” or “Ca breast” or “breast Ca” or “Cx breast” or “Breast Cx” or “Breast Carcinom?” or “Breast Neoplasm*” or “Breast Lesion*”).mp. [mp = title, book title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, floating sub-heading word, keyword heading word, organism supplementary concept word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier, synonyms] | 347,737 |
4 | 1 or 2 or 3 | 365,584 |
5 | (“Sodium 23” or “Na23” or “23Na” or “23 Sodium” or “Total Sodium Concentration” or “Sodium Concentration” or “Na-MRI” or “Sodium-MRI” or “Sodium-MR” or “Sodium Magnetic Resonance” or “Na Magnetic resonance” or “23Na-MR*” or “23NaMR*” or “23 Na MR*” or “Sodium MRI” or “MR Spectroscopy” or “Sodium Quantification” or “23Na Sodium MR” or “23Na Sodium MRI” or “multinuclear Na-MRI” or “Multiparametric Na-MRI” or “multiparametric sodium magnetic resonance imaging” or “multiparametric sodium magnetic resonance” or “MRI spectroscopy” or “multinuclear 23Na imaging” or “tissue sodium concentration” or “sodium accumulation”).mp. [mp = title, book title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, floating sub-heading word, keyword heading word, organism supplementary concept word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier, synonyms] | 12,113 |
6 | 4 and 5 | 174 |
# | Searches | Results |
---|---|---|
1 | breast/ or breast cancer/ or breast carcinoma/ | 90,612 |
2 | (“breast tumo?r” or “benign breast tumo?r” or “malignant breast tumo?r” or “Ca breast” or “breast Ca” or “Cx breast” or “Breast Cx” or “Breast Carcinom?” or “Breast Neoplasm*” or “Breast Lesion*”).mp. [mp = title, abstract, heading word, drug trade name, original title, device manufacturer, drug manufacturer, device trade name, keyword heading word] | 24,805 |
3 | 1 or 2 | 99,368 |
4 | (“Sodium 23” or “Na23” or “23Na” or “23 Sodium” or “Total Sodium Concentration” or “Sodium Concentration” or “Na-MRI” or “Sodium-MRI” or “Sodium-MR” or “Sodium Magnetic Resonance” or “Na Magnetic resonance” or “23Na-MR*” or “23NaMR*” or “23 Na MR*” or “Sodium MRI” or “MR Spectroscopy” or “Sodium Quantification” or “23Na Sodium MR” or “23Na Sodium MRI” or “multinuclear MRI” or “Multiparametric MRI” or “multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging” or “multiparametric magnetic resonance” or “MRI spectroscopy” or “multinuclear 23Na imaging” or “tissue sodium concentration” or “sodium accumulation”).mp. [mp = title, abstract, heading word, drug trade name, original title, device manufacturer, drug manufacturer, device trade name, keyword heading word] | 5,355 |
5 | 3 and 4 | 142 |
# | Searches | Results |
---|---|---|
1 | breast/ or breast cancer/ or breast carcinoma/ | 557,333 |
2 | (“breast tumo?r” or “benign breast tumo?r” or “malignant breast tumo?r” or “Ca breast” or “breast Ca” or “Cx breast” or “Breast Cx” or “Breast Carcinom?” or “Breast Neoplasm*” or “Breast Lesion*”).mp. [mp = title, abstract, heading word, drug trade name, original title, device manufacturer, drug manufacturer, device trade name, keyword heading word, floating subheading word, candidate term word] | 221,023 |
3 | 1 or 2 | 658,290 |
4 | (“Sodium 23” or “Na23” or “23Na” or “23 Sodium” or “Total Sodium Concentration” or “Sodium Concentration” or “Na-MRI” or “Sodium-MRI” or “Sodium-MR” or “Sodium Magnetic Resonance” or “Na Magnetic resonance” or “23Na-MR*” or “23NaMR*” or “23 Na MR*” or “Sodium MRI” or “MR Spectroscopy” or “Sodium Quantification” or “23Na Sodium MR” or “23Na Sodium MRI” or “multinuclear MRI” or “Multiparametric MRI” or “multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging” or “multiparametric magnetic resonance” or “MRI spectroscopy” or “multinuclear 23Na imaging” or “tissue sodium concentration” or “sodium accumulation”).mp. [mp = title, abstract, heading word, drug trade name, original title, device manufacturer, drug manufacturer, device trade name, keyword heading word, floating subheading word, candidate term word] | 26,454 |
5 | 3 and 4 | 577 |
Appendix B
Source Type | Data to be Extracted |
---|---|
Peer-reviewed |
|
Non-peer reviewed | Credibility (source location, author credibility, qualifications, and previous publications, area of specialist), date of source (still valid and reflects current standards, pieces of evidence, new information), publication details (date, source for any data taken), reference list (source reliable and up-to-date), organisation (author affiliations, conflicts of interests, reputable organisation), consistency with other sources (both peer and non-peer reviewed, specificity of information), purpose of source (who, what, why, when was this source created for), language employed (formal, casual, broad, emotions and impressions evoked), domain type (if from website, owning organisation). |
Appendix C
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | Q7 | Q8 | Q9 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ianniello 2011 | |||||||||
Jacobs 2004 | |||||||||
Ouwerkerk 2007 | |||||||||
Zaric 2016 |
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | Q7 | Q8 | Q9 | Q10 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jacobs 2010 | ||||||||||
Jacobs 2011 | ||||||||||
Zaric 2021 |
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | Q7 | Q8 | Q9 | Q10 | Q11 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jacobs 2010 | |||||||||||
Jacobs 2011 | |||||||||||
Zaric 2021 |
References
- World Health Organization. Breast Cancer. World Health Organization. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer (accessed on 31 January 2023).
- Feng, Y.; Spezia, M.; Huang, S.; Yuan, C.; Zeng, Z.; Zhang, L.; Ji, X.; Liu, W.; Huang, B.; Luo, W.; et al. Breast Cancer Development and Progression: Risk Factors, Cancer Stem Cells, Signaling Pathways, Genomics, and Molecular Pathogenesis. Genes Dis. 2018, 5, 77–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, H.L.; Zhou, J.Q.; Chen, Q.; Deng, Y.C. Comparison of the Sensitivity of Mammography, Ultrasound, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Combinations of These Imaging Modalities for the Detection of Small (≤2 cm) Breast Cancer. Medicine 2021, 100, e26531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Miller, A.B. The Role of Screening Mammography in the Era of Modern Breast Cancer Treatment. Climacteric 2018, 21, 204–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tong, C.W.; Wu, M.; Cho, W.C.; To, K.K. Recent Advances in the Treatment of Breast Cancer. Front. Oncol. 2018, 8, 381990. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hadebe, B.; Harry, L.; Ebrahim, T.; Pillay, V.; Vorster, M. The Role of PET/CT in Breast Cancer. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Radhakrishna, S.; Agarwal, S.; Parikh, P.M.; Kaur, K.; Panwar, S.; Sharma, S.; Dey, A.; Saxena, K.K.; Chandra, M.; Sud, S. Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Breast Cancer Management. South Asian J. Cancer 2018, 7, 69–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jacobs, M.A.; Ouwerkerk, R.; Wolff, A.C.; Stearns, V.; Bottomley, P.A.; Barker, P.B.; Argani, P.; Khouri, N.; Davidson, N.E.; Bhujwalla, Z.M.; et al. Multiparametric and Multinuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Human Breast Cancer: Current Applications. Technol. Cancer Res. Treat. 2004, 3, 543–550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Poku, L.O.; Phil, M.; Cheng, Y.; Wang, K.; Sun, X. 23Na-MRI as a noninvasive biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2021, 53, 995–1014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thulborn, K.R.; Lu, A.; Atkinson, I.C.; Damen, F.; Villano, J.L. Quantitative sodium MR imaging and sodium bioscales for the management of brain tumors. Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. 2009, 19, 615–624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Covidence. Covidence—Better Systematic Review Management. 2023. Available online: https://www.covidence.org/ (accessed on 31 January 2023).
- Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft Excel. 2018. Available online: https://office.microsoft.com/excel (accessed on 31 January 2023).
- CASP. Cohort Study Checklist—CASP. CASP—Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. 2021. Available online: https://casp-uk.net/casp-tools-checklists/cohort-study-checklist/ (accessed on 21 February 2023).
- Jacobs, M.A.; Stearns, V.; Wolff, A.C.; Macura, K.; Argani, P.; Khouri, N.; Tsangaris, T.; Barker, P.B.; Davidson, N.E.; Bhujwalla, Z.M.; et al. Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Spectroscopy and Multinuclear (23Na) Imaging Monitoring of Preoperative Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Breast Cancer. Acad. Radiol. 2010, 17, 1477–1485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zaric, O.; Farr, A.; Minarikova, L.; Lachner, S.; Asseryanis, E.; Nagel, A.M.; Weber, M.; Singer, C.F.; Trattnig, S. Tissue Sodium Concentration Quantification at 7.0-T MRI as an Early Marker for Chemotherapy Response in Breast Cancer: A Feasibility Study. Radiology 2021, 299, 63–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ianniello, C.; Moy, L.; Fogarty, J.; Schnabel, F.; Adams, S.; Axelrod, D.; Axel, L.; Brown, R.; Madelin, G. Multinuclear MRI to Disentangle Intracellular Sodium Concentration and Extracellular Volume Fraction in Breast Cancer. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 5156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ouwerkerk, R.; Jacobs, M.A.; Macura, K.J.; Wolff, A.C.; Stearns, V.; Mezban, S.D.; Khouri, N.F.; Bluemke, D.A.; Bottomley, P.A. Elevated Tissue Sodium Concentration in Malignant Breast Lesions Detected with Non-Invasive 23Na MRI. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2007, 106, 151–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zaric, O.; Pinker, K.; Zbyn, S.; Strasser, B.; Robinson, S.; Minarikova, L.; Gruber, S.; Farr, A.; Singer, C.; Helbich, T.H.; et al. Quantitative Sodium MR Imaging at 7 T: Initial Results and Comparison with Diffusion-weighted Imaging in Patients with Breast Tumors. Radiology 2016, 280, 39–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jacobs, M.A.; Ouwerkerk, R.; Wolff, A.C.; Gabrielson, E.; Warzecha, H.; Jeter, S.; Bluemke, D.A.; Wahl, R.; Stearns, V. Monitoring of neoadjuvant chemotherapy using multiparametric, 23 Na sodium MR, and multimodality (PET/CT/MRI) imaging in locally advanced breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2011, 128, 119–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Woolen, S.A.; Shankar, P.R.; Gagnier, J.J.; MacEachern, M.P.; Singer, L.; Davenport, M.S. Risk of Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis in Patients With Stage 4 or 5 Chronic Kidney Disease Receiving a Group II Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agent: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2020, 180, 223–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barrett, T.; Riemer, F.; McLean, M.A.; Kaggie, J.; Robb, F.; Tropp, J.S.; Warren, A.; Bratt, O.; Shah, N.; Gnanapragasam, V.J.; et al. Quantification of Total and Intracellular Sodium Concentration in Primary Prostate Cancer and Adjacent Normal Prostate Tissue with Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Investig. Radiol. 2018, 53, 450–456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nunes Neto, L.P.; Madelin, G.; Sood, T.P.; Wu, C.C.; Kondziolka, D.; Placantonakis, D.; Golfinos, J.G.; Chi, A.; Jain, R. Quantitative Sodium Imaging and Gliomas: A Feasibility Study. Neuroradiology 2018, 60, 795–802. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ouwerkerk, R.; Bleich, K.B.; Gillen, J.S.; Pomper, M.G.; Bottomley, P.A. Tissue Sodium Concentration in Human Brain Tumors as Measured with 23Na MR Imaging. Radiology 2003, 227, 529–537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Population | Female breast cancer patients >18 years (malignant and benign) |
Concept | 23Na magnetic resonance imaging (relating to diagnosis and treatment monitoring) |
Context | N/A * (Research published in English only) |
Author | Country | Study Duration | Population | Number of Participants | Study Design | Clinical Area of Interest | Study Protocol |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ianniello 2011 [16] | USA | Nil | TNBC (histology not specified) | BCP = 2 Healthy Patients = 3 Volunteers = 10 | Controlled Clinical Trial | Diagnosis | 23Na-MRI (TSC, ECV, ICV, CIC) 1H-MRI (as anatomical reference) |
Jacobs 2004 [8] | USA | Nil | Malignant and benign lesions (histology not specified) | BCP = 59 Healthy Volunteers = 5 | Controlled Clinical Trial | Diagnosis | 23Na-MRI (TSC) 1H-MRI (Angular Separation) MRSI (Choline SNR) |
Jacobs 2010 [14] | USA | Nil | Ductal, lobular, and mixed | BCP = 18 | Prospective Cohort | Treatment Monitoring | 23Na-MRI (TSC, SNR, Contrast-to-Noise Ratio) 1H-MRI (RECIST and Volume Analysis with DCE) MRSI (Choline SNR) |
Jacobs 2011 [19] | USA | Nil | IDC and ILC | BCP = 6 | Prospective Cohort | Treatment Monitoring | 23Na-MRI (TSC) 1H-MRI (Volume Analysis with DCE) PET/CT (SUV using 18FDG) Core Biopsy (Proliferation Index/Ki-67) |
Ouwerkerk 2007 [17] | USA | Nil | IDC, DCIS, ILC, fibrocystic benign, fibroadenoma | BCP = 22 | Controlled Clinical Trial | Diagnosis | 23Na-MRI (TSC, SNR) 1H-MRI (Anatomical Reference with DCE) |
Zaric 2016 [15] | Austria | September 2013–November 2014 | IDC, ILC, and DCIS (malignant) Papilloma and fibroadenoma (benign) | BCP = 17 Healthy Volunteers = 8 | Controlled Clinical Trial | Diagnosis | 23Na-MRI (TSC) 1H-MRI (Lesion Size with DCE) DWI (ADC) Core Biopsy (Proliferation Index/Ki-67) |
Zaric 2021 [18] | Austria | June 2018–July 2019 | IDC | BCP = 15 Healthy Volunteers = 6 | Prospective Cohort | Treatment Monitoring | 23Na-MRI (TSC) 1H-MRI (Lesion Size with DIXON) Core Biopsy (Proliferation Index/Ki-67) |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Smith, T.; Chau, M.; Sims, J.; Arruzza, E. 23Na-MRI for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Monitoring: A Scoping Review. Bioengineering 2025, 12, 158. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12020158
Smith T, Chau M, Sims J, Arruzza E. 23Na-MRI for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Monitoring: A Scoping Review. Bioengineering. 2025; 12(2):158. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12020158
Chicago/Turabian StyleSmith, Taylor, Minh Chau, Jordan Sims, and Elio Arruzza. 2025. "23Na-MRI for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Monitoring: A Scoping Review" Bioengineering 12, no. 2: 158. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12020158
APA StyleSmith, T., Chau, M., Sims, J., & Arruzza, E. (2025). 23Na-MRI for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Monitoring: A Scoping Review. Bioengineering, 12(2), 158. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12020158