Continuous Primary Beer Fermentation with Yeast Immobilized in Alginate–Chitosan Microcapsules with a Liquid Core
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Microorganisms
2.2. Wort
2.3. Reagents
2.4. Immobilization Procedure
2.5. Immobilized Cells Bioreactor
2.6. The Start and Working of the Immobilized Cells Bioreactor
2.7. Analytical Methods
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Basic Beer Parameter Changes during Fermentation
3.1.1. Changes in the Basic Beer Parameters during Primary Fermentation
3.1.2. Basic Beer Parameter Change during Secondary Fermentation
3.2. Secondary Yeast Metabolite Changes during Primary and Secondary Fermentation
3.3. A Comparison of the Volatile Profiles of the Beer Produced by Continuous Fermentation and Two Commercial Beers
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample, Taken at the Reactor Output after Hours | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Secondary Metabolites, mg/L | 24 | 48 | 72 | 96 | 120 | 144 | 168 | 192 | 216 | 240 | |
Vicinal diketones | In “green” beer | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 |
In final beer | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.17 ± 0.06 | 0.12 ± 0.04 | 0.14 ± 0.06 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.06 | |
Acetaldehyde | In “green” beer | 11 ± 1 | 12 ± 1 | 13 ± 2 | 16 ± 2 | 15 ± 2 | 11 ± 1 | 10 ± 2 | 11 ± 1 | 8.1 ± 0.6 | 7.9 ± 0.6 |
In final beer | 6.8 ± 0.8 | 5.9 ± 0.8 | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 5.3 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.6 | 4.3 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 6.0 ± 0.4 | |
Ethyl acetate | In “green” beer | 11 ± 1 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 4.2 ± 0.8 | 5.2 ± 0.6 | 9.6 ± 0.7 | 3.4 ± 0.4 | 3.6 ± 0.4 | 3.3 ± 0.4 | 6.2 ± 0.4 | 9.1 ± 0.8 |
In final beer | 10 ± 1 | 13 ± 2 | 8 ± 1 | 13 ± 2 | 26 ± 2 | 14 ± 2 | 13 ± 2 | 11 ± 2 | 14 ± 2 | 11 ± 2 | |
1-propanol | In “green” beer | 2.3 ± 0.6 | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 2.8 ± 0.4 | 4.5 ± 0.5 | n.d. * | 1.1 ± 0.2 | n.d. | n.d. | 3.4 ± 0.3 |
In final beer | 14 ± 2 | 13 ± 1 | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 4.2 ± 0.8 | 3.8 ± 0.6 | 12 ± 1 | 13 ± 1 | 10 ± 1 | 9.1 ± 0.8 | 10 ± 2 | |
Isobutanol | In “green” beer | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 3.9 ± 0.4 | 5.0 ± 0.5 | 6.6 ± 0.7 | 6.3 ± 0.7 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | n.d. | 4.5 ± 0.3 |
In final beer | 16 ± 1 | 13.3 ± 0.9 | 5.7 ± 0.6 | 6.5 ± 0.4 | n.d. | 9.5 ± 0.8 | 6.6 ± 0.7 | 7.7 ± 0.8 | 10.4 ± 0.8 | 11 ± 1 | |
Isoamyl alcohol | In “green” beer | 25 ± 1 | 27 ± 1 | 41 ± 1 | 40 ± 2 | 65 ± 2 | 33 ± 1 | 37 ± 1 | 29 ± 2 | 32 ± 2 | 35 ± 1 |
In final beer | 73 ± 2 | 78 ± 3 | 46 ± 2 | 55 ± 2 | 65 ± 2 | 66 ± 2 | 65 ± 2 | 66 ± 2 | 78 ± 2 | 61 ± 2 | |
Amyl alcohol | In “green” beer | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 7 ± 2 | 13 ± 2 | 15 ± 1 | 38 ± 2 | 14 ± 1 | 9.4 ± 0.8 | 11 ± 1 | 12 ± 1 | 10.1 ± 0.6 |
In final beer | 17.2 ± 0.1 | 20.9 ± 0.6 | 13.9 ± 0.4 | 15.7 ± 0.4 | 17.1 ± 0.2 | 15.9 ± 0.3 | 16.2 ± 0.3 | 17.9 ± 0.2 | 18.9 ± 0.2 | 15.0 ± 0.2 |
Metabolites, mg/L | Laboratory Beer | Commercial Beer 1 | Commercial Beer 2 |
---|---|---|---|
Vicinal diketones | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.01 |
Acetaldehyde | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 3.7 ± 0.1 | 3.0 ± 0.1 |
Ethyl acetate | 13.7 ± 0.1 | 5.0 ± 0.2 | 4.5 ± 0.2 |
1-propanol | 8.4 ± 0.2 | 4.5 ± 0.1 | 6.8 ± 0.1 |
Isobutanol | 8.2 ± 0.5 | 9.9 ± 0.5 | 13 ± 1 |
Isoamyl alcohol | 63 ± 2 | 68 ± 2 | 83 ± 2 |
Amyl alcohol | 16.3 ± 0.7 | 14.7 ± 0.7 | 17.8 ± 0.6 |
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Shopska, V.; Dzhivoderova-Zarcheva, M.; Kostov, G. Continuous Primary Beer Fermentation with Yeast Immobilized in Alginate–Chitosan Microcapsules with a Liquid Core. Beverages 2024, 10, 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030087
Shopska V, Dzhivoderova-Zarcheva M, Kostov G. Continuous Primary Beer Fermentation with Yeast Immobilized in Alginate–Chitosan Microcapsules with a Liquid Core. Beverages. 2024; 10(3):87. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030087
Chicago/Turabian StyleShopska, Vesela, Mina Dzhivoderova-Zarcheva, and Georgi Kostov. 2024. "Continuous Primary Beer Fermentation with Yeast Immobilized in Alginate–Chitosan Microcapsules with a Liquid Core" Beverages 10, no. 3: 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10030087