Retrospective Analysis of the Detection of Pathogens Associated with the Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex in Routine Diagnostic Samples from Austrian Swine Stocks
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample Collection
2.2. Virological Investigations
2.3. Microbiological Investigations
2.4. Evaluation and Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Positivity Rates
3.2. Positivity Rates of Pathogens in Different Specimens
3.3. Concurrent Infections
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Investigations | Lung | Lymph Node | Lung, Tonsil, Lymph Node | BALF | OF | Nasal Swabs | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Microbiological examination | 590 | 21 | 23 | 634 | |||
M. hyorhinis cultivation | 142 | 17 | 8 | 167 | |||
PRRSV-PCR | 278 | 469 | 38 | 136 | 921 | ||
IAV-PCR | 240 | 51 | 12 | 94 | 82 | 479 | |
PCV2-PCR | 168 | 329 | 9 | 10 | 2 | 0 | 518 |
M. hyopneumoniae-PCR | 605 | 10 | 87 | 11 | 713 | ||
M. hyorhinis-PCR | 139 | 36 | 5 | 180 | |||
A. pleuropneumoniae-PCR | 193 | 3 | 2 | 198 | |||
G. parasuis-PCR | 157 | 8 | 165 | ||||
Samples (Total) | 874 | 329 | 469 | 56 | 142 | 105 | 1975 |
Virus | Primer/Probe Sequences | PCR Kit | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
PRRSV | Primer-F (PRS133): 5′-ATGGCCAGCCAGTCAATC-3′ | One Taq One-Step RT-PCR Kit (NEB) | [40] |
Primer-R (PRS134): 5′-TCGCCCTAATTGAATAGGTG-3′ | |||
IAV | FLUAM-1F: 5′-AAGACCAATCCTGTCACCTCTGA-3′ | Luna® Universal Probe One-Step RT-qPCR Kit (NEB) | [41] |
FLUAM-2F: 5′-CATTGGGATCTTGCACTTGATATT-3′ | |||
FLUAM-1R: 5′-CAA AGCGTCTACGCTGCAGTCC-3′ | |||
FLUAM-2R: 5′-AAACCGTATTTAAGGCGACGATAA-3′ | |||
FLUAM-1P: FAM-5′-TTTGTGTTCACGCTCACCGT-3′-TAMRA | |||
FLUAM-2P: FAM-5′-TGGATTCTTGATCGTCTTTTCTTCAAATGCA-3′-TAMRA | |||
PCV2 | qPCV2-F: 5′-GAGTCTGGTGACCGTTGCA-3′ | Luna® Universal Probe One-Step RT-qPCR Kit (NEB) | [42] |
qPCV2-R: 5′-YCCCGCTCACTTTCAAAAGTTC-3′ | |||
qPCV2-probe: FAM-5′-CCCTGTAACGTTTGTCAGAAATTTCCGCG-3′-BHQ1 | |||
ß-Actin | qBeta-Actin-1005-F: 5′-CAGCACAATGAAGATCAAGATCATC-3′ | Luna® Universal Probe One-Step RT-qPCR Kit (NEB) | [43] |
qBeta-Actin-1135-R: 5′-CGGACTCATCGTACTCCTGCTT-3′ | |||
qBeta-Actin-1081-probe: HEX-5′-TCGCTGTCCACCTTCCAGCAGATGT-3′-BHQ1 |
Lung | Lymph Node | Lung, Tonsil, Lymph Node | BALF | OF | Nasal Swabs | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PRRSV | 92/278 | 170/469 | 5/38 | 4/136 | 271/921 | ||
33.1% | 36.2% | 13.2% | 2.9% | 29.4% | |||
IAV | 18/240 | 4/51 | 0/12 | 2/94 | 5/82 | 29/479 | |
7.5% | 7.8% | 0% | 2.1% | 6.1% | 6.1% | ||
PCV2 | 79/168 | 111/329 | 7/9 | 0/10 | 0/2 | 197/518 | |
47% | 33.7% | 77.8% | 0% | 0% | 38.0% | ||
M. hyopneumoniae | 185/605 | 0/10 | 3/87 | 0/11 | 188/713 | ||
30.6% | 0% | 3.4% | 0% | 26.6% | |||
M. hyorhinis | 136/257 | 26/46 | 12/13 | 174/316 | |||
52.9% | 56.6% | 92.3% | 55.1% | ||||
A. pleuropneumoniae | 83/679 | 0/21 | 3/23 | 86/723 | |||
12.2% | 0% | 13% | 11.9% | ||||
G. parasuis | 52/641 | 8/23 | 0/23 | 60/ | |||
8.1% | 34.8% | 0% | 8.8% | ||||
P. multocida | 146/590 | 0/21 | 5/23 | 151/634 | |||
24.7% | 0% | 21.7% | 23.8% | ||||
B. bronchiseptica | 62/590 | 3/21 | 1/23 | 66/634 | |||
10.5% | 14.3% | 4.3% | 10.4% | ||||
S. suis | 163/590 | 18/21 | 13/23 | 194/634 | |||
27.6% | 85.7% | 56.5% | 30.6% |
Investigations | Result | Field Samples | Samples from Animals Submitted for Necropsy |
---|---|---|---|
Isolation | Negative | 386 | 209 |
Positive | 9 | 15 | |
PCR | Negative | 66 | 64 |
Positive | 27 | 12 |
Number of Samples Being Positively Tested for Both Pathogens | Number of Samples Being Tested for Both Pathogens | Positivity Rate | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
P. multocida and S. suis | 151 | 634 | 24% | 0.517 |
PRRSV and PCV2 | 66 | 368 | 18% | 0.001 |
M. hyorhinis and S. suis | 66 | 193 | 34% | <0.001 |
PRRSV and P. multocida | 52 | 347 | 15% | <0.001 |
M. hyopneumoniae and P. multocida | 41 | 330 | 12% | <0.001 |
PRRSV and M. hyopneumoniae | 41 | 426 | 10% | 0.032 |
PRRSV and S. suis | 40 | 347 | 12% | 0.388 |
M. hyopneumoniae and S. suis | 37 | 330 | 11% | 0.046 |
PRRSV and A. pleuropneumoniae | 31 | 391 | 8% | 0.001 |
PCV2 and M. hyorhinis | 29 | 125 | 23% | 0.256 |
PCV2 and S. suis | 29 | 242 | 12% | 0.398 |
PRRSV and M. hyorhinis | 26 | 191 | 14% | 0.092 |
M. hyorhinis and P. multocida | 25 | 193 | 13% | 0.378 |
M. hyorhinis and G. parasuis | 24 | 212 | 11% | 0.509 |
PCV2 and P. multocida | 24 | 242 | 10% | 0.856 |
PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae | 24 | 265 | 9% | 0.397 |
M. hyopneumoniae and M. hyorhinis | 23 | 218 | 11% | 0.004 |
PCV2 and A. pleuropneumoniae | 21 | 272 | 8% | 0.002 |
G. parasuis and S. suis | 18 | 634 | 3% | 0.793 |
PRRSV and G. parasuis | 15 | 373 | 4% | 0.562 |
A. pleuropneumoniae and S. suis | 14 | 634 | 2% | 0.017 |
PRRSV and B. bronchiseptica | 12 | 347 | 3% | 0.667 |
PCV2 and B. bronchiseptica | 11 | 242 | 5% | 0.412 |
M. hyopneumoniae and B. bronchiseptica | 11 | 330 | 3% | 0.464 |
M. hyorhinis and B. bronchiseptica | 11 | 193 | 6% | 0.696 |
A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida | 11 | 634 | 2% | 0.048 |
B. bronchiseptica and S. suis | 11 | 634 | 2% | 0.009 |
PCV2 and G. parasuis | 9 | 264 | 3% | 0.144 |
PRRSV and IAV | 8 | 364 | 2% | 0.727 |
IAV and S. suis | 8 | 185 | 4% | 0.724 |
M. hyopneumoniae and G. parasuis | 8 | 358 | 4% | 0.273 |
G. parasuis and P. multocida | 8 | 634 | 1% | 0.079 |
IAV and M. hyorhinis | 7 | 109 | 6% | 0.861 |
IAV and PCV2 | 5 | 149 | 3% | 0.811 |
IAV and P. multocida | 4 | 185 | 2% | 0.502 |
P. multocida and B. bronchiseptica | 4 | 634 | 1% | <0.001 |
IAV and M. hyopneumoniae | 3 | 291 | 1% | 0.681 |
IAV and G. parasuis | 2 | 194 | 2% | 0.704 |
IAV and A. pleuropneumoniae | 2 | 213 | 1% | 0.800 |
M. hyopneumoniae and A. pleuropneumoniae | 2 | 398 | 1% | <0.001 |
M. hyorhinis and A. pleuropneumoniae | 2 | 209 | 1% | 0.038 |
A. pleuropneumoniae and B. bronchiseptica | 2 | 634 | 0% | 0.019 |
G. parasuis and B. bronchiseptica | 2 | 634 | 0% | 0.079 |
A. pleuropneumoniae and G. parasuis | 1 | 649 | 0% | 0.014 |
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Renzhammer, R.; Auer, A.; Loncaric, I.; Entenfellner, A.; Dimmel, K.; Walk, K.; Rümenapf, T.; Spergser, J.; Ladinig, A. Retrospective Analysis of the Detection of Pathogens Associated with the Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex in Routine Diagnostic Samples from Austrian Swine Stocks. Vet. Sci. 2023, 10, 601. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10100601
Renzhammer R, Auer A, Loncaric I, Entenfellner A, Dimmel K, Walk K, Rümenapf T, Spergser J, Ladinig A. Retrospective Analysis of the Detection of Pathogens Associated with the Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex in Routine Diagnostic Samples from Austrian Swine Stocks. Veterinary Sciences. 2023; 10(10):601. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10100601
Chicago/Turabian StyleRenzhammer, René, Angelika Auer, Igor Loncaric, Annabell Entenfellner, Katharina Dimmel, Karin Walk, Till Rümenapf, Joachim Spergser, and Andrea Ladinig. 2023. "Retrospective Analysis of the Detection of Pathogens Associated with the Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex in Routine Diagnostic Samples from Austrian Swine Stocks" Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 10: 601. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10100601