Veterinary Sciences

21 pages, 7648 KB

Open AccessArticle

Selenoprotein M Protects Intestinal Health in Nickel-Exposed Mice: Implications for Animal Welfare Under Heavy Metal Stress

by Qiaohan Liu, Kaixuan Zhang, Hongxue Yang, Xuehan Jiang, Yi Fang, Jingzeng Cai and Ziwei Zhang

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 955; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100955 (registering DOI) - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Nickel (Ni) is a heavy metal element and environmental pollutant that significantly threatens human health. Selenoprotein M (SelM) is a selenium-containing protein with antioxidant properties. However, the role of SelM deficiency in Ni -induced colonic tissue damage in mice remains unclear. To address [...] Read more.

Nickel (Ni) is a heavy metal element and environmental pollutant that significantly threatens human health. Selenoprotein M (SelM) is a selenium-containing protein with antioxidant properties. However, the role of SelM deficiency in Ni -induced colonic tissue damage in mice remains unclear. To address this, in vivo and in vitro models were established, including SelM knockout (SelM^(−/−)) and/or nickel chloride (NiCl₂)-treated mice. In vitro, an MCEC model was used to establish Ni exposure and SelM knockdown conditions. The results showed that NiCl₂ induced significant inflammatory cell infiltration and lesions in the microstructure of the mouse colon. Additionally, Ni exposure was found to enhance the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mice’s colonic tissue, activating oxidative stress, which in turn led to the formation of autophagosomes and the onset of inflammation. Significantly, SelM knockout exacerbated these outcomes. The oxidative stress inhibitor NAC and the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA were introduced to elucidate the underlying mechanisms further. The results showed that autophagy was reduced following NAC treatment, and inflammation was alleviated after 3-MA administration. Taken together, these findings suggest that SelM alleviated Ni -induced colonic inflammation in mice through suppression of oxidative stress-mediated excessive autophagy. Full article

14 pages, 4152 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Oxygen Tension Modification During Oocyte Maturation on Porcine Oocyte Quality

by Yuki Inoue, Saki Akano, Yuya Suzuki, Kota Ushiroshoji, Asuka Kamio, Koumei Shirasuna and Hisataka Iwata

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 954; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100954 - 3 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of high (atmospheric) and low (5% O₂) oxygen tension, as well as a combination of the two, on oocyte metabolism and quality during maturation. Cumulus cell–oocyte complexes collected from gilt ovaries were used for in vitro [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of high (atmospheric) and low (5% O₂) oxygen tension, as well as a combination of the two, on oocyte metabolism and quality during maturation. Cumulus cell–oocyte complexes collected from gilt ovaries were used for in vitro maturation. In addition, RNA-seq was conducted on the cumulus cells. Low oxygen tension throughout oocyte maturation did not alter the developmental rate to the blastocyst stage; however, it increased oocyte ATP and lipid content while reducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial membrane potential. Low-oxygen conditions increased glucose consumption but reduced mitochondrial DNA copy number and mitochondrial protein in cumulus cells. RNA-seq of cumulus cells revealed that low oxygen tension reduced mitochondrial activity and increased glycolysis, with the upregulation of glycolytic genes and downregulation of oxidative phosphorylation and steroidogenesis-related genes. In addition, a two-step oxygen protocol with low (5%) for the first period (0–21 h) and high (20%) for the last half period (21–44 h) increased the ATP and lipid content in oocytes and improved the embryonic developmental ability of the oocytes compared to the high-oxygen group. In conclusion, low oxygen tension during the first part of the maturation period is beneficial for oocyte quality, considering the observed metabolic changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics)

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15 pages, 295 KB

Open AccessArticle

Supplementing Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) Oil in Laying Hen Diets: Influences on Production Performance, Egg Quality and Fatty Acid Profile

by Nguyen Cong Oanh, Cu Thi Thien Thu, Jean-Luc Hornick and Don Viet Nguyen

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 953; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100953 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) in animal-derived foods are increasingly important for human health. Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.), rich in n-3 PUFA, is a promising feedstuff for producing n-3 PUFA-enriched animal products. However, research on dietary Sacha inchi oil [...] Read more.

The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) in animal-derived foods are increasingly important for human health. Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.), rich in n-3 PUFA, is a promising feedstuff for producing n-3 PUFA-enriched animal products. However, research on dietary Sacha inchi oil (SIO) supplementation in laying hens remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of SIO on production performance, egg quality, and yolk fatty acid (FA) composition in laying hens. A total of 192 hybrid hens [(♂ White Leghorn × ♀ Egyptian Fayoumi); initial body weight: 1910 ± 22.14 g; age: 25 weeks old] were randomly assigned one of the four diets: a basal diet (CONT), and three tested diets based on CONT with the addition of 1.5%, 3.0%, and 4.5% SIO (as-feed basis) (SI15, SI30, and SI45, respectively). Each dietary treatment included 48 hens housed in 12 battery cages for 56 days with 4 birds per cage. Increasing dietary SIO levels significantly reduced average daily feed intake (p < 0.05). Egg yolk weight linearly increased (p < 0.05) with higher SIO inclusion, while other egg quality traits were unaffected. SIO supplementation significantly increased (p = 0.001) yolk n-3 PUFA level (from 0.79% to 8.29% on day 28, and from 0.87% to 9.13% on day 56) and substantially reduced the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio by about nine-fold on both 28 and 56 days. In conclusion, SIO is a promising n-3 PUFA-rich feed ingredient for egg production. Adding 3.0–4.5% SIO in laying hen diets can enhance egg yolk weight and n-3 PUFA level while reducing feed intake without negatively affecting egg production or quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation of Feeds and Additives on Metabolic or Metabolomic Research on Animal Production)

12 pages, 531 KB

Open AccessArticle

First Report on Cardiac Troponin T Detection in Canine Amniotic Fluid

by Elisa Giussani, Alessandro Pecile, Andrea Pasquale Del Carro, Valerio Bronzo, Silvia Michela Mazzola and Debora Groppetti

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 952; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100952 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

Complications during pregnancy and parturition can lead to foetal hypoxia, which may be responsible for cardiac ischemia and the subsequent release of troponin from cardiac muscles into the amniotic fluid (AF) and bloodstream. So far, cardiac troponin T (cTnT) has only been measured [...] Read more.

Complications during pregnancy and parturition can lead to foetal hypoxia, which may be responsible for cardiac ischemia and the subsequent release of troponin from cardiac muscles into the amniotic fluid (AF) and bloodstream. So far, cardiac troponin T (cTnT) has only been measured in the blood samples of adult dogs, while no data on its presence and relevance in AF are available. This study aimed to determine whether cTnT can be detected in canine AF collected at birth. Furthermore, a possible correlation between amniotic cTnT concentration and maternal and neonatal outcomes was explored. For this purpose, 40 AF samples were collected from 14 bitches at the time of delivery. A commercially available ELISA kit was used for the analysis of canine cTnT in biological fluids. Cardiac troponin T was detected in all amniotic specimens with concentrations ranging from 74.1 to 318 ng/L (191.6 ± 66.4 ng/L). The dams’ morphotype, age, and weight, as well as the type of parturition (elective vs. emergency C-section) and the expulsion time of puppies, were significantly associated with amniotic cTnT concentrations. Although amniotic cTnT warrants further investigation to fully understand its clinical role in canine neonatology, these results suggest a promising and valuable contribution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics)

12 pages, 4088 KB

Open AccessArticle

AGXT-Driven Bile Acid Dysregulation Triggers Viral Gout in Astrovirus-Infected Jiangnan White Geese

by Suyu Fan, Xuming Hu, Wenxian Chai, Xiaoyu Shan, Yingjie Gu, Huangjun Shen, Guangzhong Peng, Wenming Zhao, Guohong Chen and Qi Xu

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 951; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100951 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

Goose astrovirus (GAstV) infection has emerged as a prevalent cause of urate deposition and viral gout in major goose farming across China, leading to high mortality and substantial economic losses. However, the molecular mechanisms linking GAstV to gout pathogenesis remain elusive. Here, a [...] Read more.

Goose astrovirus (GAstV) infection has emerged as a prevalent cause of urate deposition and viral gout in major goose farming across China, leading to high mortality and substantial economic losses. However, the molecular mechanisms linking GAstV to gout pathogenesis remain elusive. Here, a total of 10 five-day-old Jiangnan white goslings were selected, and tissue damage and kidney gene expression profiles were investigated. The results showed multi-organ damage in GAstV-infected gosling, including kidney, liver, spleen, and lung. Also, 342 differentially expressed genes were identified in infected kidney tissues after 10 days post-infection using transcriptomic sequencing, including 185 upregulated and 157 downregulated genes. In addition, gene set enrichment analysis revealed significant positive correlations between GAstV infection and bile acid metabolism and fatty acid metabolism pathways. Notably, bile acid metabolism was implicated in uric acid regulation and gout progression. Protein–protein interaction network analysis identified AGXT as a central hub gene within the bile acid metabolic pathway, with key upregulated interactors including PIPOX, ALDH1A1, and CAT. AGXT, a critical enzyme in glyoxylate detoxification, directly modulates uric acid biosynthesis. Our findings propose that GAstV-induced activation of bile acid metabolism, particularly AGXT upregulation, drives hyperuricemia and subsequent gout pathology. This study elucidates a novel mechanism of GAstV-associated metabolic dysregulation and provides actionable genetic targets for antiviral breeding strategies in waterfowl. Full article

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18 pages, 1390 KB

Open AccessArticle

Standardized Artemisia annua Exhibits Dual Antileishmanial Activity and Immunomodulatory Potential In Vitro

by Estefania Morua, Laura Cuyas, Carlos J. Bethencourt-Estrella, Atteneri López-Arencibia, Maria Garrido Martínez, Ana Sañudo Otero, Jacob Lorenzo-Morales, José E. Piñero, Anabel Yetano Cunchillos, Raquel Virto Resano and Luis Matías-Hernández

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 950; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100950 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania spp., transmitted by sandflies, and endemic in 98 countries. Leishmania infantum, the main agent of visceral leishmaniasis in Europe, commonly infects both humans and animals, with dogs as the principal domestic reservoir. Clinical manifestations [...] Read more.

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania spp., transmitted by sandflies, and endemic in 98 countries. Leishmania infantum, the main agent of visceral leishmaniasis in Europe, commonly infects both humans and animals, with dogs as the principal domestic reservoir. Clinical manifestations in dogs depend on the host immune response. A robust Th1 response facilitates macrophage activation and parasite control, while persistently elevated TNF-α and IL-6 can lead to chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Current treatments reduce parasite load but rarely achieve complete cure and are often associated with relapses and resistance. Artemisia annua, source of artemisinin, could be a promising alternative to canine leishmaniasis. Despite its potential, no published studies have investigated its effect specifically against Leishmania infantum as well as its possible dual action: antiparasitic and immunomodulation. We conducted in vitro evaluations of a standardized Artemisia annua extract. Leishmanicidal activity was assessed against both promastigote and amastigote stages, and cytokine modulation was evaluated in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The extract showed strong leishmanicidal activity without cytotoxicity and significantly reduced TNF-α and IL-6 levels under inflammatory conditions, and in both cases, efficiency was correlated with artemisinin content. These results support Artemisia annua as a promising safer therapeutic adjuvant candidate for canine leishmaniasis, targeting both the parasite and the host inflammatory response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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12 pages, 383 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sonographic Assessment of Hyperechoic Vertical Artifact Characteristics in Lung Ultrasound Using Microconvex, Phased Array, and Linear Transducers

by Michał Gajewski, Katarzyna Kraszewska, Kris Gommeren and Søren Boysen

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 949; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100949 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

Hyperechoic vertical artifacts are an essential feature of lung ultrasound (LUS) arising from various pathological states. Those that meet the criteria for B-lines have the most significant diagnostic value and should be differentiated from other hyperechoic vertical artifacts of unspecified clinical importance. Although [...] Read more.

Hyperechoic vertical artifacts are an essential feature of lung ultrasound (LUS) arising from various pathological states. Those that meet the criteria for B-lines have the most significant diagnostic value and should be differentiated from other hyperechoic vertical artifacts of unspecified clinical importance. Although numerous studies have assessed the impacts of transducer type on the appearance of B-lines in human medicine, comparative studies in veterinary medicine are limited and conflicting. This study compares three transducer types for the assessment of hyperechoic vertical artifacts in dogs. We hypothesize that there is high-level reviewer agreement in the assessment of HVA image quality and characteristics, and that the image quality/characteristics differ between the three transducers. Dogs (n = 8) with HVAs and sonographic absence of lung consolidations, pleural effusion, and/or pneumothorax were enrolled. Twenty-four cine-loops (5 s) containing HVAs were retrospectively and independently reviewed by two reviewers, who were blinded to the case details but not transducer type. The reviewers assessed the cine-loops for the following: whether HVAs meet the B-line criteria, ease of counting HVAs, and overall image quality. Paired cine-loops from the same patient using different transducers were then presented for HVA quality comparison. Inter-rater concordance was determined using the Kappa coefficient, Kendall’s tau, and Pearson correlation coefficient, while characteristics were compared using chi-square and Kruskal–Wallis tests (level of significance, α = 0.05). The overall concordance of image quality was good (Pearson’s coefficient = 0.82). The PA transducer scored lower in image quality (p < 0.001), HVA blending (p = 0.014), graininess (p < 0.001), and clarity of edges (p < 0.001) when compared with the microconvex and linear transducers, and the identification of B-line criteria differed between transducers (p = 0.024). Furthermore, the PA scored lowest in the comparison of paired cine-loops regarding the image and HVA quality (p < 0.001). Although more HVAs failed to reach the far field with the linear transducer (10/16, 62.5%) compared with the microconvex (8/16, 50%) and PA (3/16, 18.5%) transducers, the linear transducer scored higher than the microconvex and PA transducers regarding its ability to count B-lines (p < 0.001). This study demonstrates that the type of transducer significantly impacts the characteristics of HVAs, with the PA transducer producing lower-quality images compared with the microconvex and linear transducers. Full article

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13 pages, 887 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Characterization of the Hemagglutinin Gene of Morbillivirus Canis in Domestic Dogs from the Mid-Western Area of Brazil

by Mayara Lima Kavasaki, Aneliza de Oliveira Souza, Amanda Noeli da Silva Campos, Isis Indaiara Gonçalves Granjeiro Taques, Rachel Vieira Paes de Barros, Sofia de Souza Pereira Gomes, Nathalia Assis Pereira, Tayane Bruna Soares Magalhães, Edson Viana Massoli Junior, Lucas Avelino D. Pavelegini, Luiz Donizete Campeiro Junior, Bruno Gomes de Castro, Michele Lunardi and Daniel Moura de Aguiar

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 948; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100948 - 30 Sep 2025

Abstract

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a serious and often fatal disease caused by Morbillivirus canis, which affects domestic dogs and wild carnivores, with case-fatality rates reaching up to 47%. The hemagglutinin (H) protein mediates viral adsorption and shows high genetic variability, making [...] Read more.

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a serious and often fatal disease caused by Morbillivirus canis, which affects domestic dogs and wild carnivores, with case-fatality rates reaching up to 47%. The hemagglutinin (H) protein mediates viral adsorption and shows high genetic variability, making it a valuable molecular marker. This study aimed to detect and characterize the H gene of CDV strains from 14 dogs with fatal neurological disease in the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Rondônia. Brain tissue was tested via RT-PCR for the nucleocapsid gene, and positive samples were amplified for the H gene. Ten complete H-gene sequences were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two distinct clusters within the South America I/Europe lineage: one related to strains from Uruguay and Argentina (with residues 530G/549Y) and another related to Brazilian strains (530S/549Y). One sequence (MT8) showed an intermediate position in the haplotype network but clustered phylogenetically with Uruguay/Argentina-related strains. Most sequences carried 530S/549Y, a pattern linked to altered SLAM receptor usage in wildlife. These findings demonstrate the co-circulation of two CDV clusters in Central–Western Brazil, their regional and international genetic connectivity, and amino acid substitutions potentially influencing host adaptation and antigenicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

10 pages, 845 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of In Vitro Inhibitory Activity of Extracts of Garlic, Ginger, and Onion Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Milk of Dairy Cows

by Hoang Thi Anh Phuong, Cara Robison and Pamela Lynn Ruegg

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 947; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100947 - 30 Sep 2025

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify the potential inhibitory effects of extracts of garlic, ginger, and onion on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, which had been previously isolated from milk of dairy cows with mastitis. Garlic, ginger, and onions were [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to identify the potential inhibitory effects of extracts of garlic, ginger, and onion on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, which had been previously isolated from milk of dairy cows with mastitis. Garlic, ginger, and onions were crudely pressed, and the extracts were filtered and tested for their ability to inhibit bacterial growth at a wide range of concentrations, from undiluted to 1:512 (2⁻⁹). Their inhibitory properties were compared to positive controls containing ampicillin and ceftiofur, and negative controls containing only the nutrient medium and bacteria. Each plate contained quality control organisms E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 25923. The colorimetric microdilution method with resazurin as an indicator of bacterial growth was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations. In addition, the minimum bactericidal concentrations of the extracts were assessed. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of garlic extracts were 1.56 µL/mL and 3.12 µL/mL for E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentrations of garlic extract against E. coli and S. aureus were 12.5 and 25 µL/mL, respectively. For both ginger and onion, no inhibition was detected at the full concentration of the extracts, but garlic extract demonstrated in vitro inhibition against both E. coli and S. aureus. Future studies should evaluate the ability of garlic extracts to achieve an inhibitory concentration in milk and explore its potential activity in naturally infected mammary glands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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13 pages, 1650 KB

Open AccessArticle

4D-DIA Proteomic Analysis of IPEC-J2 Cells Infected with Porcine Group A Rotavirus G9P[23] Strain

by Zhendong Zhang, Yubo Li, Xingyu Zhou, Duo Li, Muyao Li, Xueyang Wang, Qinghai Ren and Xiaowen Li

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 946; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100946 - 30 Sep 2025

Abstract

Porcine rotavirus (PoRV) is one of the most devastating enteric pathogens causing gastroenteritis in pigs, particularly the sudden occurrence in recent years in China. To elucidate host–pathogen interactions and molecular mechanisms underlying PoRV pathogenesis, four-dimensional (4D) data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomic (4D-DIA) analysis was [...] Read more.

Porcine rotavirus (PoRV) is one of the most devastating enteric pathogens causing gastroenteritis in pigs, particularly the sudden occurrence in recent years in China. To elucidate host–pathogen interactions and molecular mechanisms underlying PoRV pathogenesis, four-dimensional (4D) data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomic (4D-DIA) analysis was performed to comprehensively quantify the differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) in PoRV-infected IPEC-J2 cells. A total of 8725 cellular proteins were identified with 279 more abundant and 356 down abundant proteins. A Western blot showed that the abundance of SA100A8, DAPK2, and FTL were in accordance with the acquired proteomic data using 4D-DIA analysis. Bioinformatics analyses of GO and KEGG demonstrated that various DAPs are involved in crucial biological processes and signaling pathways, such as immune response, signal transduction, metabolic pathways, autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Notably, inflammatory features of host response upon PoRV infection were highlighted, with RT-qPCR confirming the significant upregulation of IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, STAT1, and IRF9 transcript levels during infection. Altogether, our preliminary findings advance our understanding of PoRV pathogenesis and may shed light on identifying potential targets for the prevention and control of PoRV-associated gastroenteritis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Innovative Approaches in Veterinary Health)

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8 pages, 1889 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Characterization of a Highly Toxigenic Clostridium tetani Strain from a Calf’s Castration Site

by Chie Shitada, Mayu Ohira, Mika Sekiguchi, Tomoko Koda, Motohide Takahashi and Makoto Kuroda

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 945; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100945 - 30 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background: This case report describes a calf that underwent castration at a Japanese livestock farm and subsequently died after developing clinical signs of tetanus, including muscle rigidity and difficulty standing. Methods: A postmortem examination was performed, focusing on indurated lesions at the castration [...] Read more.

Background: This case report describes a calf that underwent castration at a Japanese livestock farm and subsequently died after developing clinical signs of tetanus, including muscle rigidity and difficulty standing. Methods: A postmortem examination was performed, focusing on indurated lesions at the castration site, which were subjected to bacteriological and genetic analyses. Results: Clostridium tetani strain OPLHC-2022-Y645 was isolated from the purulent lesion. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a close genetic relationship to strain KHSU-254310-026, which belongs to the high toxin-producing lineage Clade 1-3 previously reported in Japan. Immunoassays demonstrated that OPLHC-2022-Y645 exhibited the highest tetanus toxin production among isolates tested to date. Conclusions: Whole-genome sequencing and immunoassay findings suggest that the rapid progression of tetanus in this calf could be associated with the strong toxin-producing capacity of the OPLHC-2022-Y645 strain. Full article

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15 pages, 1401 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence, Phylogenetic Distribution, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Genetic Relatedness of Extraintestinal Pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) Strains Isolated from Beef Cattle and Slaughterhouse Environment

by Resat Ciftci and Husnu Sahan Guran

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 944; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100944 - 30 Sep 2025

Abstract

Escherichia coli is a commensal bacterium found in the gastrointestinal tracts of animals, and they might serve as a vehicle for transmitting extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) to the environment and human. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, phylogenetic distribution, antimicrobial resistance, [...] Read more.

Escherichia coli is a commensal bacterium found in the gastrointestinal tracts of animals, and they might serve as a vehicle for transmitting extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) to the environment and human. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, phylogenetic distribution, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic relatedness of ExPEC in beef cattle, slaughterhouse environment, and workers involved in the evisceration process during slaughter. A total of 447 samples were collected from two slaughterhouses located in the Diyarbakir and Batman cities of the Southeast Anatolia Region of Turkiye. The samples included swabs from beef carcasses (n = 133), rectal samples (n = 133), hides (n = 133), knives (n = 18), holding pens (n = 12), water (n = 6), and workers’ hands (n = 12). The samples were analyzed for the presence of ExPEC, and then isolates were screened for antimicrobial susceptibility, phylogenetic groups, and genetic relatedness. A total of 36 out of 447 samples were confirmed to be ExPEC-positive, yielding a prevalence rate of 8.80%. The contamination rates for carcasses, hides, rectal, knives, holding pens, water, and workers’ hands were 10.5%, 6.06%, 6.5%, 5.5%, 8.3%, 0%, and 25%, respectively. The ExPEC isolates were classified into phylogroups D (38.8%), B1 (25.0%), B2 (25.0%), and A (5.5%). Of the isolates, 55.55% (20/36) exhibited resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent from three or more, with the highest resistance observed against ampicillin (61.1%). ERIC-PCR analysis revealed that 35 of the isolates formed 19 distinct clusters, indicating a high level of genetic diversity among the ExPEC isolates. The results of this study demonstrate that beef cattle, the slaughterhouse environment, and workers’ hands can serve as sources of ExPEC contamination. Full article

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25 pages, 3023 KB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Reasoning About Timely Euthanasia of Compromised Pigs

by Julia Kschonek, Tristan Winkelmann, Lothar Kreienbrock and Elisabeth grosse Beilage

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 943; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100943 - 29 Sep 2025

Abstract

In traditional livestock care, veterinarians often face situations where they have to determine the optimal time for euthanasia to prevent unnecessary suffering and pain. To improve timely euthanasia, this article focuses on the process of decision-making from a clinical reasoning perspective. The analysis [...] Read more.

In traditional livestock care, veterinarians often face situations where they have to determine the optimal time for euthanasia to prevent unnecessary suffering and pain. To improve timely euthanasia, this article focuses on the process of decision-making from a clinical reasoning perspective. The analysis aimed to identify typical steps of reasoning and explore the interdependencies between reported symptoms. For this means, decision-making reports from an online survey and in-depth interviews were assessed by an exploratory, sequential mixed-method content analysis. A key component of the approach involved generating a network analysis in Gephi to visualize the central symptoms associated with reasoning about euthanasia. The results also present a seven-step model of reasoning that can be used to innovate training concepts. Beyond practical applications, the findings have implications for theoretical considerations. Notably, the results suggest that euthanasia is more accurately conceptualized as a “script” rather than a simple “action”, highlighting the need for further exploration from the perspective of cognitive psychology. Full article

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10 pages, 480 KB

Open AccessArticle

Low Seroprevalence of Bovine Brucellosis in Communal Areas of Limpopo Province, South Africa

by Karabelo Madiba, Nomakorinte Gcebe, Carin Boshoff, Mohamed Sirdar, Ngoako Ramaselela and Tiny Hlokwe

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 942; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100942 - 29 Sep 2025

Abstract

Brucellosis is caused by Gram-negative coccobacilli of the Brucella genus, with cattle mainly infected with Brucella abortus. The disease burden is a threat to socioeconomic development (agriculture/tourism) as well as to animal health, biodiversity and to human health due to the zoonotic [...] Read more.

Brucellosis is caused by Gram-negative coccobacilli of the Brucella genus, with cattle mainly infected with Brucella abortus. The disease burden is a threat to socioeconomic development (agriculture/tourism) as well as to animal health, biodiversity and to human health due to the zoonotic nature of this pathogen. In South Africa (S.A), the prevalence of the disease in cattle and livestock in general is mostly unknown in communal farms. A cross-sectional study with a multistage sampling strategy was applied in communal areas from three district municipalities, i.e., Mopani, Capricorn and Sekhukhune of Limpopo province, South Africa. Sera (n = 1133) were collected and screened for antibodies against the Brucella species using the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and confirmation of positive reactors with a Complement Fixation Test (CFT). The brucellosis seroprevalence was found to be 0.79% (95% CI: 0.38–1.45) by a CFT. Univariate analysis indicated that only the frequency of birth was significantly associated with CFT positivity (OR = 20; 95% Cl: 1.61–247.99; p = 0.039). The multivariable logistic regression model revealed that the frequency of birth, age, breed, gender, municipality and district were not statistically significant predictors at 0.05 level. However, some variables like cattle aged more than five years, had higher odds of CFT positivity compared to those younger than five years (OR = 5.66; 95% CI: 0.36–87.97), although the association was not statistically significant (p = 0.215). All positive reactors detected originated from the Mopani district municipality. Overall, the findings reveal a much lower seroprevalence of brucellosis in the communal farms of Limpopo province than previously assumed. We are of the opinion that the low seroprevalence is attributed to effective control strategies implemented by the Limpopo provincial veterinary services and hence provide important information to assist the regulatory bodies in the control and eradication of the disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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14 pages, 4360 KB

Open AccessArticle

Powerflow Doppler Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Mares with and Without Endometritis

by Camila Silva Costa Ferreira, Aline Emerim Pinna, Isadora Pires Ferreira dos Santos, Maria Clara Rangel Dias, Natália Sales Leal dos Santos, Samanta da Silva Bragueroli, Petruska Montezuma Quintino, Giovanna Brito Almeida, Bruno de Araújo Penna, Elisabeth Martins da Silva da Rocha, Guilherme Nunes de Souza, Celso Guimarães Barbosa, Vera Lucia Teixeira de Jesus and Julio César Ferraz Jacob

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 941; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100941 - 28 Sep 2025

Abstract

There are no reports on the application of Powerflow mode Doppler ultrasound (US) in the diagnosis of endometritis when evaluating mares with or without endometritis. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the blood flow of the uterine segments by Powerflow mode Doppler US, [...] Read more.

There are no reports on the application of Powerflow mode Doppler ultrasound (US) in the diagnosis of endometritis when evaluating mares with or without endometritis. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the blood flow of the uterine segments by Powerflow mode Doppler US, relating it to the days of the estrous cycle of mares with endometritis. The mares were separated into three groups: CG—control group with mares without endometritis; GES—group of mares with subclinical endometritis; and GEC—group of mares with clinical endometritis. With ovulation induction, the mares were monitored by transrectal B-mode US and Powerflow mode Doppler US of the uterine segments. The examinations were performed daily until the next ovulation. The subjective evaluation, performed by Powerflow mode Doppler ultrasound, proved to be efficient in detecting mares with clinical endometritis examined on days 1, 9, and 10 of the estrous cycle (p < 0.0001). It was found that subjective and objective evaluation of pixel quantity and intensity showed a significant, positive, and moderate correlation with ρ = 0.51 and ρ = 0.51, respectively (p < 0.0001). Thus, it is concluded that Powerflow Doppler ultrasound can be used to detect mares with clinical endometritis. Full article

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14 pages, 283 KB

Open AccessArticle

Veterinarians’ Perspectives on the Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Dashboard: A Survey of Needs and Preferences to Inform Development

by Abraham Joseph Pellissery, Thomas Denagamage, Maura Pedersen and Subhashinie Kariyawasam

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 940; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100940 - 28 Sep 2025

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global threat to human and animal health, necessitating robust surveillance and stewardship tools. While existing systems address aspects of veterinary AMR, a comprehensive, user-centric dashboard for U.S. veterinarians remains a critical unmet need. This study aimed to [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global threat to human and animal health, necessitating robust surveillance and stewardship tools. While existing systems address aspects of veterinary AMR, a comprehensive, user-centric dashboard for U.S. veterinarians remains a critical unmet need. This study aimed to identify U.S. veterinarians’ preferences and perceived needs for such a dashboard, to help guide its design and development. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between January and March 2024, targeting U.S. veterinarians through professional channels. The survey instrument captured demographics, experiences with existing tools, preferences for data types and visualizations, desired technical specifications, and open-ended feedback. Of the 677 respondents, a near-unanimous consensus (over 75%) emerged on the importance of functionalities like antimicrobial stewardship education, off-label use guidance, surveillance data, and empirical treatment support. Over 70% expressed comfort sharing aggregated geographic and de-identified animal data. A strong preference was observed for making the dashboard accessible by veterinary colleges (78.87%), diagnostic laboratories (72.61%), and federal agencies (USDA: 71.47%, CDC: 66.67%, FDA: 62.11%), indicating a desire for a collaborative, authoritative system. The findings provide a robust foundation for developing a U.S. veterinary AMR dashboard. Future phases should adopt an iterative, user-centered design, incorporating qualitative research with diverse stakeholders and piloting a prototype with preferred institutional partners. This approach will ensure a trusted, sustainable tool that effectively translates surveillance data into actionable insights for improved animal and public health. Full article

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27 pages, 771 KB

Open AccessArticle

Attitudes Towards Animals and Calf Disbudding Techniques: A Mixed Methods Study Using the Animal Attitude Scale (AAS-10)

by Andrea D. Calix, Pablo Lamino, Howard Rodríguez-Mori, Arlene Garcia and Elpida Artemiou

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 939; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100939 - 28 Sep 2025

Abstract

Calf disbudding is a routine practice in the dairy industry to prevent horn growth and reduce the risk of injury to animals and handlers. However, growing public concern about animal welfare has raised questions about the acceptability of common disbudding methods. This study [...] Read more.

Calf disbudding is a routine practice in the dairy industry to prevent horn growth and reduce the risk of injury to animals and handlers. However, growing public concern about animal welfare has raised questions about the acceptability of common disbudding methods. This study explored public perceptions of caustic paste and hot-iron disbudding using a mixed methods approach. Quantitative survey analyses captured measurable trends while iterative qualitative analysis explored the underlying reasons behind participant’s attitudes. A convenience sample with a total of 511 Texas resident participants completed a 44-item online survey that included demographic questions, the Animal Attitude Scale (AAS-10), and image-based evaluations of the two techniques. Quantitative analysis using factor analysis and multiple regression revealed that concern for animal welfare and justification for animal use were the most significant predictors (p < 0.001) of method acceptability, with caustic paste generally viewed as more humane. Qualitative responses reinforced these results, identifying themes of animal suffering, ethical concerns, and a widespread lack of public knowledge. While caustic paste was preferred, skepticism toward hot-iron disbudding was more pronounced among low-income participants. Nonetheless, when properly performed with pain control, hot-iron disbudding is often considered a more controlled and welfare-conscious method due to faster healing times and reduced risk of injury to other animals from paste exposure. These findings underscore the need for consumer education and transparent communication from the dairy industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Clinical Communication in Veterinary Medicine: Research and Practical Applications)

16 pages, 509 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Systematic Review of the Sedative, Behavioral, Analgesic and Cardiovascular Effects of Gabapentin in Cats

by Marianna Virginia Laguardia, Martina Polvere, Claudia Piemontese, Floriana Gernone and Francesco Staffieri

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 938; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100938 - 28 Sep 2025

Abstract

Gabapentin is a drug frequently used in veterinary medicine because of its recognized analgesic, sedative, and behavioral properties. In recent years, its use has become particularly important in feline medicine. The clinical examination of a cat can be challenging due to various factors, [...] Read more.

Gabapentin is a drug frequently used in veterinary medicine because of its recognized analgesic, sedative, and behavioral properties. In recent years, its use has become particularly important in feline medicine. The clinical examination of a cat can be challenging due to various factors, such as patient compliance or inadequate handling techniques employed by veterinary staff, which can lead to fear-based aggressive behavior in cats. A systematic review based on the PRISMA statement was conducted from March to September 2024. Out of 543 articles, only 20 were included in the review. The objective of the systematic review was to describe the impact of gabapentin on sedation, anxiety, behavioral modification, pain, and cardiovascular function in feline patients during veterinary appointments. Gabapentin’s effects may be dose-dependent, though a specific dosage is not available. Administering gabapentin with wet or dry food is suggested. Furthermore, gabapentin has positive behavioral, analgesic, and sedative effects, ensuring an anxiolytic effect without altering any cardiovascular, echocardiographic, or hemodynamic aspects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)

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13 pages, 1399 KB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning Prediction of Multidrug Resistance in Swine-Derived Campylobacter spp. Using United States Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Data (2013–2023)

by Hamid Reza Sodagari, Maryam Ghasemi, Csaba Varga and Ihab Habib

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 937; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100937 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

Campylobacter spp. are leading causes of bacterial gastroenteritis globally. Swine are recognized as an important reservoir for this pathogen. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR) in Campylobacter is a global health concern. Traditional methods for detecting AMR and MDR, [...] Read more.

Campylobacter spp. are leading causes of bacterial gastroenteritis globally. Swine are recognized as an important reservoir for this pathogen. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR) in Campylobacter is a global health concern. Traditional methods for detecting AMR and MDR, such as phenotypic testing or whole-genome sequencing, are resource-intensive and time-consuming. In the present study, we developed and validated a supervised machine learning model to predict MDR status in Campylobacter isolates from swine, using publicly available phenotypic AMR data collected by NARMS from 2013 to 2023. Resistance profiles for seven antimicrobials were used as predictors, and MDR was defined as resistance to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial classes. The model was trained on 2013–2019 isolates and externally validated using isolates from 2020, 2021, and 2023. Random Forest showed the highest performance (accuracy = 99.87%, Kappa = 0.9962) among five evaluated algorithms, which achieved high balanced accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in both training and external validation. Our feature importance analysis identified erythromycin, azithromycin, and clindamycin as the most influential predictors of MDR among Campylobacter isolates from swine. Our temporally validated, interpretable model provides a robust, cost-effective tool for predicting MDR in Campylobacter spp. and supports surveillance and early detection in food animal production systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue One World, One Health: Combatting the Spread of Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens at the Human–Animal–Environment Interface)

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