Veterinary Sciences

16 pages, 5558 KB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of the Candidate Genes of Economically Important Traits in Dorper Sheep Through Whole-Genome Resequencing

by Zhihua Wang, Zhengxi Liu, Hao Sun, Chunyan Bai, Te Pi, Huihai Ma, Zhongli Zhao and Shouqing Yan

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 887; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090887 (registering DOI) - 14 Sep 2025

Abstract

Dorper sheep (DOR) are a commercially important mutton breed renowned for their high growth rate, favorable carcass composition, environmental adaptability, and natural wool shedding. In China, they are widely utilized as terminal sires to enhance growth and carcass yield in local breeds. To [...] Read more.

Dorper sheep (DOR) are a commercially important mutton breed renowned for their high growth rate, favorable carcass composition, environmental adaptability, and natural wool shedding. In China, they are widely utilized as terminal sires to enhance growth and carcass yield in local breeds. To elucidate the genetic basis of these traits, we sequenced the genomes of 20 DOR and integrated the data with whole-genome sequences from 73 individuals representing four Chinese indigenous breeds. Analyses of genetic diversity, inbreeding coefficients, and population structure revealed reduced genomic diversity, elevated inbreeding levels, and clear genetic separation for DOR from other indigenous breeds. Selective sweep scans using F_ST, pi, and XP-EHH identified candidate genes involved in five major trait categories: growth performance and development (COL2A1, DAB2IP, EPYC, TSPAN18, WNT1, CTPS1, FBXW7, INSR, S100A6, SOCS2), energy metabolism (ACSS3, ADGRE3, CPT2, GCGR, PRKAA1), fat deposition and adipocyte differentiation (EHBP1, FOXP1, KLF12, PDGFD, RALGAPA2), immune response (CXCR6, IL17RB, NFKBIZ, TMEM154), and wool traits (CERS4, MITF). These results will provide novel insights into the genomic architecture of economically important traits in DOR and support their genetic improvement through informed crossbreeding with Chinese local breeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

12 pages, 7126 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Genomic Characteristics of a Novel Recombinant Bluetongue Virus Serotype 1 in Yunnan, China

by Yunyi Chen, Shimei Luo, Nijing Lei, Zhenghao Ye, Xianping Ma, Shaoyu Yang, Huaijie Jia, Guangyu Qi, Guanghua Wang and Huashan Yi

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 886; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090886 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

Bluetongue virus belongs to the Reoviridae family, which causes morbidity in ruminants. Herein, we report the full-length genome sequence of a recombinant BTV strain of serotype 1 (YNDH/103/2013) isolated from sentinel cattle in Yunnan Province, China, in 2013. To identify and understand the [...] Read more.

Bluetongue virus belongs to the Reoviridae family, which causes morbidity in ruminants. Herein, we report the full-length genome sequence of a recombinant BTV strain of serotype 1 (YNDH/103/2013) isolated from sentinel cattle in Yunnan Province, China, in 2013. To identify and understand the characteristics of YNDH/103/2013, we screened closely related viruses using Simplot 3.5.1 software and conducted verification via phylogenetic analysis using MEGA 11.0.13 software. Phylogenetic analysis and segment examination showed that the YNDH/103/2013 strain likely originated from multiple recombination events involving prevalent strains such as Y863, NRT37/ABT/HSR, and YTS-4 in China and India. The genome of BTV-1/YNDH/103/2013 derives from at least three reassortments with these strains, showing recombination breakpoints mainly in segments 4, 6, 8, and 9. This study improves our understanding of the origin and spread of BTV-1 in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Animals)

18 pages, 904 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dexmedetomidine or Butorphanol for Co-Induction of General Anaesthesia with Propofol in Unpremedicated Healthy Dogs: Clinical and Echocardiographic Assessment

by Giuliano Ravasio, Martina Amari, Chiara Locatelli, Francesco Ferrari, Andrea Jacchetti, Valerio Bronzo and Federica Alessandra Brioschi

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 885; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090885 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

High induction doses of propofol (PPF) may cause adverse effects. Co-induction protocols can reduce doses and enhance the beneficial profile of each drug. This study compared the induction quality, clinical, and echocardiographic effects of two rapid co-inductions in healthy, unpremedicated dogs. Baseline cardiorespiratory [...] Read more.

High induction doses of propofol (PPF) may cause adverse effects. Co-induction protocols can reduce doses and enhance the beneficial profile of each drug. This study compared the induction quality, clinical, and echocardiographic effects of two rapid co-inductions in healthy, unpremedicated dogs. Baseline cardiorespiratory and echocardiographic variables were recorded. Dogs randomly received rapid intravenous PPF (2.2 mg/kg) with either dexmedetomidine (3 µg/kg) (PROPODEX; n = 12) or butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg) (PROPOBUT; n = 12). Induction quality, additional PPF dose, intubation time, cardiorespiratory parameters (2, 5, 10, 15, 20 min), and recovery quality were recorded. A second echocardiography was performed 5 min after induction. Induction quality was significantly higher in PROPODEX, with significantly lower additional PPF requirements and shorter intubation time. In PROPODEX, heart rate significantly decreased from baseline and was significantly lower than PROPOBUT, while arterial blood pressures significantly increased in PROPODEX and decreased in PROPOBUT from baseline. PROPOBUT significantly reduced left ventricular (LV) diastolic volumes and increased E/A ratio, while PROPODEX significantly increased LV systolic diameter and volumes, and significantly decreased fractional shortening. Recovery was significantly faster and better in PROPODEX. PROPOBUT preserved cardiac function but caused hypotension. PROPODEX provided superior induction and recovery quality, and cardiorespiratory stability, with only mild systolic function depression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment and Management of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia)

20 pages, 586 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Maternal Nutrition and One-Carbon Metabolite Supplementation on Fetal Jejunal Morphology and Hexose Transporter Expression in Beef Cattle

by Mojtaba Daneshi, Pawel P. Borowicz, Virginia Montgomery, Yssi L. Entzie, Jessica G. Syring, Layla E. King, Kazi Sarjana Safain, Muhammad Anas, Lawrence P. Reynolds, Alison K. Ward, Carl R. Dahlen, Matthew S. Crouse and Joel S. Caton

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 884; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090884 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

The small intestine, particularly the jejunum, is a key site for nutrient absorption and metabolic activity in mature and growing ruminants [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Maternal Nutrition on Offspring Development and Health in Ruminants)

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12 pages, 577 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Cross-Modality Diagnostic Agreement in Canine Medial Coronoid Disease in a Screening Population: Radiographs vs. CT in 424 Elbow Joints

by Yasamin Vali, Aquilino Villamonte Chevalier, Henri van Bree, Bart J. G. Broeckx and Ingrid Gielen

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 883; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090883 - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

Diagnostic imaging is a crucial non-invasive tool for evaluating canine elbow joints, particularly for screening and treatment planning of medial coronoid disease (MCD). Radiography remains the most accessible and widely used screening modality, but its diagnostic accuracy varies significantly. Sensitivity values reported in [...] Read more.

Diagnostic imaging is a crucial non-invasive tool for evaluating canine elbow joints, particularly for screening and treatment planning of medial coronoid disease (MCD). Radiography remains the most accessible and widely used screening modality, but its diagnostic accuracy varies significantly. Sensitivity values reported in previous studies vary depending on factors such as study population, imaging technique, and interpretation criteria. This study compared four measures (sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value) of radiography with a more advanced imaging method, computed tomography (CT), which provides more detailed images of bones. The results showed that radiography correctly identified 65% of the cases (17/26), while missing some of the affected joints. Furthermore, 7% of the healthy joints (29/398) were misdiagnosed as diseased, leading to a specificity of 93% (369/398). For a disease prevalence of 6% (26/424), the positive and negative predictive value of radiography were 37% (17/46) and 98% (369/378), respectively. Overall, when CT is available, it is the preferred technique for screening. In cases where it is not available, it is important to have an idea of the sensitivity and specificity, but also of the positive and negative predictive value, especially at low prevalences. These results help veterinarians make better decisions when screening for elbow problems in dogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Imaging in Veterinary Musculoskeletal Diagnosis)

23 pages, 1510 KB

Open AccessReview

Trypanosomosis by Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) vivax in Ruminants in Brazil: Epidemiology, Clinical Signs, Pathology, Diagnosis, and Control

by Franklin Riet-Correa, Rodrigo Ferreira Krüger, Jose Augusto Bastos Afonso and João Alberto Negrão

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 882; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090882 - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

In Brazil, Trypanosoma vivax was identified between 1970 and 1984 in buffalo, cattle, and sheep in northern Brazil. In the 1990s, the disease was diagnosed in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso. Currently, the disease is considered in enzootic stability in both regions. From [...] Read more.

In Brazil, Trypanosoma vivax was identified between 1970 and 1984 in buffalo, cattle, and sheep in northern Brazil. In the 1990s, the disease was diagnosed in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso. Currently, the disease is considered in enzootic stability in both regions. From 2006 to 2018, outbreaks of the disease associated with the presence of horseflies (Tabanidae) and stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) or transmitted by needle and syringe reuse were diagnosed in sheep, goats, and cattle during the rainy season in the semiarid region of Northeast Brazil, a region considered to have enzootic instability. Since 2013, numerous outbreaks have been diagnosed associated with oxytocin inoculation to induce milk letdown in dairy cows. Most outbreaks occur in cattle transported from areas of enzootic instability to areas of stability, or vice versa. Serological, parasitological, and molecular techniques have identified T. vivax in asymptomatic animals in all Brazilian regions. For disease prophylaxis, it is important not to reuse syringes and needles when administering medication and to avoid transporting animals during periods of insect abundance. It is also necessary to avoid the use of oxytocin or adopt safe injection practices, using disposable or disinfected needles and syringes only for cows with ineffective milk ejection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection of Parasitic Diseases in Livestock)

26 pages, 2114 KB

Open AccessReview

Scoping Review of Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Use and the Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Poultry Production Chain

by Zsuzsa Farkas, Orsolya Strang, Andrea Zentai, Szilveszter Csorba, Máté Farkas, András Bittsánszky, András Tóth, Miklós Süth and Ákos Jóźwiak

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 881; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090881 - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health concern, with the food production sector, particularly poultry production, playing a significant role in the spread of resistant bacteria. This study aims to identify and analyze the key factors influencing antimicrobial use (AMU) and thereby/or [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health concern, with the food production sector, particularly poultry production, playing a significant role in the spread of resistant bacteria. This study aims to identify and analyze the key factors influencing antimicrobial use (AMU) and thereby/or the spread of AMR within the poultry production chain, spanning from farm to consumer. A scoping literature review was conducted to investigate factors influencing AMU and/or the emergence and dissemination of AMR in poultry production. Knowledge synthesis was conducted from 69 relevant publications covering data from 41 countries. A total of 327 factors were identified from the various studies. Most factors (221) were related to knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) concerning farms. The other significant group, with 57 factors, involved intentional misuse or poor practices related to antimicrobials. The findings highlight the complexity of factors influencing AMR in poultry production, including financial pressures on farmers and varied training effectiveness. Integrated and tailored interventions are essential. Drug/feed sellers’ practices require stronger regulations, while economic motivations and policy gaps must be addressed. Systematic management of these interactions and further research on environmental and genetic influences are crucial for effective strategies to combat this pressing public health challenge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance and Drug Resistant Bacteria in Companion and Food Animals)

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15 pages, 2061 KB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation and Characterization of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium from Cattle: Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Genes, and Pathogenicity

by Mengyuan Cao, Fang Cao, Chenyu Wang, Xueqi Yan, Feng Dong, Shilei Zhang, Shaymaa Abousaad, Lin Yang, Ayman M. Abouzeid, Yongjie Wang and Yayin Qi

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 880; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090880 - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance, virulence gene profile, and pathogenicity of Enterococcus faecium isolated from a large-scale cattle farm in Xinjiang, China, to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of E. faecium infections in the region. Nineteen [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance, virulence gene profile, and pathogenicity of Enterococcus faecium isolated from a large-scale cattle farm in Xinjiang, China, to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of E. faecium infections in the region. Nineteen rectal swabs were aseptically collected from diarrheic calves for bacterial isolation. Isolates were identified through morphological observation, biochemical characterization, and PCR amplification. Homology analysis was conducted using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated by the disk diffusion method, and key virulence genes were detected using PCR. Pathogenicity was assessed through intraperitoneal inoculation of mice, followed by histopathological examination. Three isolates were identified as E. faecium, consistent with morphological and molecular results. Biochemical tests indicated that the strains could metabolize sucrose, maltose, lactose, melibiose, and raffinose, but not sorbitol. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that isolates SCQ3 and SCQ4 shared 99.3% homology with E. faecium strain MF678878.1, while SCQ11 showed 91% similarity to strain JP2. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicated that SCQ11 was resistant to vancomycin. PCR analysis identified the presence of multiple virulence genes, including psaA, hyp, asal, sprE, nuc, cbh, srtA, hyl, scm, and agg. In vivo pathogenicity testing demonstrated that the vancomycin-resistant strain exhibited strong virulence in mice, with gross lesions observed in the liver, spleen, and intestines. Histopathological examination confirmed varying degrees of tissue damage, particularly in the liver and spleen. All three E. faecium isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, with one strain showing vancomycin resistance and harboring a high number of virulent genes. This strain demonstrated significant pathogenicity in vivo. These findings highlight the potential public health threat posed by multidrug-resistant E. faecium in livestock and provide essential data for regional prevention and control strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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14 pages, 2655 KB

Open AccessArticle

GUCY2D-Associated Retinopathy: A Comparative Study Between Humans and German Spitz Dogs

by Bianca L. V. Guareschi, Juliana M. F. Sallum, Mariana V. Salles, João G. O. de Moraes, Mariza Bortolini, Carolyn Cray, Bret A. Moore, Carolina C. da Rosa and Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 879; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090879 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

The anatomical and physiological similarities between human and canine eyes suggest that dogs may serve as a valuable model for studying retinopathies and developing future gene therapies. This study aims to evaluate the similarities and differences between humans with GUCY2D gene variants causing [...] Read more.

The anatomical and physiological similarities between human and canine eyes suggest that dogs may serve as a valuable model for studying retinopathies and developing future gene therapies. This study aims to evaluate the similarities and differences between humans with GUCY2D gene variants causing Leber’s congenital amaurosis (LCA) and a group of German Spitz dogs with hereditary retinopathy due to variants in the same gene, to assess their potential as an animal model for gene therapy research. A review of medical records, genetic testing, and ophthalmological examinations was conducted, including data such as age, genotyping, fundus photography, visual acuity (VA), fundus autofluorescence, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and electroretinography (ERG). Both groups presented subtle fundus abnormalities and severely reduced or absent ERG responses. In humans, OCT scans revealed decreased retinal thickness and structural alterations in the outer retinal layers. Similarly, the affected dogs exhibited focal neurosensory retinal detachments. The German Spitz model with GUCY2D variants shows significant parallels in retinal structure and functional impairment and may represent a promising candidate for preclinical gene therapy studies for LCA. Full article

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17 pages, 2906 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Viremic Phase and Humoral Immune Response Against African Horse Sickness Virus That Emerged in Thailand in 2020

by Paphavee Pipitpornsirikul, Nattarat Thangthamniyom, Aree Laikul, Tapanut Songkasupa, Watcharapol Pathomsakulwong, Tawanhathai Apichaimongkonkun, Suwicha Kasemsuwan, Teerasak E-kobon and Porntippa Lekcharoensuk

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 878; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090878 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

African horse sickness (AHS), a life-threatening disease caused by African horse sickness virus serotype 1 (AHSV-1), emerged in Thailand in February 2020 with 607 cases and a 93% fatality rate. The outbreak was mitigated by vector control and a live attenuated virus (LAV) [...] Read more.

African horse sickness (AHS), a life-threatening disease caused by African horse sickness virus serotype 1 (AHSV-1), emerged in Thailand in February 2020 with 607 cases and a 93% fatality rate. The outbreak was mitigated by vector control and a live attenuated virus (LAV) vaccine. Information regarding viremia and immunity after infection and vaccination during outbreaks are essential for controlling disease transmission. This study evaluated these parameters in 15 infected naïve horses and 11 vaccinated horses during the 2020 outbreak. Whole blood was collected and subjected to RT real-time PCR to detect viremia up to 52 weeks post-infection. ASHV-specific antibodies were accessed by blocking ELISA until 37 weeks post-vaccination. In both groups, viremia appeared in the first week and lasted until week 5 in 25% of the horses. Moreover, seroconversion occurred at week 5 in 73.3% of infected horses and at week 3 in 90% of vaccinated horses. Antibodies persisted in both groups until the end of study, with more uniform levels in vaccinated animals. Chronological relations among clinical signs, viremia, and immunity were analyzed. These findings support the use of insect-proof housing for horses for at least 5 weeks after exposure or vaccination, and provide essential insights into AHSV epidemiology and control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-Emerging Viral Diseases in Animals: Molecular Insights, Diagnostic Innovations, and One Health Implications)

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11 pages, 339 KB

Open AccessArticle

Water-Soluble Vitamins (Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid) in Dogs with Chronic Liver Disease vs. Healthy Controls

by Verena Habermaass, Aurora Cogozzo, Francesco Bartoli, Valentina Vitelli, Rebecca Dini and Veronica Marchetti

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 877; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090877 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background: Water-soluble vitamin deficiencies are common in human chronic liver disease (CLD) due to impaired metabolic pathways. Vitamins B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), and B5 (pantothenic acid) assume critical roles in hepatic and lipid metabolism and may exert hepatoprotective effects. In canine CLD, data [...] Read more.

Background: Water-soluble vitamin deficiencies are common in human chronic liver disease (CLD) due to impaired metabolic pathways. Vitamins B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), and B5 (pantothenic acid) assume critical roles in hepatic and lipid metabolism and may exert hepatoprotective effects. In canine CLD, data beyond cobalamin are sparse, and no guidelines currently endorse B-vitamin supplementation. Methods: This case–control study analysed 66 stored serum samples from client-owned dogs with CLD and 50 from healthy blood-donor dogs. CLD diagnosis required persistent (>2 months) elevation of at least two liver enzymes (ALP, GGT, AST, ALT) and ultrasonographic evidence of CLD. Serum vitamin concentrations were quantified by LC-MS/MS (ng/mL). Results: Vitamin B2 was significantly lower in CLD dogs versus controls (median 48.4 vs. 85.5 ng/mL; p = 0.002). No significant difference was observed in B3 levels (p = 0.25). Vitamin B5 concentrations were significantly higher in the CLD group (median 176.5 vs. 116.1 ng/mL; p = 0.003). Conclusions: Reduced B2 may reflect impaired hepatic processing or absorption in canine CLD. The presence of normal or elevated B3 and B5 may relate to alternative metabolic pathways. This constitutes the first study assessing B2, B3, and B5 in canine CLD, underscoring riboflavin’s potential interest in CLD dogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

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11 pages, 272 KB

Open AccessArticle

Insights into the Canine Blood Donor Experience: A Multicenter Study on Physiological and Behavioral Changes

by Rebecca Dini, Chiara Agnoli, Chiara Mariti, Eleonora Gori, Kateryna Vasylyeva, Michele Tumbarello and Veronica Marchetti

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 876; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090876 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Blood donor welfare is extensively studied in humans, while limited data exist for blood donor dogs. This multicentric prospective study aimed to evaluate physiological and behavioral responses in 89 canine blood donors. Clinical parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, rectal temperature) and [...] Read more.

Blood donor welfare is extensively studied in humans, while limited data exist for blood donor dogs. This multicentric prospective study aimed to evaluate physiological and behavioral responses in 89 canine blood donors. Clinical parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, rectal temperature) and serum cortisol levels were measured before and after blood donation (BD), along with owner-reported behavioral assessments. Results showed no significant changes in cortisol concentrations pre-BD/post-BD or in most of the clinical parameters, except for rectal temperature that was significantly increased after BD [38.5 °C (38.2–39.4 °C) vs. 38.6 °C (37.6–41.7 °C), p < 0.001] suggesting a transient response likely due to physical restraint. No significant differences were found between first-time and repeat donors. Owners reported higher signs of arousal during the pre-donation phase, indicating anticipation as key to the stress response. However, more than 80% of the owners reported that their dogs behaved normally after the procedure and throughout the BD day. These findings suggest that canine whole BD is generally well tolerated and unlikely associated with systemic physiological stress. However, increased attention to the anticipatory phase, along with careful temperature monitoring, individualized restraint techniques, and optimized environmental management, may further improve canine blood donor welfare. Full article

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16 pages, 440 KB

Open AccessReview

Comparative Genetics of Canine and Human Cancers

by Richard Curtis Bird and Bruce F. Smith

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 875; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090875 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Domestic dogs develop cancer at rates similar to, or greater than, humans and suffer from cancer types that also reflect several similar common types of human disease. Canine cancers have, as a consequence, been investigated as a model of human cancer that is [...] Read more.

Domestic dogs develop cancer at rates similar to, or greater than, humans and suffer from cancer types that also reflect several similar common types of human disease. Canine cancers have, as a consequence, been investigated as a model of human cancer that is particularly attractive because it is an intermediate sized animal model with an intact immune system that develops spontaneous disease. This discipline has had extraordinary consequences for canine medicine as well, promoting the exploration of the genetics of canine cancers and the development of new therapies designed to be translated to humans but that also benefit the dogs themselves. We review the gene defects found in the most well-studied canine cancers and the new therapeutic approaches such investigations have promoted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Animal Models: From Physiology to Pathology)

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18 pages, 9567 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Evolution Analysis of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Southern Xinjiang, China, from 2023 to 2025

by Shuhua Liu, Mengzhe Hou, Xin Chen, Baihe Ma, Zhen Zhang, Meiliang Guo, Yunlai Chen and Lianrui Li

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 874; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090874 - 9 Sep 2025

Abstract

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a major pathogen causing substantial economic losses in the global swine industry, was studied in southern Xinjiang to characterize its local epidemic features. Based on 632 clinical samples collected from 13 pig farms between 2023 and [...] Read more.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a major pathogen causing substantial economic losses in the global swine industry, was studied in southern Xinjiang to characterize its local epidemic features. Based on 632 clinical samples collected from 13 pig farms between 2023 and 2025, quantitative RT-PCR detection showed an overall positivity rate of 18.35% (116/632), with PRRSV-2 single infection accounting for 97.41% (113/116), PRRSV-1 single infection for 1.72% (2/116), and co-infection for 0.86% (1/116). Among 38 ORF5 sequences obtained from positive samples, Sublineage 1.8 (NADC30-like) was dominant, comprising 97.14% of successfully sequenced strains. Molecular analysis revealed that PRRSV-1 isolates carried six amino acid mutations including A129V (consistent with the Chinese strain CN/FJFQ-1/2023), while PRRSV-2 strains exhibited key variations such as the neutralization escape mutation Q13R, virulence-associated site K151R, and an anomalous vaccine marker A137. Furthermore, a recombinant strain (XJLETUQ2025-7) between NADC30 and VR-2332 was identified with breakpoints in NSP2 and NSP10. Serological surveillance of 2043 vaccinated pigs showed an overall antibody positive rate of 83.0% (1696/2043), with increasing annual rates from 72.3% (2023) and 75.4% (2024) to 91.3% (2025). In conclusion, the PRRSV epidemic in southern Xinjiang is primarily driven by NADC30-like strains of PRRSV-2, with recombination events and GP5 epitope variations posing challenges to disease control. These findings enhance the epidemiological understanding of PRRSV in the region and provide valuable insights for vaccine development and prevention strategies. Full article

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24 pages, 1956 KB

Open AccessReview

Cases of Interspecies Transmission of Influenza A Virus from Swine to Humans

by Nailya Klivleyeva, Tatyana Glebova, Nurbol Saktaganov and Richard Webby

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090873 - 9 Sep 2025

Abstract

Influenza A viruses infect many animal species and have great zoonotic potential. The epidemiology of swine influenza worldwide is of particular importance because the pig can act as a “mixing vessel” where avian and human influenza viruses can undergo genetic reassortment, creating new [...] Read more.

Influenza A viruses infect many animal species and have great zoonotic potential. The epidemiology of swine influenza worldwide is of particular importance because the pig can act as a “mixing vessel” where avian and human influenza viruses can undergo genetic reassortment, creating new viruses. Zoonotic transmission allows new strains of influenza A viruses to be introduced into the human population, potentially causing the next influenza pandemic. The dynamic nature of swine influenza viruses poses challenges to both the swine industry and public health as a source of zoonotic infection. Human infections with swine influenza viruses are regularly reported. Many of these zoonotic events have occurred through close contact between humans and pigs, particularly at agricultural fairs, which have become a source of emerging of swine-origin influenza A viruses. These unique pig–human interfaces have caused the majority of human infections with variant influenza A viruses. In this review, we examine zoonotic spread of influenza A viruses of swine origin, transmission of influenza viruses from pigs to humans worldwide, and the reasons for the emergence of zoonoses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

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21 pages, 963 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Findings on Low-Dose 1cp-LSD for Canine Anxiety: Exploring the Role of Owner Neuroticism and Psychopathology

by Elisa Hernández-Álvarez, Jaime Rojas-Hernández, Lucas F. Borkel, Domingo J. Quintana-Hernández, Tobías Fernández-Borkel and Luis Alberto Henríquez-Hernández

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 872; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090872 - 9 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of low-dose 1cp-LSD, a prodrug of LSD, on canine anxiety, while exploring the influence of owner psychopathology on treatment outcomes. Seven dogs exhibiting anxiety-related behaviors were recruited and received 2.5, 5, or 10 µg of 1cp-LSD orally every [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of low-dose 1cp-LSD, a prodrug of LSD, on canine anxiety, while exploring the influence of owner psychopathology on treatment outcomes. Seven dogs exhibiting anxiety-related behaviors were recruited and received 2.5, 5, or 10 µg of 1cp-LSD orally every three days for 30 days. One additional dog, which did not meet clinical criteria for anxiety but whose owner perceived it as anxious, received a placebo (saccharin) as an observational case. Anxiety levels were assessed using validated scales at baseline, post-treatment, and one month after treatment cessation. Owners’ neuroticism and psychopathological dimensions were evaluated using the IPIP and SA-45 scales. Linear regression analyses examined associations between anxiety reduction, administered dose, and owner psychological traits. A significant reduction in separation anxiety scores was observed post-treatment (mean: 11.3 ± 3.0, p = 0.023). Higher 1cp-LSD doses correlated with greater anxiety reduction (B = −1.15, 95% CI = [−2.29, −0.003], p = 0.050). Additionally, higher owner psychoticism scores were associated with smaller improvements in canine anxiety (p = 0.035). Anxiety levels remained low one month after treatment, with significant associations between canine anxiety and the owners’ hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, and paranoid ideation. These findings support the potential role of low-dose serotonergic psychedelics in managing canine anxiety and suggest an association between caregiver psychological traits and treatment outcomes. The sustained reduction in anxiety behaviors also suggests a meaningful and lasting improvement in animal welfare. However, significant results should be interpreted cautiously due to the small sample size. Further blinded, controlled studies are needed to validate these preliminary observations and assess broader applications in veterinary behavioral medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Education, Veterinary Communication and Animal Behavior)

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10 pages, 613 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Sexual Dimorphism and Asymmetry in Quail (Coturnix coturnix) Feet Using Geometric Morphometrics

by Barış Can Güzel, Burak Ünal, Mehmet Eroğlu, Fatma İşbilir and Tomasz Szara

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 871; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090871 - 8 Sep 2025

Abstract

Understanding morphological variation and asymmetry in avian limbs provides essential insights into functional anatomy, locomotor behavior, and developmental stability. In this study, we investigated shape and size variation in the feet of quails (Coturnix coturnix) using two-dimensional geometric morphometric methods. A [...] Read more.

Understanding morphological variation and asymmetry in avian limbs provides essential insights into functional anatomy, locomotor behavior, and developmental stability. In this study, we investigated shape and size variation in the feet of quails (Coturnix coturnix) using two-dimensional geometric morphometric methods. A total of 233 animals were analyzed, representing both the left and right feet of male and female individuals. Nine homologous fixed landmarks were digitized on each foot, and configurations were subjected to Generalized Procrustes Analysis, followed by mirroring of right-side landmarks to ensure consistent orientation. Statistical analyses revealed no significant sexual dimorphism in either foot shape or centroid size. Principal Component Analysis indicated that the main shape variation was distributed individually rather than by sex and primarily affected the relative positions of toes and claws. Procrustes ANOVA confirmed that differences between sexes were not greater than expected by chance. Directional and fluctuating asymmetry were evaluated using a bilateral symmetry model to assess bilateral asymmetry. Directional asymmetry indicated consistent left–right differences, while fluctuating asymmetry reflected individual-level developmental instability and comprised the main source of variation. These findings provide a detailed morphological baseline for quail foot structure and highlight the importance of considering asymmetry in studies of avian functional morphology. The approach may also be a reference for future research into developmental stress, locomotor adaptation, or species-specific anatomical patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative and Functional Anatomy in Veterinary and Animal Sciences)

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19 pages, 331 KB

Open AccessArticle

My Workplace Is Not a Safe Place: Transgressive Behavior and Workplace Harassment in Veterinary Clinics in the Netherlands

by Jolanda Jansen, Quintie Stoel and Theo J. G. M. Lam

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 870; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090870 - 8 Sep 2025

Abstract

Workplace harassment and transgressive behavior—including aggression, bullying, sexual harassment, and discrimination—is a growing concern in society, including veterinary practice, worldwide. This study explores its prevalence in Dutch veterinary clinics serving different animal species, using an anonymous online survey conducted between December 2023 and [...] Read more.

Workplace harassment and transgressive behavior—including aggression, bullying, sexual harassment, and discrimination—is a growing concern in society, including veterinary practice, worldwide. This study explores its prevalence in Dutch veterinary clinics serving different animal species, using an anonymous online survey conducted between December 2023 and January 2024. In total, 632 responses were included in the analyses. The respondents were grouped into veterinary support staff, i.e., nurses, technicians, and receptionists (54.1%), veterinarians (35.1%), practice managers (9.7%), and other (1.1%). The respondents mostly identified themselves as female (94.0%). The findings reveal that 69.6% of respondents experienced at least one form of transgressive behavior in 2023. Aggression was the most common (59.7%), followed by bullying (35.8%), discrimination (14.1%), and sexual harassment (5.9%). Younger professionals (aged ≤ 30) and veterinary support staff reported significantly more aggression and bullying than other groups (p < 0.005). Client-related incidents dominated aggression and bullying (p < 0.001), while colleagues and supervisors together accounted for most discrimination (p < 0.001). The results underscore an urgent need for interventions and cultural change in the veterinary sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Clinical Communication in Veterinary Medicine: Research and Practical Applications)

22 pages, 3886 KB

Open AccessArticle

Retrospective Analysis of Central Nervous System Diseases in Dogs, with Special Focus on Non-Suppurative Encephalomyelitis (1962–2022)

by Inga Marie Nägler, Adnan Fayyad, Christina Puff, Wolfgang Baumgärtner and Peter Wohlsein

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 869; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090869 - 8 Sep 2025

Abstract

Studies spanning decades provide important information about the epidemiology and occurrence of a broad range of diseases that affect the central nervous system (CNS) of dogs. This study analyzed records and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) CNS tissue samples from necropsied dogs with neuropathologic changes [...] Read more.

Studies spanning decades provide important information about the epidemiology and occurrence of a broad range of diseases that affect the central nervous system (CNS) of dogs. This study analyzed records and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) CNS tissue samples from necropsied dogs with neuropathologic changes between 1962 and 2022. A total of 134,854 animals, including 20,117 dogs, were submitted for necropsy during this time span. Of these dogs, 2646 displayed alterations of the CNS. Degenerative and non-suppurative inflammatory lesions were the most common changes, accounting for 35.6% and 28.6%, respectively. Vascular diseases, neoplasms, congenital malformations, and suppurative inflammation represented 13.8%, 8.6%, 7.2%, and 5.4% of cases, respectively. Morbillivirus canis, the agent of canine distemper, was the most commonly diagnosed. The second most commonly detected virus, varicellovirus suidalpha1, the agent of pseudorabies, occurred almost exclusively between the mid-1970s and 1990s. Other pathogens, including Lyssavirus rabies, canine herpes virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, apicomplexan parasites, such as Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii, as well as fungal and other parasitic infections, were less frequently diagnosed. Interestingly, 47.6% of cases with non-suppurative inflammation remained etiologically undetermined. This study provides insights into the epidemiology of canine neurotropic infections and shows the value of FFPE material for investigations of past disease outbreaks. Full article

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