Veterinary Sciences

13 pages, 1167 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trichobezoars in Captive-Bred Fat-Tailed Dunnarts and Potential Preventative Protocols

by Christine Moschos, Shari Cohen, Emily L. Scicluna, Stephen Frankenberg, Andrew J. Pask and Keshuan Chow

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070625 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2025

Abstract

Fat-tailed dunnarts (Sminthopsis crassicaudata) are an emerging model species for developmental, reproductive, and conservation biology research. Understanding their husbandry and enrichment needs is integral to ensuring best welfare in captive-bred populations. This was made evident following the sudden deaths of three [...] Read more.

Fat-tailed dunnarts (Sminthopsis crassicaudata) are an emerging model species for developmental, reproductive, and conservation biology research. Understanding their husbandry and enrichment needs is integral to ensuring best welfare in captive-bred populations. This was made evident following the sudden deaths of three dunnarts from a population housed at a university research facility between 2018 and 2022. Necropsy results revealed significant trichobezoars causing gastrointestinal obstruction. Following these findings, adjustments were made to the dunnart enclosures with the addition of autoclaved tree bark to capture loose fur as well as the inclusion of paraffin oil in the diet for the purpose of gastrointestinal lubrication. Since these husbandry interventions, no further deaths attributed to trichobezoars have been reported. Here, we present these data and outline new best practice methods for captive dunnart husbandry. Full article

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13 pages, 1248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability Are Affected by Age and Activity Level in Athletic Horses

by Thita Wonghanchao, Kanokpan Sanigavatee, Soontaree Petchdee, Kulpreeya Chettaratanont, Thitakorn Thongyen, Boonbaramee Wanichayanon, Chanoknun Poochipakorn and Metha Chanda

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 624; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070624 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2025

Abstract

The physiological capabilities of horses begin to decline after they reach 15 years of age. However, some exceptionally talented horses can continue their sports careers beyond this age, raising concerns about their welfare. This study investigated animal welfare by observing resting heart rate [...] Read more.

The physiological capabilities of horses begin to decline after they reach 15 years of age. However, some exceptionally talented horses can continue their sports careers beyond this age, raising concerns about their welfare. This study investigated animal welfare by observing resting heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) metrics in geriatric horses participating in similar training or physical activities compared to younger adult horses over 30 min periods. Forty-six horses of varying ages and activity levels were divided into four groups, including horses under 15 years practising structured training for dressage (AL-1; N = 13) and school riding (AL-2; N = 13) and horses aged between 15 and 20 years participating in AL-1 (N = 10) and AL-2 (N = 10). In adult horses, the HR decreased in those performing AL-1, which was observed alongside an increased RR interval compared to those participating in AL-2 (p < 0.05 for both). Meanwhile, HRV increased in adult horses (measured by pNN50) but decreased in geriatric horses (measured by SDANN, SDNNI, DC, and SD2) participating in AL-1 when compared to their counterparts in AL-2 (p < 0.05 for all). Adult horses exhibited better autonomic regulation while engaged in structured dressage training than geriatric horses. These findings underscore the necessity for the careful management of physical activities to ensure the well-being of all horses, particularly older ones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Progress of Equine Medical Research in China and Beyond—Second Edition)

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22 pages, 707 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Qualitative Risk Assessment of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Introduction and Transmission to Dairy Farms via Raw Milk Transportation in Thailand: A Scenario-Based Approach

by Patidpong Chumsang, Tawatchai Singhla and Warangkhana Chaisowwong

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070623 (registering DOI) - 27 Jun 2025

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) significantly impacts global livestock industries, with raw milk transportation posing a recognized pathway for viral dissemination, particularly in endemic regions. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of FMD virus (FMDV) introduction and transmission to dairy farms via raw milk [...] Read more.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) significantly impacts global livestock industries, with raw milk transportation posing a recognized pathway for viral dissemination, particularly in endemic regions. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of FMD virus (FMDV) introduction and transmission to dairy farms via raw milk transportation in Ban Thi District, Thailand. A qualitative risk assessment methodology, adhering to WOAH guidelines, was employed. Data were collected through structured farmer surveys (n = 109), expert interviews (n = 12), and reviews of national disease surveillance data and scientific literature. The risk assessment, utilizing a scenario tree approach for domestic dairy cattle, revealed a moderate overall risk of FMDV transmission. This finding is primarily attributed to critical gaps in on-farm biosecurity practices, potential contamination at milk collection centers, and significant challenges in detecting subclinical carrier animals. While the qualitative approach presented inherent limitations and uncertainties, the study successfully highlighted key vulnerabilities. The results underscore the urgent necessity for implementing targeted biosecurity protocols, developing more robust surveillance strategies for FMDV carriers, and establishing standardized risk assessment frameworks to mitigate potential outbreaks and protect the regional dairy industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Animals: Immunology, Vaccinology and Molecular Epidemiology)

16 pages, 387 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Low Crude Protein Diets with Coated Cysteamine Hydrochloride and Exogenous Alkaline Protease Supplementation in Broiler Chickens

by Hafiz Abu Bakar Siddique, Ehsaan Ullah Khan, Muhammad Muneeb, Saima Naveed, Elham Assadi Soumeh, Sohail Ahmad, Rashed A. Alhotan, Abdulrahman S. Alharthi and Ala E. Abudabos

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070622 (registering DOI) - 27 Jun 2025

Abstract

Decreasing crude protein (CP) in broiler diets can improve sustainability but may compromise growth performance. Feed additives like coated cysteamine hydrochloride (CSH) and exogenous alkaline protease (EAP) can enhance protein utilization and promote gut health. While CSH modulates metabolism, EAP improves digestibility, but [...] Read more.

Decreasing crude protein (CP) in broiler diets can improve sustainability but may compromise growth performance. Feed additives like coated cysteamine hydrochloride (CSH) and exogenous alkaline protease (EAP) can enhance protein utilization and promote gut health. While CSH modulates metabolism, EAP improves digestibility, but their combined effects in low CP diets remain unclear. This study examines the synergistic impact of CSH and EAP on broiler growth, gut histology, carcass traits, immune response, and nutrient digestibility, aiming to optimize performance while reducing environmental impact. Six-hundred, 1-day-old broiler Ross-308 chicks (male) were allotted to four treatments, each consisting of six replicates of twenty-five birds, in a factorial arrangement using a completely randomized design. The treatments comprised two inclusion levels of coated CSH (0.2 and 0.4 g/kg with or without EAP (0 and 0.2 g/kg) in reduced CP diets. A ten percent reduction in CP from the standard requirements of Ross-308 (20.7% vs. 23% in the starter, 19.35% vs. 21.5% in the grower, and 17.55% vs. 19.5% in the finisher phase) was made in all the dietary treatments. A notable interaction (p ≤ 0.05) between CSH and EAP was detected in body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass characteristics, and gut morphology during the whole study duration. Similarly, nutrient digestibility and immune response were also influenced by the combined use of CSH and EAP. The synergistic use of coated CSH at 0.2 g/kg or 0.4 g/kg with EAP in reduced CP broiler diets can enhance performance, intestinal health, carcass characteristics, immune response, and nutrient digestibility. Implications of these findings in commercial feeding practices could substantially improve the efficiency and sustainability of broiler production systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Food Safety and Zoonosis)

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13 pages, 803 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Utility of Urinary miRNA Biomarkers for Canine Urothelial Carcinoma Diagnostics

by Alexandra Kehl, Heike Aupperle-Lellbach, Maria Brockmann, Anna-Lena van de Weyer, Marielle Appenzeller and Katja Steiger

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 621; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070621 (registering DOI) - 27 Jun 2025

Abstract

Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is one of the most frequent tumors in dogs. Besides cytology, histology, and testing for a BRAF mutation, non-invasive biomarkers would benefit the early detection and therapy of UC. This study aimed to compare the detectability of miRNAs in urine [...] Read more.

Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is one of the most frequent tumors in dogs. Besides cytology, histology, and testing for a BRAF mutation, non-invasive biomarkers would benefit the early detection and therapy of UC. This study aimed to compare the detectability of miRNAs in urine sediment and supernatant and to assess their potential as biomarkers for UC. The study involved two phases with 47 canine samples in total; in a pilot trial, ten different miRNAs (miR-16, 21, 103b, 106b, 146, 155, 182, 221, 222, and 375) were isolated from the urine sediments and supernatants from seven healthy control dogs and seven dogs with UC. In a further step, eight miRNAs were isolated from urine sediments from 18 healthy dogs, 11 dogs with purulent cystitis, and 18 dogs with UC. The detectability of miRNAs was improved when isolated from the urine sediment compared with the supernatant. MiR-16 was not deregulated, and miR-106b showed significantly lower expression in cystitis compared with the control. Lower copy numbers were seen for miR-21, 182, 221, and 222 in cystitis cases compared with the controls and UC, respectively. Deregulation was observed for miR-155 and miR-375 between all three groups. A panel including miR-182, 221, 222, 155, and 375 has the potential to discriminate among all three groups in a two-step approach. Full article

19 pages, 783 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variants in Nucleotide Sequences; Gene Expression; and Hematological, Immune, and Antioxidant Biomarkers Linked to Pneumonia Risk in Holstein Calves

by Ahmed El-Sayed, Attia Eissa, Doaa Ebrahim, Ahmed Ateya, Hossam Gadalla, Hanan M. Alharbi, Khairiah M. Alwutayd, Manal A. Babaker and Aya Aly Elzeer

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070620 - 26 Jun 2025

Abstract

Pneumonia is a major issue that affects calves’ health and performance and causes numerous losses despite treatment. Investigating genetic and molecular differences, as well as immunological and antioxidant responses, in calves at risk for pneumonia was the aim of this study. A total [...] Read more.

Pneumonia is a major issue that affects calves’ health and performance and causes numerous losses despite treatment. Investigating genetic and molecular differences, as well as immunological and antioxidant responses, in calves at risk for pneumonia was the aim of this study. A total of 225 calves were studied, including 180 Holstein calves with respiratory signs and 45 calves that were apparently healthy. Blood samples were collected for CBC, RNA extractions, and immunological and antioxidant analysis. In contrast to the control group, the pneumonic one showed a considerable (p < 0.05) increase in the expression levels of cytokines and antioxidant genes IL1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and NOX4. In contrast, the values of IL10, PRDX6, ATG7, and NDUFS6 were in the opposite range. The pneumonic and healthy calves were found to differ in the nucleotide sequences of the genes under analysis. In pneumonic calves, a substantial (p ˂0.05) reduction was detected in RBCs, Hb count, PCV%, and lymphocytes count, and a notable (p ˂ 0.05) increase in WBCs and neutrophil count was correlated with healthy control calves. The findings of the serum profile showed that there was a meaningful (p ˂ 0.05) rise in the serum values of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and MDA, with significant reductions in the SOD, GSH, TAC, and IL-10 in the pneumonic compared to the healthy calves. Our results provide valuable information about the nucleotide sequence, gene expression, and serum profile differences of putative indicators for pneumonia in calves. This could be applied in monitoring calves’ pneumonia through the discriminate breeding of naturally resistant animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Clinical Pathology: Focus on Hematology and Biochemical Diagnostics)

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14 pages, 827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Cardiomegaly in Dogs Using the Manubrium Heart Score Method and Determination of Its Diagnostic Accuracy in Comparison with the Vertebral Heart Score

by Bengü Bilgiç, Onur İskefli, Michela Pugliese and Mehmet Erman Or

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 619; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070619 - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

Vertebral Heart Score (VHS) is one of the commonly used methods for detecting cardiomegaly in dogs. However, this method has diagnostic limitations due to factors such as breed variations, orthopedic disorders, anatomical anomalies, and operator-dependent subjectivity. The aim of this study was to [...] Read more.

Vertebral Heart Score (VHS) is one of the commonly used methods for detecting cardiomegaly in dogs. However, this method has diagnostic limitations due to factors such as breed variations, orthopedic disorders, anatomical anomalies, and operator-dependent subjectivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of the Manubrium Heart Score (MHS) as an alternative to VHS in the assessment of cardiomegaly in dogs. A total of 490 dogs were classified and grouped based on body weight and cardiac health status. On the right lateral thoracic radiographs, MHS was calculated as the ratio of manubrium length (ML) to the sum of the long-axis heart length (cLAL) and short-axis heart length (cSAL). Similarly, VHS was determined. A positive correlation between VHS and MHS, as well as between ML and cSAL/cLAL, were observed in all groups except for the group of medium sized dogs with heart diseases. No correlations were found between MHS and LA or the LA/Ao ratio. In pairwise comparisons of VHS and MHS between heart-diseased and healthy dogs, the mean VHS showed a statistically significant difference in heart-diseased dogs (p < 0.001), and not across all groups (p > 0.05). MHS may not consider a useful method as an alternative to VHS. Full article

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8 pages, 940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Digital Rectal Thermometry and a Non-Contact Veterinary Infrared Thermometer in Cats: Identifying Alternative Sites to Rectal Measurement

by Carlotta Tombolani, Daniela Alberghina, Mauro Gioè and Fausto Quintavalla

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 618; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070618 - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background: Rectal temperature measurement in cats, while crucial, can cause discomfort and stress. This study evaluated non-contact infrared thermometry as a less invasive alternative. Methods: A total of 95 cats were enrolled in this study. The cats were categorized into three age groups: [...] Read more.

Background: Rectal temperature measurement in cats, while crucial, can cause discomfort and stress. This study evaluated non-contact infrared thermometry as a less invasive alternative. Methods: A total of 95 cats were enrolled in this study. The cats were categorized into three age groups: Group I (n = 20 kittens, 2–6 months), Group II (n = 34 young cats, 7–24 months), and Group III (n = 41 adult cats, >24 months). Results: The mean rectal temperature in cats was approximately 38 °C, which was significantly higher than both ocular temperature (p < 0.0001) and auricular pinna temperature (p < 0001). No statistically significant difference was found between rectal and perineal temperatures, nor in body temperatures between the age groups. Ocular temperature (p < 0.05) and auricular temperature (p < 0.0001) were influenced by ambient temperature. Perineal infrared temperatures showed a strong correlation and low bias compared to rectal temperature and were not affected by ambient temperature. Conclusions: Non-contact infrared thermometry offers advantages for feline temperature monitoring. Perineal infrared temperatures appear to be a useful, non-invasive alternative to rectal measurements in cats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

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17 pages, 2462 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring MAPK and mTOR Pathways in Feline Thyroid Tumors

by Alexandra Monteiro, Tiago Bordeira Gaspar, Inês Borges, Sule Canberk, Mafalda Pinto, Isabel Pires, Paula Soares and Catarina Tavares

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 617; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070617 - 24 Jun 2025

Abstract

Thyroid tumors are common in humans and cats, occurring most commonly as benign lesions, whereas thyroid carcinoma is barely detected in both species. Determining the mutational status of MAPK-related genes (BRAF, NRAS, HRAS, and KRAS) and the activation [...] Read more.

Thyroid tumors are common in humans and cats, occurring most commonly as benign lesions, whereas thyroid carcinoma is barely detected in both species. Determining the mutational status of MAPK-related genes (BRAF, NRAS, HRAS, and KRAS) and the activation status of MAPK and mTOR pathways is crucial for establishing the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of human patients. So far, the role of such players in feline thyroid tumorigenesis remains underexplored. This study aims to elucidate the presence and implications of potential shared molecular mechanisms between human and feline thyroid tumors. Fifteen formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded feline thyroid epithelial tumors (four tumors with atypia and 11 with no atypia) were collected to perform mutational and immunohistochemical analyses. Sanger sequencing targeting human homologous hotspots revealed no mutations in BRAF (human codon 600) or RAS (human codon 61) regions. A KRAS missense mutation (p.Gln232His) was identified in two tumors with no atypia of follicular pattern (2/15, 13%). Regardless of the mutational status, pERK (Thr202/Ty204) was immuno-expressed in 10/11 (91%), pS6 (Ser235/236) in 100%, and pAKT (Ser473) in 8/11 (73%) of the tumors with no atypia. The expression patterns of pERK, pS6, and pAKT and their associations with clinical-pathological features seem to mirror the progression dynamics observed in human thyroid tumorigenesis. pAKT expression was associated with the presence of multiple tumor foci within the same thyroid lobe, suggesting its potential as a marker of aggressiveness in feline thyroid tumors. This study introduces cats as potential animal models for human thyroid tumorigenesis, with further research required to confirm such potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)

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23 pages, 20665 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Motion-Status-Driven Piglet Tracking Method for Monitoring Piglet Movement Patterns Under Sow Posture Changes

by Aqing Yang, Shimei Li, Shuqin Tu, Na Han, Lei Zhang, Yizhi Luo and Yueju Xue

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070616 - 24 Jun 2025

Abstract

Understanding how piglets move around sows during posture changes is crucial for their safety and healthy growth. Automated monitoring can reduce farm labor and help prevent accidents like piglet crushing. Current methods (called Joint Detection-and-Tracking-based, abbreviated as JDT-based) struggle with problems like misidentifying [...] Read more.

Understanding how piglets move around sows during posture changes is crucial for their safety and healthy growth. Automated monitoring can reduce farm labor and help prevent accidents like piglet crushing. Current methods (called Joint Detection-and-Tracking-based, abbreviated as JDT-based) struggle with problems like misidentifying piglets or losing track of them due to crowding, occlusion, and shape changes. To solve this, we developed MSHMTracker, a smarter tracking system that introduces a motion-status hierarchical architecture to significantly improve tracking performance by adapting to piglets’ motion statuses. In MSHMTracker, a score- and time-driven hierarchical matching mechanism (STHM) was used to establish the spatio-temporal association by the motion status, helping maintain accurate tracking even in challenging conditions. Finally, piglet group aggregation or dispersion behaviors in response to sow posture changes were identified based on the tracked trajectory information. Tested on 100 videos (30,000+ images), our method achieved 93.8% tracking accuracy (MOTA) and 92.9% identity consistency (IDF1). It outperformed six popular tracking systems (e.g., DeepSort, FairMot). The mean accuracy of behavior recognition was 87.5%. In addition, the correlations (0.6 and 0.82) between piglet stress responses and sow posture changes were explored. This research showed that piglet movements are closely related to sow behavior, offering insights into sow–piglet relationships. This work has the potential to reduce farmers’ labor and improve the productivity of animal husbandry. Full article

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15 pages, 1345 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Pulmonary Vein Diameters in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease

by Carlotta Ferri, Juliette Besso, Hugues Gaillot, Yannick Ruel, Albert Agoulon, Christophe Bourguignon, Clémence Mey and Vassiliki Gouni

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070615 - 24 Jun 2025

Abstract

The present study aimed to compare pulmonary vein (PV) diameters between Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCSs) with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) and healthy CKCSs, assess correlations between PV diameters and echocardiographic parameters, and identify the optimal PV diameter cut-off value that distinguishes [...] Read more.

The present study aimed to compare pulmonary vein (PV) diameters between Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCSs) with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) and healthy CKCSs, assess correlations between PV diameters and echocardiographic parameters, and identify the optimal PV diameter cut-off value that distinguishes stage C from stage B2. CKCSs were recruited both retrospectively and prospectively and classified according to the ACVIM guidelines (stages A, B1, B2, and C). From a left apical view, the diameters of three PVs (PV1, PV2, and PV3) were measured with high reproducibility. In healthy dogs, the PV2 diameter showed no correlation with body weight. The PV2 diameter was significantly higher in stage B2 compared to B1 and in stage C compared to B2, while no difference was found between stages A and B1. The median (IQR) PV2 diameters were 4.9 mm (3.9–5.2) in stage A, 5.1 mm (4.0–6.0) in stage B1, 9.3 mm (7.3–11.1) in stage B2, and 13.7 mm (9.9–15.1) in stage C. Positive correlations were observed between the PV2 diameter and the left ventricular internal diameter normalized for body weight, the left atrium-to-aorta ratio, mitral E wave peak velocity, tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient, and regurgitant fraction. A PV2 diameter cut-off value of 12.8 mm discriminated stage C from stage B2 with 57% sensitivity and 93% specificity. The PV2 diameter is a reproducible echocardiographic measure that increases with MMVD severity and could assist in the early detection of congestive heart failure. However, the modest sensitivity observed reflects the overlap of PV2 measurements between stages B2 and C. Therefore, PV2 should be interpreted with caution and considered a supportive, rather than exclusive, tool in disease staging and therapeutic decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

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18 pages, 2443 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dual-Energy Computed Tomography for the Detection of Bone Edema-Like Lesions in the Equine Foot: Standing Horses and Cadaveric Specimens

by Jolien Germonpré, Ina Lorenz, Louis M. J. Vandekerckhove, Luc Duchateau, Torsten Diekhoff and Katrien Vanderperren

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070614 - 24 Jun 2025

Abstract

Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) is a promising advancement for detecting bone edema-like lesions (BME). However, its application in horses remains limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate DECT virtual-non-calcium (VNCa) imaging in the equine foot and establish which confounding factors could [...] Read more.

Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) is a promising advancement for detecting bone edema-like lesions (BME). However, its application in horses remains limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate DECT virtual-non-calcium (VNCa) imaging in the equine foot and establish which confounding factors could influence its applicability in clinical practice. The DECT VNCa map of 14 standing and 5 cadaveric (recumbent) cases with foot-related lameness was scored in consensus by two readers in comparison to MRI. Overall, 17/19 cases demonstrated BME on MRI, whereas 2 did not. Agreement between DECT VNCa and MRI was found in 15/19 feet (78.9%). Disagreement in 4/19 cases with BME was due to sclerosis (1/19), mild BME extent on MRI (2/19), or scan artifacts (1/19). The extent of BME was significantly underestimated using DECT VNCa compared to MRI (p = 0.016). No significant correlation was found between sclerosis score and the BME extent underestimation on DECT (p = 0.056). Between standing and post-mortem cases, there was no significant difference in the agreement between DECT and MRI (p = 0.53) or DECT VNCa image quality (p = 0.22). In conclusion, DECT VNCa effectively identified moderate and severe BME, and its use was feasible in standing positioning. In case of sclerosis, a case-by-case assessment is recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Imaging in Veterinary Musculoskeletal Diagnosis)

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18 pages, 1867 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Blood Leukocyte Ratios as Predictive Markers of Chronic Enteropathy Phenotypes in Cats

by Alexandros O. Konstantinidis, Katerina K. Adamama-Moraitou, Ashley Griggs, Margaret L. Musser, Ariel S. Nenninger, Nektarios Soubasis, Dimitra Pardali, Mathios E. Mylonakis and Albert E. Jergens

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 613; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070613 - 24 Jun 2025

Abstract

This retrospective study assessed the potential of blood leukocyte ratios as diagnostic biomarkers in cats with chronic enteropathies (CE). Absolute neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR), neutrophil-to-monocyte (NMR), and lymphocyte-to-monocyte (LMR) ratios were calculated from the hematological profiles of 221 cats, including healthy controls (n = [...] Read more.

This retrospective study assessed the potential of blood leukocyte ratios as diagnostic biomarkers in cats with chronic enteropathies (CE). Absolute neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR), neutrophil-to-monocyte (NMR), and lymphocyte-to-monocyte (LMR) ratios were calculated from the hematological profiles of 221 cats, including healthy controls (n = 73), and those diagnosed with food-responsive enteropathy (FRE, n = 59), steroid-responsive enteropathy (SRE, n = 56), or small cell lymphoma (SCL, n = 33). SCL cats had higher NLRs than SRE (p = 0.002) and FRE (p = 0.028), and lower LMRs than SRE (p = 0.012) and FRE (p = 0.001). Healthy cats had lower NLRs compared to the FRE (p < 0.001), SRE (p < 0.001), and SCL (p < 0.001) cats and higher LMRs compared to the FRE (p < 0.001), SRE (p < 0.001), and SCL (p < 0.001) cats. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated that NLR ≥ 11.6 differentiated SCL from SRE with 87.5% specificity but low sensitivity (39.4%). NMR ≥ 34.5 distinguished FRE from SRE with 52.5% sensitivity and 69.6% specificity. LMR ≥ 3.72 differentiated SRE from SCL with 67.9% sensitivity and 60.6% specificity. Although significant differences in leukocyte ratios were observed among groups, their diagnostic accuracy in differentiating CE phenotypes was suboptimal. These findings suggest that the utility of NLR, NMR, and LMR as standalone diagnostic tools is limited. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

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11 pages, 865 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Comprehensive Pre-Anaesthetic Assessment on ASA Classification and Surgical Cancellations in Dogs and Cats: A Retrospective Observational Study

by Ariel Cañón Pérez, María De Los Reyes Marti-Scharfhausen Sánchez, Antonio Sevilla Ureba, Eva Zoe Hernández Magaña, Jaime Viscasillas Monteagudo, Agustín Martínez Albiñana and José I. Redondo

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070612 - 23 Jun 2025

Abstract

Anaesthesia carries an inherent risk of morbidity and mortality in veterinary patients, yet the clinical impact of comprehensive pre-anaesthetic assessment (PAA) is insufficiently quantified. We retrospectively reviewed 350 PAAs including 267 dogs and 83 cats, performed at a small-animal teaching hospital in 2021. [...] Read more.

Anaesthesia carries an inherent risk of morbidity and mortality in veterinary patients, yet the clinical impact of comprehensive pre-anaesthetic assessment (PAA) is insufficiently quantified. We retrospectively reviewed 350 PAAs including 267 dogs and 83 cats, performed at a small-animal teaching hospital in 2021. Signalment, history, physical examination findings, complementary diagnostics, initial ASA physical status (ASA-i), final ASA status after test review (ASA-f) and procedural outcomes were recorded. Complementary diagnostics—predominantly haematology, serum biochemistry, thoracic radiography, and electrocardiography—were requested in 82–86% of cases. ASA-f differed from ASA-i in 7.5% (11/306) of animals: +1 in 3.6%, +2 in 1.0%, −1 in 2.9%; no patient shifted by more than two classes. Fifty-seven planned procedures (16.2%) were cancelled following PAAs, chiefly abdominal (43.9%) and minor soft-tissue surgeries (31.6%). Internal-medicine abnormalities (47%) and cardiac findings (19%) were the leading causes; in 46% of cancellations, the trigger was an abnormal test result absent from the physical examination. Sixty-three percent of cancelled interventions were later completed after further evaluation or treatment. These data demonstrate that structured PAA substantially alters perioperative decision-making in small-animal practice and supports selective yet rigorous diagnostic test use to enhance patient safety and optimise theatre utilisation. Full article

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16 pages, 3092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Efficacy of Doxycycline and Florfenicol Against Aeromonas hydrophilia and Morganella morganii Infections in Pelodiscus sinensis with Skin Ulcer Disease

by Ziwen Cai, Wenjing Zhang, Yun Wang, Zhaoying Yang, Xiaolei Lei, Xiaomin Shi, Mengze Du and Xiaoye Liu

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070611 - 23 Jun 2025

Abstract

The intensive farming of Pelodiscus sinensis (P. sinensis) for its medicinal and economic value has led to an increased incidence of bacterial skin infections, commonly treated with antibiotics. However, rising antibiotic resistance has reduced the effectiveness of these treatments, highlighting an [...] Read more.

The intensive farming of Pelodiscus sinensis (P. sinensis) for its medicinal and economic value has led to an increased incidence of bacterial skin infections, commonly treated with antibiotics. However, rising antibiotic resistance has reduced the effectiveness of these treatments, highlighting an urgent need for alternative therapeutic approaches. In this study, we isolated and identified pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonas and Morganella) from P. sinensis affected by skin ulcer disease at a turtle farm in Beijing. Antibiotic resistance was evaluated using the checkerboard microdilution method and the in vitro antibacterial efficacy of a florfenicol–doxycycline combination therapy was assessed. A total of 30 bacterial isolates were obtained, primarily Morganella and Aeromonas species. Among these, 83.3% of Morganella and 57.14% of Aeromonas isolates demonstrated multidrug-resistance. The florfenicol–doxycycline combination yielded lower fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) values, indicating synergistic or additive effects. Animal experiments have shown that florfenicol in combination with doxycycline can achieve better therapeutic effects with less drug. These findings support that combination antibiotic therapies help in managing skin ulcer disease in P. sinensis and offer valuable insights for clinical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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10 pages, 388 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Pilot Study on Blood Concentration of β-Amyloid (40 and 42) and Phospho-Tau 181 in Horses

by Valentina Gazzano, Maria Claudia Curadi, Simona Capsoni, Paolo Baragli, Witold Kêdzierski, Francesca Cecchi and Angelo Gazzano

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070610 - 23 Jun 2025

Abstract

In humans, aging is often accompanied by cognitive decline, as seen in Alzheimer’s disease. In contrast, the aging process in horses remains poorly characterized. This study aims to explore the presence of blood-based biomarkers associated with cognitive degeneration in this species. Twenty-three Arabian [...] Read more.

In humans, aging is often accompanied by cognitive decline, as seen in Alzheimer’s disease. In contrast, the aging process in horses remains poorly characterized. This study aims to explore the presence of blood-based biomarkers associated with cognitive degeneration in this species. Twenty-three Arabian horses were enrolled, and 5 mL of blood was collected from each to measure serum levels of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ40 and Aβ42) and phosphorylated tau protein (pTau181), both considered reliable indicators of cognitive impairment in other species. Aβ42 was undetectable in all samples, while pTau181 ranged from 5.38 to 54.42 pg/mL and Aβ40 from 67.4 to 743.9 pg/mL. Statistical analysis of the data, performed with the non-parametric Spearman test, did not reveal any correlation between age and the concentrations of Aβ40 and pTau. The pTau/Aβ40 ratio also did not appear to be correlated with the age of the subjects. Interestingly, none of the horses exhibited behavioral changes or clinical signs suggestive of cognitive dysfunction. This absence of symptoms may be related to the undetectable levels of Aβ42, the isoform considered crucial in initiating tau phosphorylation and subsequent neurodegeneration, despite possibly being present at concentrations higher than those typically found in healthy humans. Full article

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17 pages, 484 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Annual and Seasonal Trends in Mastitis Pathogens Isolated from Milk Samples from Dairy Cows of California’s San Joaquin Valley Dairies Between January 2009 and December 2023

by Daniela R. Bruno, Karen H. Tonooka, Terry W. Lehenbauer, Sharif S. Aly and Wagdy R. ElAshmawy

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070609 - 21 Jun 2025

Abstract

Bovine mastitis is a significant disease affecting dairy cattle worldwide, impacting milk quality and farm profitability. Understanding pathogen distribution is crucial for effective disease management. This study analyzed 319,634 individual cow milk samples submitted to the UC Davis Milk Quality Laboratory between 2009 [...] Read more.

Bovine mastitis is a significant disease affecting dairy cattle worldwide, impacting milk quality and farm profitability. Understanding pathogen distribution is crucial for effective disease management. This study analyzed 319,634 individual cow milk samples submitted to the UC Davis Milk Quality Laboratory between 2009 and 2023 to assess pathogen prevalence, seasonal variations, and long-term trends. Routine microbiological cultures identified major and minor mastitis pathogens, with additional testing for Mycoplasma spp. Statistical analyses evaluated annual and seasonal trends in bacterial isolation rates. Results indicated that environmental pathogens, particularly non-aureus staphylococci and coliforms, were most frequently isolated, while contagious pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Mycoplasma spp.) were less prevalent. Seasonal trends revealed higher contamination rates in Winter and increased no-growth samples in Summer. The study also observed a decline in sample submissions in recent years, possibly reflecting evolving dairy management practices. These findings provide a comprehensive perspective on mastitis pathogen dynamics in California’s Central Valley, supporting improved milk quality control measures and tailored mastitis prevention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 10th Anniversary of Veterinary Sciences—Recent Advances in the Epidemiology of Cattle Health and Welfare)

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16 pages, 1411 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First Molecular Evidence and Phylogeny of Hepatozoon sp. and Theileria sp. in Saudi Rodents

by Sarra Farjallah, Abdulaziz Nasser Alagaili, Bandar H. AlOsaimi, Paolo Merella, Osama B. Mohammed and Nabil Amor

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070608 - 21 Jun 2025

Abstract

Rodents are among the most abundant and ecologically diverse mammals, playing key roles in terrestrial ecosystems and often serving as reservoirs for various zoonotic and wildlife pathogens. Among these are protozoan parasites of the genera Hepatozoon and Theileria, which are known to [...] Read more.

Rodents are among the most abundant and ecologically diverse mammals, playing key roles in terrestrial ecosystems and often serving as reservoirs for various zoonotic and wildlife pathogens. Among these are protozoan parasites of the genera Hepatozoon and Theileria, which are known to infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals worldwide. However, little is known about the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of these hemoprotozoans in rodent hosts, particularly in the Arabian Peninsula. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and genetic diversity of Hepatozoon sp. and Theileria sp. in rodents from different regions of Saudi Arabia and to determine potential reservoir species. A total of 111 rodents were captured and identified by molecular analysis of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. Screening for parasites was performed using PCR amplification of the 18S rRNA gene, followed by sequencing, haplotype analysis, and phylogenetic reconstruction using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. Our results represent the first molecular detection of Hepatozoon sp. in Arvicanthis niloticus (31.3%), Gerbillus cheesmani (26.5%), G. nanus (28.5%), and Rattus rattus (32.0%) and of Theileria sp. in G. nanus (21.5%) and R. rattus (24.0%) in Saudi Arabia. Haplotype network analysis revealed seven distinct Hepatozoon haplotypes forming a star-like cluster, suggesting host specificity. One divergent haplotype (Hap_2), 19 mutation steps apart, may represent a novel lineage. Phylogenetic analyses grouped Saudi Hepatozoon sequences with those from reptiles and rodents, forming a clade distinct from sequences isolated from felids and canids. In contrast, Theileria sequences showed low diversity, clustering with a single widespread haplotype found in rodents and ruminants in several regions. These findings significantly expand the current knowledge on rodent-associated apicomplexan parasites in Saudi Arabia, revealing novel Hepatozoon haplotypes and highlighting the role of rodents in the transmission of reptile-associated Hepatozoon spp. This study provides basic molecular data crucial to understanding host–parasite relationships and the potential public and veterinary health implications of these parasites in arid ecosystems. Full article

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9 pages, 508 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Effect of Pooling and Freeze-Thaw Processes on the PRRSV RNA Detection in TOSc Samples

by Peng Li, Onyekachukwu H. Osemeke, Thinh Tran Pham Tien, Ching-Yang Wang, Angie Supple, Marcelo N. Almeida and Daniel C. L. Linhares

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070607 - 21 Jun 2025

Abstract

Tonsil oral scrubbing (TOSc) is a simple and practical method recently developed for detecting PRRSV RNA in sows. This study evaluated how pooling and freeze-thaw procedures affect PRRSV RT-rtPCR results in TOSc samples. To assess pooling effects, 22 PRRSV-positive samples were divided into [...] Read more.

Tonsil oral scrubbing (TOSc) is a simple and practical method recently developed for detecting PRRSV RNA in sows. This study evaluated how pooling and freeze-thaw procedures affect PRRSV RT-rtPCR results in TOSc samples. To assess pooling effects, 22 PRRSV-positive samples were divided into three Ct categories and diluted with negative TOSc samples at various ratios before testing. To assess freeze-thaw effects, 90 TOSc samples were split into two equal aliquots: one tested immediately, and the other tested after one freeze-thaw cycle. Results showed that PRRSV RNA detection probability decreased and Ct values increased as dilution (pooling) ratios rose. Samples with Ct values > 35 had significant drops in probability of detection beginning at a 1:3 dilution (≤71%). In contrast, samples with Ct values <35 maintained a high probability of detection until 1:10 dilution (≥85%). The freeze-thawed samples showed significantly higher Ct values and numerically lower probability of detection compared to non-freeze-thawed ones. In conclusion, pooling and freeze-thaw negatively impact PRRSV RNA detection in TOSc samples. Pooling may be acceptable for samples with a Ct value < 35 for up to 1:10 dilution, but should be avoided when the Ct value > 35. Similarly, the freeze-thaw process should be minimized during TOSc sample handling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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