Resistance of Varroa destructor against Oxalic Acid Treatment—A Systematic Review
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Data Processing
3. Results
3.1. Efficacy Measurement
3.2. Trickling
3.3. Spraying
3.4. Exchange via Direct Contact
3.5. Vaporisation
3.6. Dusting
3.7. Others
4. Discussion
4.1. Efficacy Measurement
4.2. Trickling
4.3. Spraying
4.4. Exchange via Direct Contact
4.5. Vaporisation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Areal Dosage Range (mg/dm2) | Number and Share of Efficacy Values | Efficacy | References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range (%) | Fraction ≥ 70% | Fraction ≥ 90% | ||||
T1 | 0–10 | 20 (10.8%) | 22.2–97.8 | 11 | 5 | [61,68,96] |
T2 | >10–20 | 73 (39.5%) | 27.9–100 | 65 | 49 | [14,33,42,52,58,60,61,71,84,85,87,89,96] |
T3 | >20–30 | 27 (14.6%) | 66.1–99.8 | 26 | 20 | [13,15,18,46,51,54,60,61,64,66,69,81,96] |
T4 | >30–40 | 19 (10.2%) | 5–92.8 | 12 | 2 | [1,16,32,56,66,73,77,80,91,94] |
T5 | >40–50 | 6 (3.2%) | 72.2–95 | 6 | 2 | [56,62,69,80,91] |
T6 | >50 | 7 (3.8%) | 8.3–93.7 | 5 | 3 | [56,67,80,91,92] |
Tun | Unknown; not calculable; another unit | 33 (17.8%) | 14.5–98.6 | 24 | 10 | [19,41,43,44,45,50,53,59,63,70,71,72,74,75,85,93,95,97] |
Group | Areal Dosage Range (mg/dm2) | Number and Share of Efficacy Values | Efficacy | References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range (%) | Fraction ≥ 70% | Fraction ≥ 90% | ||||
S1 | 0–10 | 9 (31.0%) | 67.3–98.3 | 8 | 7 | [34,35,36,61] |
S2 | >10–20 | 11 (37.9%) | 73–99.42 | 11 | 9 | [34,35,61,86] |
S3 | >20–30 | 5 (17.2%) | 87.4–99 | 5 | 3 | [15,34,49,61] |
S4 | >30–40 | 1 (3.4%) | 98 | 0 | 1 | [34] |
Sun | Unknown; not calculable; another unit | 3 (10.3%) | 50–95 | 2 | 2 | [57,90] |
Group | Volume Dosage Range (mg/L) | Number and Share of Efficacy Values | Effectiveness | References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range (%) | Fraction ≥ 70% | Fraction ≥ 90% | ||||
E1 | 0–400 | 6 (33.3%) | 34–78.7 | 3 | 0 | [37,67,68,82,83] |
E2 | >400–900 | 6 (33.3%) | 90.4–94.5 | 6 | 6 | [37] |
Eun | Unknown; not calculable; another unit | 6 (33.3%) | 18.7–94 | 4 | 3 | [22,37,45,47] |
Group | Volume Dosage Range (mg/L) | Number and Share of Efficacy Values | Effectiveness | References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range (%) | Fraction ≥ 70% | Fraction ≥ 90% | ||||
V1 | 0–30 | 5 (20%) | 30–94.2 | 4 | 2 | [17,55,61] |
V2 | >30–60 | 8 (32%) | 41.4–99.6 | 7 | 4 | [17,37,48,55,61,65,66] |
V3 | >60–100 | 3 (12%) | 69.3–95.1 | 2 | 2 | [55,66] |
Vun | Unknown; not calculable; another unit | 9 (36%) | 58.7–96 | 8 | 7 | [59,63,76,98] |
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Kosch, Y.; Mülling, C.; Emmerich, I.U. Resistance of Varroa destructor against Oxalic Acid Treatment—A Systematic Review. Vet. Sci. 2024, 11, 393. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11090393
Kosch Y, Mülling C, Emmerich IU. Resistance of Varroa destructor against Oxalic Acid Treatment—A Systematic Review. Veterinary Sciences. 2024; 11(9):393. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11090393
Chicago/Turabian StyleKosch, Yvonne, Christoph Mülling, and Ilka U. Emmerich. 2024. "Resistance of Varroa destructor against Oxalic Acid Treatment—A Systematic Review" Veterinary Sciences 11, no. 9: 393. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11090393