Review of the Current Status on Ruminant Abortigenic Pathogen Surveillance in Africa and Asia
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Systematic Review Protocol
2.2. Search Strategy
2.3. Exclusion Criteria
- (i)
- If the numerator (i.e., number positive) and denominator (i.e., number tested) information were not reported at the species and sample type levels;
- (ii)
- If they were in a language other than English. When required, a third reviewer (TK) served as a tiebreaker, independently reviewing articles to resolve disagreements between the two primary reviewers.
2.4. Article Selection and Data Extraction
2.5. Analysis
3. Results
Median Sero-Prevalence of Abortigenic Pathogens
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Search String | Database or Further Sources | Results | Date | Comments |
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((((ASIA[Text Word]) OR (AFRICA[Text Word]) AND (1990/1/1:2024/5/1[pdat])) AND (((GOATS[Title/Abstract]) OR (SHEEP[Title/Abstract])) OR (CATTLE[Title/Abstract]) AND (1990/1/1:2024/5/1[pdat]))) AND (ABORT*[Title/Abstract] AND (1990/1/1:2024/5/1[pdat]))) AND (surve*[Title/Abstract]) | PubMed | 37 | 1 May 2024 | PubMed search |
abortion surveillance cattle OR sheep OR goats * * * * “Asia OR Africa” -human -people -persons -man -woman -Europe -americas -australia -pacific -“south america”1990–2024 | Google Scholar | 240 | 1 May 2024 | Google Scholar search through NM-AIST |
s/no | Country | Region | Year | Species | Number of Species (Positive) | Pathogen(s) Detected | Study Type | Husbandry Method (Climatic Zone) | Detection Method | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tanzania | East Africa | 1996 | Cross-bred bulls; Taurine breeds [24] (Friesian, Ayrshire, and Simmental crossed with Tanzanian short-horn zebu, boran, and Sahiwal) | Campylobacter fetus 3/58, Trichomonas foetus 0/58 | Campylobacter fetus subsp. Venerealis, Trichomonas foetus | Sero-survey | Smallholder dairy farms (zero-grazing) Tropical climate | Culture and biochemical tests | [24] |
2 | Uganda | East Africa | 2000 | Cattle (Ankole, crosses—Fresian and Boran) | Brucella—41/143 Anaplasma 3/454 | Brucella, Anaplasma | Cross-sectional | Pastoral communities Tropical climate | RBPT, ELISA | [25] |
3 | India | Asia | 2002–2004 | Cattle | 35/427 (9.6%) | Neospora caninum | Cross-sectional survey | Dairy farms Tropical climate | ELISA, IFAT | [26] |
4 | Senegal | West Africa | 2003 | Sheep | 7/260 (2.7%) | RVFV | Serological survey | Nomadic Tropical climate | Sero neutralization test | [27] |
5 | Zimbabwe | Southern Africa | 2004–2005 | Cattle | 71/1291 (5.5%) | Brucella | Cross-sectional | Smallholder Subtropical climate | RBT, ELISA | [28] |
6 | Sudan | Central Africa | 2005 | Sheep and goats | Sheep 3/270 (1.1%) | RVFV | Sero-surveillance | Nomadic pastoralist Tropical savannah | ELISA, Hemagglutination | [29] |
7 | South Africa | Southern Africa | 2006–2016 | 193 cattle, 39 goats, and 57 sheep | 63/288; Brucella 21/288 (7.3%) Cattle, Trueperella pyogenes 5/288 Cattle, 1/288 sheep | Brucella, Trueperella pyogenes, E. coli, Salmonella, L. monocytogenes, C. burnetii, B. licheniformus, Rhizopus, B. abortus, Leptospira, C. pecorum, Campylobacter | Observational retrospective study | Archived samples Subtropical and temperate | Microbiology, necropsy, histopathology, PCR | [30] |
8 | Ethiopia | East Africa | 2008–2009 | Sheep and goats | 0/270 sheep, 2/230 goats | Brucella | Cross-sectional | Mixed farming Tropical | Rose Bengal Plate Test, Complement Fixation Test | [31] |
9 | Ethiopia | East Africa | 2009–2010 | Cattle | 2/370 (0.05%) | Brucella | Cross-sectional survey | Mixed farming Equatorial rainforest, Afro-alpine | Rose Bengal, Complement Fixation Test | [32] |
10 | Tunisia | North Africa | 2010–2012 | Cattle | 214 blood, vaginal swabs, milk. Brucella 47/150 (31.3%) RBPT, DANA PCR 46/150 (30.6%). Chlamydia 27/150 (18%), L. monocytogenes 7/150 (4.6%), Salmonella 5/150 (3.3%). Vaginal swabs; Brucella 46/150 (30.6%), Chlamydiales 27/150 (2.65%), L. monocytogenes 4/150 (2.6%) | Brucella, Chamydiales (C. abortus, C. pecorum), Listeria, Salmonella, Coxiella burnetii, Campylobacter | Cross-sectional survey | Limited pasture or tethered Mediterranean climate | PCR, Rose Bengal | [33] |
11 | Mozambique | Southern Africa | 2010–2016 | Cattle, goats, and sheep | Cattle 149/404 Goats 45/223 Sheep | RVFV | Sero-survey | Mixed farming Tropical to sub-tropical | ELISA, PRNT | [34] |
12 | Zimbabwe | Southern Africa | 2011 | Cattle (mixed breeds) | 81/1440 (5.6%) | Brucella | Cross-sectional survey | Smallholder, mixed farming (strictly separate pastures) Subtropical | ELISA | [35] |
13 | Iran | Asia | 2011–2012 | Sheep and goats | PCR: Sheep 101/274. Goats 10/25, Culture Sheep 76/274. Goats’ 9/25 | Mycoplasma spp. | Cross-sectional | Mixed farming Arid and semi-arid climate | PCR, bacterial culture | [36] |
14 | India | Asia | 2012–2014 | Cattle | 11/61 (18.03%) | Trypanosoma evansi | Sero-survey | Mixed farming. Tropical climate | ELISA | [37] |
15 | South Korea | Asia | 2012–2013 | Cattle (Holstein breed) | 37/171 and 85/466 | Blue Tongue Virus | Serological survey from National Surveillance Program | Mixed farming Temperate climate | ELISA, BTV neutralization test, RT-PCR | [38] |
16 | Cameroon | West Africa | 2013 | Cattle | 117/1498 | RVFV | Cross-sectional survey | Pastoralists Humid and Equatorial climate | ELISA | [39] |
17 | Tanzania | East Africa | 2013–2016 | Cattle, goats, and sheep | Brucella Cattle 1/71, Coxiella Goats 5/100, Sheep 1/44, Neospora Cattle 9/71, Goats 1/100, Toxoplasma Sheep 1/44, BHV-1 Cattle 2/49, BVDV Cattle 2/71, Goats 1/100, Sheep 6/44, RVFV Cattle 14/71 | Brucella, Chlamydia abortus, Coxiella burnetii, Leptospira hardjo, Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii, Bluetongue Virus, Bovine Herpes Virus 1, Pestiviruses (BVDV/BDV), RVFV | Cross-sectional survey | Pastoral, agro-pastoral, and smallholder Tropical climate | ELISA, PCR | [40] |
18 | South Africa | Southern Africa | 2013–2018 | Cattle | 359,026 (22.1%) | Brucella | Cross-sectional survey, Provincial surveillance program | Mixed farming Subtropical and temperate | CFT, Rose Bengal Plate Test | [41] |
19 | Mozambique | Southern Africa | 2014 | Goats | Serology: 31/127 (24.4%) | RVFV | Outbreak investigation | Mixed farming Tropical to sub-tropical | ELISA, PCR | [42] |
20 | India | Asia | 2014 | Cattle | 160 RBPT 3/160 (1.8%), Standard Tube Agglutination Test (STAT) 5/160 (3.13%) | Brucella | Sero-epidemiological survey | Mixed farming Tropical climate | RBPT, STAT, Bacterial culture, Milk Ring Test | [43] |
21 | Nigeria | West Africa | 2015 | Cattle | 11/97 (11.3%) | RVFV | Cross-sectional survey | Nomadic pastoral Tropical monsoon climate, tropical savannah, and Sahelian hot and semi-arid | ELISA | [18] |
22 | Kenya | East Africa | 2016 | Cattle | 100/955, 10.5% | Coxiella burnetii | Cross-sectional survey | Mixed crop-livestock Tropical climate | ELISA | [4] |
23 | Egypt | North Africa | 2016–2018 | Cattle | 165/176 (93.86%) | BHV-1 | Transboundary, Import from Sudan | Nomadic Subtropical desert climate | ELISA | [44] |
24 | Tajikistan | Central Asia | 2016 | Cattle | 570 (58 PCR, 12 ELISA) | Brucella | Sero-prevalence | Smallholder Continental, subtropical, desert | ELISA, qPCR, DNA sequencing | [45] |
25 | Tunisia | North Africa | 2017 | Cattle and sheep | Cattle Waddlia 12/27, Parachlamydiaceae 8/27, Chlamydiaceae 7/27, Sheep P. acanthamoebae 9/164, C. pecorum 6/164 | Waddlia chondrophila, C. abortus, C. pecorum | Cross-sectional survey | Smallholder Mediterranean | PCR | [46] |
26 | Algeria | North Africa | 2017–2019 | Atlas brown cows | 650 pregnant (235(36.2%)) | Neospora caninum | Sero-prevalence | Smallholder Mediterranean | ELISA | [47] |
27 | Tanzania | East Africa | 2017–2019 | Cattle | 14/63 (23%) | RVFV | Prospective cohort | Pastoral, agropastoral, and smallholder Tropical climate | ELISA, RT-qPCR | [48] |
28 | Benin | West Africa | 2017 | Sheep and goats | Goats 83/153, Sheep 3/215 | Toxoplasma gondii | Sero-epidemiological survey | Pastoral. Steppe climate and topical humid climate | ELISA | [15] |
29 | Guinea | West Africa | 2017–2019 | Cattle, goats, and sheep | Brucella; Cattle 52/463, Sheep 2/486. Coxiella; Cattle 95/463, Goats 18/408, Sheep 11/486. RVF; Cattle 76/463, Goats 4/408, Sheep 5/486 | Brucella, Coxiella burnetii, RVFV | Sero-survey from archived samples | Intensive farms Samples from different prefectures Hot and humid | ELISA, Virus Neutralizing Ab | [49] |
30 | Algeria | North Africa | 2018–2019 | Cattle | 201/460 (43.7%) | Bovine Herpes Virus 1 | Abortion investigation | Mixed farming Mediterranean climate | ELISA | [50] |
31 | Saudi Arabia | Asia | 2018–2020 | Sheep and goats | Goat 3/84 (3.5%) Serum | BVDV | Sero-prevalence-Abattoir surveillance | Abattoir, semi-closed management Desert climate | ELISA | [51] |
32 | Ethiopia | East Africa | 2018–2019 | Cattle cross and pure breeds; Boran–Fresian cross, Boran–Jersey, Pure Jersey, and Boran | BHV-1 68/86(79.1%), BVD 33/86 (38.4%), Neospora 3/86 (3.5%), Coxiella 1/86 (1.2%) | Brucella spp., Neospora caninum, BVD, BHV-1, Coxiella burnetii | Reproductive problem investigation | Semi-intensive farming system (grazing and indoor feeding) Equatorial rainforest, Afro-alpine | ELISA | [52] |
33 | Ethiopia | East Africa | 2018–2019 | Cattle (Zebu, Holstein, Fresian, and crossbreed) | 0/882 (ear notch samples | BVDV | Cross-sectional survey | Peri-urban dairy farms, mixed crop–livestock farms (small holder extensive management system), pastoral herds (seasonal mobility) Equatorial rainforest, Afro-alpine | ELISA | [53] |
34 | India | Asia | 2019 | Cattle crossbreeds, exotic, and indigenous | BHV-1 425/1004, BVDV 604/1004, Brucella 176/1004, Coxiella 57/1004, Anaplasma 363/1004, Neospora 9/1004 | BHV-1, BVDV, Brucella, Coxiella burnetii, Neospora caninum, Anaplasma marginale | Cros-sectional | Intensive dairy farms Tropical | ELISA | [54] |
35 | Nigeria | West Africa | 2020 | Cattle | 61/1810 (3.37%) | Brucella | Cross-sectional | Mixed farming Tropical monsoon climate, tropical savannah, and Sahelian hot and semi-arid | SAT | [55] |
36 | Egypt | North Africa | 2020 | Cattle | Neospora 35/116 (30.17%), BVDV 31/116(26.72%) | Neospora caninum, BVDV | Cross-sectional | Medium-sized farms Subtropical desert climate | ELISA | [56] |
37 | Kenya | East Africa | 2020–2021 | Cattle | 6593(449) | Brucella | Sero-prevalence | Agro-alpine, high and medium potential, semi-arid, arid, and very arid Tropical climate | ELISA | [57] |
38 | Bangladesh | Asia | 2023 | Cattle (local, cross) | 66/386 (17.09%) | Brucella | Cross-sectional | Transboundary area, mixed farming Humid, warm climate | RBPT, Plate agglutination test, serum agglutination | [58] |
39 | South Africa | Southern Africa | 2023 | Cattle | 2% 770 | Brucella | Cross-sectional survey, abattoir survey | Communal, commercial, and non-commercial farms Subtropical and temperate | RNT, CFT, Milk Ring Test | [59] |
Abortigenic Pathogen | Species | Cases (n) | Total Tested (N) | Median Sero-Prevalence | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa | Asia | Africa | Asia | Africa | Asia | ||
Anaplasma | Cattle | 3 | 363 | 454 | 1004 | 0.7 | 36.2 |
BHV-1 | Cattle | 436 | 245 | 771 | 1004 | 56.5 | 24.4 |
Bluetongue virus | Cattle | 0 | 122 | 0 | 637 | 0 | 19.2 |
Brucella spp. | Goats | 2 | 0 | 230 | 0 | 0.87 | 0 |
Sheep | 2 | 0 | 754 | 0 | 0.27 | 0 | |
Cattle | 80,165 | 305 | 372,127 | 2120 | 21.5 | 14.4 | |
BVDV | Goats | 1 | 3 | 100 | 84 | 1 | 3.6 |
Sheep | 6 | 0 | 44 | 0 | 13.6 | 0 | |
Cattle | 66 | 604 | 1155 | 1004 | 5.7 | 60.2 | |
Campylobacter | Cattle | 3 | 0 | 58 | 0 | 5.2 | 0 |
Chlamydia abortus | Cattle | 34 | 0 | 177 | 0 | 19.2 | 0 |
Chlamydia pecorum | Sheep | 6 | 0 | 164 | 0 | 3.7 | 0 |
Coxiella burnetii | Goats | 23 | 0 | 508 | 0 | 4.5 | 0 |
Sheep | 12 | 0 | 530 | 0 | 2.3 | 0 | |
Cattle | 196 | 54 | 1504 | 1004 | 13 | 5.4 | |
Listeria | Cattle | 7 | 0 | 150 | 0 | 4.7 | 0 |
Mycoplasma | Goats | 0 | 10 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 40 |
Sheep | 0 | 101 | 0 | 274 | 0 | 36.9 | |
Neospora caninum | Goats | 1 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Cattle | 282 | 44 | 923 | 1431 | 30.6 | 3.1 | |
RVFV | Goats | 80 | 0 | 758 | 0 | 10.6 | 0 |
Sheep | 15 | 0 | 1016 | 0 | 1.5 | 0 | |
Cattle | 381 | 0 | 2596 | 0 | 14.7 | 0 | |
Salmonella | Cattle | 5 | 0 | 150 | 0 | 3.3 | 0 |
Toxoplasma gondii | Goats | 83 | 0 | 153 | 0 | 54.2 | 0 |
Sheep | 4 | 0 | 259 | 0 | 1.5 | 0 | |
Trichomonas foetus | Cattle | 0 | 0 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Trypanosoma evansi | Cattle | 0 | 11 | 0 | 61 | 0 | 18 |
Waddlia chondrophila | Cattle | 12 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 44.4 | 0 |
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Semango, G.P.; Buza, J. Review of the Current Status on Ruminant Abortigenic Pathogen Surveillance in Africa and Asia. Vet. Sci. 2024, 11, 425. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11090425
Semango GP, Buza J. Review of the Current Status on Ruminant Abortigenic Pathogen Surveillance in Africa and Asia. Veterinary Sciences. 2024; 11(9):425. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11090425
Chicago/Turabian StyleSemango, George Peter, and Joram Buza. 2024. "Review of the Current Status on Ruminant Abortigenic Pathogen Surveillance in Africa and Asia" Veterinary Sciences 11, no. 9: 425. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11090425