Respiratory Allergens from Furred Mammals: Environmental and Occupational Exposure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Allergens
1.2. Lipocalins
1.3. Secretoglobins
1.4. Kallikrein
1.5. Latherin
2. Measurements of Allergen Exposure
3. Animal Allergens in Occupational Settings
3.1. Laboratory Animal Facilities
3.2. Animal Farms
3.3. Veterinary Clinic
4. Animal Allergens in Public Places
4.1. Schools and Day Care Centers
4.2. Public Buildings
4.3. Public Transportation
5. Conclusions
Conflicts of interest
References
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Animal | Major Allergens | Protein Family | Main Source | MW § (kDa) | Sensitization Rate # [Reference] | Other Allergens |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cat | Fel d 1 * | Secretoglobin | Saliva, dander | 18 | 84–100% [26,27,28,29,30] | Fel d 2 * (albumin) |
Fel d 4 * | Lipocalin | Saliva | 22 | 31–63% [27,28,29,30,31] | Fel d 3 (cystatin) | |
Fel d 5 (IgA) | ||||||
Fel d 6 (IgM) | ||||||
Fel d 7 (lipocalin) | ||||||
Fel d 8 (latherin) | ||||||
Dog | Can f 1 * | Lipocalin | Saliva, dander | 23–25 | 40–76% [27,28,29,30,32] | Can f 2 * (lipocalin) |
Can f 5 * | Kallikrein | Urine | 28 | 31–71% [27,28,29,33] | Can f 3 * (albumin) | |
Can f 4 (lipocalin) | ||||||
Can f 6 (lipocalin) | ||||||
Can f 7 (NPC2 protein) | ||||||
Horse | Equ c 1 * | Lipocalin | Dander, saliva | 25 | 51–76% [27,30,34] | Equ c 2 (lipocalin) |
Equ c 4 | Latherin | Dander, saliva | 17, 20.5 | 77% [35] | Equ c 3 * (albumin) | |
Cow | Bos d 2 | Lipocalin | Dander | 20 | 83–97% [34,36] | Bos d 3 (calcium-binding protein) |
Bos d 6 * (albumin) | ||||||
Mouse | Mus m 1 * | Lipocalin | Urine | 17 | 66% [34] | |
Rat | Rat n 1 | Lipocalin | Urine | 17 | 88% [37] | |
Guinea pig | Cav p 1 | Lipocalin | Dander, saliva | 20 | 70–87% [38] | Cav p 3 (lipocalin) |
Cav p 2 | Lipocalin | Saliva, dander | 17 | 65% [39] | Cav p 4 (albumin) | |
Cav p 6 (lipocalin) | ||||||
Golden hamster | Mes a 1 | Lipocalin | Saliva, urine, fur | 20.5; 24; 30 | 67–83% [40] | |
Siberian hamster | Phod s 1 | Lipocalin | Saliva, urine, fur | 18, 21, 23 | 100% [41] | |
Rabbit | Ory c 1 | Lipocalin | Fur, saliva | 17–18 | 100% [42] | Ory c 4 (lipocalin) |
Ory c 3 | Secretoglobin | Fur | 19–21 | 77% [43] |
Sampling Place | Sampling Method | Allergen Levels | Positive Samples | Major Results | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Educational facilities | |||||
Schools, Sweden [83] | Vacuumed dust from furniture and floor (n = 116) | Equ c 4 in classes with >12% horse contact: GM 2051 U/g <12% horse contact: GM 880 U/g | Equ c 4 detected in 96% of samples | Positive relationship between horse allergen levels and rate of horse contact | |
Schools and homes, USA [84] | Vacuumed dust from floor, desks and chairs (schools, n = 443) and from mattress, bedding and floor (homes n = 321) | Fel d 1: Schools: M 0.23 µg/g Homes: M 0.06 µg/g Can f 1: Schools: M 0.11 µg/g Homes: M < LOD Mus m 1: Schools: M 0.90 µg/g Homes: M 0.14 µg/g Rat n 1: Schools: M < LOD Homes: M < LOD | Fel d 1: Schools: 94.8% Homes: 79.4% Can f 1: Schools: 82.6% Homes: 49.8% Mus m 1: Schools: 99.5% Homes: 96.0% Rat n 1: Schools: 1.4% Homes: 2.2% | Higher levels of allergens in schools compared to homes Very high levels of Mus m 1 compared to pet allergens | |
Schools and homes, The Netherlands [85] | EDC placed for 8 weeks in classrooms (n = 123) and bedrooms (n = 169) | Fel d 1: Classrooms: GM 60.6 ng/m²/week Homes: GM 13.3 ng/m²/week Homes without cats: 5.6 ng/m²/week Homes with cats: 235.7 ng/m²/week Can f 1: Classrooms: GM 35.8 ng/m²/week Homes: GM 7.4 ng/m²/week Homes without dogs: 3.9 ng/m²/week Homes with dogs: 163.5 ng/m²/week Mus m 1: Classrooms: GM 1.16 ng/m²/week Homes: GM 0.63 ng/m²/week Homes without pets: 0.54 ng/m²/week Homes with pets: 0.73 ng/m²/week | Not stated | Much higher levels of allergens in schools compared to homes without pets Very low levels of Mus m 1 classrooms and in homes without difference between presence of pets | |
Schools and homes, USA [86] | Vacuumed dust from classrooms (n = 182) and from bedrooms (n = 271) | Mus m 1 Classrooms Signs of mice: M 6.11 µg/g No signs of mice: M 1.21 µg/g Mus m 1 Homes Signs of mice: M 0.30 µg/g No signs of mice: M 0.03 µg/g | Mus m 1 detectable in 96.8% of school samples and 92.3% home samples | Strong relationship between signs of mouse and higher levels of mouse allergen | |
Schools, Malaysia [87] | Vacuumed dust from floor, desks and chairs (n = 32) | Fel d 1: M < LOD Can f 1: not detectable Equ c 4: not detectable | Fel d 1 detectable only in 3 samples (9%) | Low levels of pet allergens in schools in a tropical country | |
Day care centers, Poland [88] | Vacuumed dust from floors (n = 84) and childrens’ clothes (n = 36) | Fel d 1: Classrooms Winter: GM 0.41 µg/g Classrooms Summer: GM 0.25 µg/g Clothes of all children: GM 0.16 µg/g Clothes of cat owners: GM 3.62 µg/g Can f 1:Classrooms Winter: GM 1.29 µg/g Classrooms Summer: GM 0.80 µg/g Clothes of all children: GM 2.17 µg/g Clothes of dog owners: GM 59.2 µg/g | Allergens detectable in over 93% of dust samples | Seasonal variation of animal allergens Pet allergen transportation on the children’s clothes | |
Day care centers, Germany [89] | Vacuumed dust from smooth floor (n = 561), carpet (n = 469) and furniture (n = 330) | Fel d 1: Smooth floor: GM 0.12 µg/g Carpet: GM 0.21 µg/g Furniture: GM 0.67 µg/g Can f 1: Smooth floor: GM 0.10 µg/g Carpet: GM 0.15 µg/g Furniture: GM 0.33 µg/g | Fel d 1 and Can f 1 detectable in 96% of samples | Allergen levels differ between various surfaces | |
Public Buildings | |||||
Diverse public places, UK [96,97] | Vacuumed dust from seats and floors | Fel d 1: Upholstered seats: 14.88 µg/g Carpeted floors: 0.73 µg/g Can f 1: Upholstered seats: 9.4 µg/g Carpeted floors: 1.5 µg/g | Fel d 1 and Can f 1 detectable in 100% of samples | Much higher levels of pet allergens in upholstered seats compared to carpeted floors | |
Offices and archives, Italy [98] | Vacuumed dust from floors and chairs (n = 160) | Fel d 1: M 0.025 µg/g | Fel d 1 detectable in 54% of samples | Highest allergen levels in chairs. No detectable allergens in archives | |
Offices, USA [99] | Vacuumed dust from floors (n = 251) | Fel d 1: Carpet: M 0.31 µg/g Smooth floor: M 0.10 µg/g Other surface: M 0.20 µg/g | Fel d 1: Carpet: 94% Smooth floor: 78% Other surface: 94% | ||
Hotels, Brazil [100] | Vacuumed dust from bedding (n = 98) and carpets (n = 42) | Fel d 1: Bedding: GM 0.11 µg/g Carpet: GM 0.09 µg/g Can f 1: Bedding: GM 0.3 µg/g Carpet: GM 0.3 µg/g | Not stated | Similar pet allergen concentrations between bedding and carpeted floor | |
Hospitals, Germany [101] | Vacuumed dust from mattresses (autumn, n = 30, summer n = 30) | Fel d 1 Autumn: 1.38 µg/g Summer: 0.48 µg/g | Not stated | Seasonal variation of animal allergens | |
Public transportation | |||||
Buses and trams, Finland [102] | Vacuumed dust from seats and floors (n = 18) | Fel d 1: Seats: M 0.87 µg/g Floors: M 0.01 µg/g Can f 1: Seats: M 2.40 µg/g Floors: M 0.20 µg/g | Fel d 1 and Can f 1 detectable in 100% of samples | Much higher levels of pet allergens in seats compared to floors | |
Buses and taxis, Brazil [103] | Vacuumed dust from upholstered seats (n = 540) | Fel d 1: Buses with AC: GM 1.5 µg/g Buses without AC: GM 1.2 µg/g Taxis: GM 1.6 µg/g | Not stated | No differences in allergen levels between different types of vehicles | |
Airplanes, Sweden [104] | Vacuumed dust from floor and seats (n = 53) | Fel d 1: Textile seats cabin: GM 5.36 µg/g Leather seats cabin: GM 0.11 µg/g Can f 1: Textile seats cabin: GM 6.07 µg/g Leather seats cabin: GM 0.23 µg/g Equ c 4: Textile seats cabin: GM 13.70 U/g Leather seats cabin: GM 0.18 U/g | Not stated | Textile seats are much more contaminated by pet allergens than leather seats |
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Zahradnik, E.; Raulf, M. Respiratory Allergens from Furred Mammals: Environmental and Occupational Exposure. Vet. Sci. 2017, 4, 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci4030038
Zahradnik E, Raulf M. Respiratory Allergens from Furred Mammals: Environmental and Occupational Exposure. Veterinary Sciences. 2017; 4(3):38. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci4030038
Chicago/Turabian StyleZahradnik, Eva, and Monika Raulf. 2017. "Respiratory Allergens from Furred Mammals: Environmental and Occupational Exposure" Veterinary Sciences 4, no. 3: 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci4030038