Effect of Oral Administration of 1,3-1,6 β-Glucans in DWV Naturally Infected Newly Emerged Bees (Apis mellifera L.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Rearing Conditions
2.2. Feeding Conditions
2.3. Survival Rate Measurement and Food Intake Evaluation
2.4. Sampling
2.5. RNA Extraction and Viral Load Analysis
2.6. Phenoloxidase Activity
2.7. Caspase-3 Activity Assay
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Survival Rate
3.2. Food Intake
3.3. Viral Loads
3.3.1. Viral Load of the Faecal Samples
3.3.2. Viral Load of Whole T0 Honeybee Samples
3.3.3. Viral Load of the Whole Dead Honeybee Samples
3.3.4. Viral Load of the Whole Survived Bee Samples
3.4. Phenoloxidase Activity
3.5. Caspase-3 Activity Assay
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Felicioli, A.; Forzan, M.; Sagona, S.; D’Agostino, P.; Baido, D.; Fronte, B.; Mazzei, M. Effect of Oral Administration of 1,3-1,6 β-Glucans in DWV Naturally Infected Newly Emerged Bees (Apis mellifera L.). Vet. Sci. 2020, 7, 52. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7020052
Felicioli A, Forzan M, Sagona S, D’Agostino P, Baido D, Fronte B, Mazzei M. Effect of Oral Administration of 1,3-1,6 β-Glucans in DWV Naturally Infected Newly Emerged Bees (Apis mellifera L.). Veterinary Sciences. 2020; 7(2):52. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7020052
Chicago/Turabian StyleFelicioli, Antonio, Mario Forzan, Simona Sagona, Paola D’Agostino, Diego Baido, Baldassare Fronte, and Maurizio Mazzei. 2020. "Effect of Oral Administration of 1,3-1,6 β-Glucans in DWV Naturally Infected Newly Emerged Bees (Apis mellifera L.)" Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 2: 52. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7020052