Next Article in Journal
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Several Bacteria Species Identified in the Peritoneal Exudate of Cows Affected by Parietal Fibrinous Peritonitis after Caesarean Section
Previous Article in Journal
Prognostic Value of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Patterns by Western Blotting Immunodetection in Treated Dogs Previously Infected with Leishmania infantum
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Veterinary Sciences
Volume 8
Issue 12
10.3390/vetsci8120294
vetsci-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Changed Rumen Fermentation, Blood Parameters, and Microbial Population in Fattening Steers Receiving a High Concentrate Diet with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Improve Growth Performance

by
Kampanat Phesatcha
1,*,
Burarat Phesatcha
2,
Krittika Chunwijitra
3,
Metha Wanapat
4 and
Anusorn Cherdthong
4,*
1
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom 48000, Thailand
2
Department of Agricultural Technology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
3
Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom 48000, Thailand
4
Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Vet. Sci. 2021, 8(12), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8120294
Submission received: 12 November 2021 / Revised: 23 November 2021 / Accepted: 26 November 2021 / Published: 28 November 2021
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The effect of dry yeast (DY) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation in a high-concentrate diet was evaluated for rumen fermentation, blood parameters, microbial populations, and growth performance in fattening steers. Sixteen crossbred steers (Charolais x American Brahman) at 375 ± 25 kg live weight were divided into four groups that received DY supplementation at 0, 5, 10, and 15 g/hd/d using a completely randomized block design. Basal diets were fed as a total mixed ration (roughage to concentrate ratio of 30:70). Results showed that supplementation with DY improved dry matter (DM) intake and digestibility of organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (p < 0.05), but DM and crude protein (CP) were similar among treatments (p > 0.05). Ruminal pH (>6.0) of fattening steer remained stable (p > 0.05), and pH was maintained at or above 6.0 with DY. The concentration of propionic acid (C3) increased (p < 0.05) with 10 and 15 g/hd/d DY supplementation, while acetic acid (C2) and butyric acid (C4) decreased. Methane (CH4) production in the rumen decreased as DY increased (p < 0.05). Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens populations increased (p < 0.05), whereas protozoal and methanogen populations decreased with DY addition at 10 and 15 g/hd/d, while Ruminococcus albus did not change (p > 0.05) among the treatments. Adding DY at 10 and 15 g/hd/d improved growth performance. Thus, the addition of DY to fattening steers with a high concentrate diet improved feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen ecology, and growth performance, while mitigating ruminal methane production.

1. Introduction

Fattening beef production systems enhance animal growth and profitability by feeding high-concentrate diets with minimal roughage [1]. However, the ingestion of large amounts of readily fermentable substrates increases the risk of digestive diseases such as ruminal acidosis [2,3]. To avoid acidosis, preventive measures include modifying feeding management and/or incorporating additives into the total mixed ration (TMR) [4].
Yeast products, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have been employed as antibacterial feed additive substitutes [5]. Yeast improves the reducing environment in the rumen by aiding in the growth of cellulolytic bacteria and lactate-consuming populations, thereby improving rumen stabilization and enhancing the capability to digest fiber [6,7,8]. The composition of bovine diets varies, and the addition of live yeast affects the balance and activity of rumen microbial populations as well as feed digestion [9,10,11]. Yeast has been widely utilized as a supplement to improve digestive issues, feed intake, and efficiency in dairy calves [12]. Yeasts are known to improve ruminal microbial activity by regulating pH, particularly in calves with high dietary consumption of non-structural carbohydrates that may alter the microbial environment [13]. High-concentrate feeds also have a negative impact on cow consumption and sorting activity [14]. In ruminants, yeast supplementation improved nutrient digestibility [15], decreased methane (CH4) production [7,16], and improved dairy cow performance [17,18,19,20]. However, the literature has described conflicts about the influence of S. cerevisiae supplementation on the rumen of growing beef cattle fed a high-concentrate diet. Supplementation of active dry yeast (ADY) with a high-concentrate diet improves nutrient utilization via enhanced digestibility and rumen ecology while reducing CH4 production in fattening steers.
This study investigated the influence of supplementing a high concentrate diet with S. cerevisiae on DM, feed intake, nutritional digestibility, rumen parameters, rumen microorganisms, CH4 production, and growth performance in fattening steers.

2. Materials and Methods

The study design and plan strictly followed the norms of the Animal Ethics Committee of Nakhon Phanom University (permission No. AENPU A2/2560).

2.1. Animals, Feed, and Experimental Design

Sixteen crossbred steers (Charolais × American Brahman) at 375 ± 25 kg live weight were divided into four groups that received DY supplementation at 0, 5, 10, and 15 g/hd/d using a completely randomized block design. Basal diets were fed as a total mixed ration (roughage to concentrate ratio of 30:70). All cows were fed ad libitum with free access to water and mineral blocks. The brewer’s yeast strain, S. cerevisiae, in this study was obtained from the Renu Nakhon district, Nakhon Phanom Province, Thailand. The ingredients and chemical composition of the TMR are shown in Table 1. The animals were dewormed and given a 14-day acclimation period prior to the experiment. The trial lasted over 104 days, with the digestibility test taking place in the final week. The individual feed was made and fed in the morning and evening. To measure daily feed intake, the amount of feed supplied and denied was recorded every day. Average daily gain (ADG) was computed as the difference between the starting and final live weight, which was calculated by dividing the cumulated gain by the total fattening days. The ratio of individual DMI to dietary ADG was used to measure feed efficiency, which was calculated by dividing the average DM intake by the ADG of each fattening steer.

2.2. Sample Collection and Chemical Analyses of Samples

Representative feed and fecal samples were performed on the last 7 days of the experimental period. Fecal samples were obtained by rectal sampling of about 100 g. The samples were then composited by the animal and stored at −20 °C for later chemical analyses. The composite samples were dried at 60 °C before being processed (1-mm screen, Tecator, 1093, Hoganas, Sweden) and analyzed for DM, CP, and ash [21]. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) was determined and expressed, including residual ash. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was determined with the addition of alpha-amylase, but without sodium sulphite, and the results are given inclusive of residual ash [22]. Nutrient digestibility was calculated using acid insoluble ash (AIA) [23], and DM, OM, NDF, and ADF digestibility were determined from the ratio of AIA in feed and faeces, and digestibility of nitrogen was determined from the ratios of AIA and nitrogen (N) in feed and faeces.
Blood samples and rumen fluid were collected at 0 and 4 h after the morning feeding on the final day of the experimental period. Each time, approximately 200 mL of rumen fluid and digesta from the rumen were collected through the oral cavity using a stomach tube connected to a vacuum pump. Rumen fluid pH and temperature were immediately measured, and 50 mL of rumen fluid was collected and mixed with 5 mL of 1M H2SO4 to stop microbial activity fermentation before centrifugation at 16,000× g for 15 min. A total of 20 mL of supernatant was taken and frozen at −20 °C before being analyzed in the laboratory for ammonia–nitrogen (NH3-N) using micro-Kjeldahl methods.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography was used to examine volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the rumen fluid samples (HPLC; Model Water 600; UV detector, Millipore Corp., Milford, MA, USA). Rumen CH4 production was approximated using the equation of Moss et al. [24] using VFA proportions, which are as follows: production of CH4 = 0.45 (acetate, C2) + 0.275 (propionate, C3) + 0.4 (butyrate, C4).
The second portion was frozen at −20 °C before being analyzed in the laboratory for microbial populations using real-time qPCR. Isolation of genomic DNA was conducted from rumen fluid and digesta. QIAgen DNA Mini Stool Kit columns were used to purify the DNA (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA USA). Real-time qPCR was adopted to determine the relative populations of total bacteria such as Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Megasphaera eldsdenii, protozoa, and methanogen.
Isolation of genomic DNA was used in real-time quantitative PCR assays with power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, Warrington, UK), forward and reverse primers, and template DNA. Specific primers to measure the microbial population of total bacteria according to Edwards et al. [25], F. succinogenes and R. flavefaciens [26], R. albus [27], B. fibrisolvens, M. eldsdenii [28], methanogenic archaea [29], and protozoa [30] (Table 2). The DNA standards Real-time PCR amplification and detection were determined using a Chromo 4™ system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA).
Blood was drawn from all steers on the final day of the study via the jugular vein with 10 mL tubes. Tubes were centrifuged at 3200× g for 15 min at room temperature, and the separated serum was stored at −20 °C for measurement of urea nitrogen, free fatty acid (FFA), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), glucose, and total protein (TP) (Refloton plus, Roche, Rotkreuz, Switzerland).

2.3. Statistical Methods

The data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in the SAS software [31]. The mathematical model assumption used was:
Yi = μ + Ti + βi + εi
where Yi is the dependent variable, μ is the overall mean, Ti is the ith treatment effect (supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 0, 5, 10, and 15 g/hd/day), βi is the ith block effect, and i is the residual error of the ith observation. Differences among means with p < 0.05 were represented as statistically significant differences. Orthogonal polynomials for diet responses were determined by linear and quadratic effects.

3. Results

3.1. Feed Intake, Growth Performance, and Nutrients Digestibility

Table 3 shows the effect of DY addition on DM feed intake, growth performance and nutrient digestibility of fattening steers. The results showed that DY addition enhanced final BW, ADG, and DM feed intake of total mixed ration compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Supplementation DY at 10–15 g/hd/d increased digestibility of OM, NDF, and ADF (p < 0.05), but did not change digestibility of DM and CP (p > 0.05). Feeding with a high concentrate diet without DY addition resulted in lower fiber digestion in the rumen and, thus, lower ruminal pH.

3.2. Rumen Parameters and Blood Metabolite

Table 4 shows how DY addition impacted rumen parameters and blood metabolites in fattening steers. Ruminal temperature (39.4–39.8 °C) and ruminal pH (>6.0) of fattening steer remained stable (p > 0.05), and pH was maintained at or above 6.0 with DY. The concentration of NH3–N increased in the DY supplementation groups and was highest at 10–15 g/hd/d, but did not affect the concentration of BUN, glucose, FFA, TP, TG, and TC (p > 0.05).

3.3. Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) Profiles and Methane (CH4) Production

Concentrations of total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) and butyric acid (C4) concentrations did not change, whereas propionic acid (C3) increased (p < 0.05) with DY supplementation, particularly for DY at 10–15 g/hd/d. However, acetic acid (C2) concentration, C2:C3 ratio, and CH4 production were reduced with the addition of DY at 10–15 g/hd/d.

3.4. Microbial Population

Total bacteria such as F. succinogenes, B. fibrisolvens, R. flavefaciens, and M. eldinii increased, whereas protozoa and methanogenic populations decreased with DY addition compared to the control (p < 0.05). However, supplementation of DY did not affect the relative abundances of R. albus (p > 0.05), as shown in Table 5.

4. Discussion

4.1. Feed Intake and Nutrient Digestibility

Our results showed that DY supplementation consistently increased final BW, ADG, and DMI, with feed efficiency also improving compared to the control [4,32,33,34,35]. The physiological health of the animal, feed ingredients, and product type were all factors that impacted the effect of yeast supplementation on ruminant growth performance [36,37]. The addition of S. cerevisiae improved feed utilization efficiency [15,38], as well as OM digestion [39]. Supplementation of S. cerevisiae also improved rumen fiber breakdown by stimulating the growth of fibrolytic bacteria [36,40]. Dry yeast supplemented in early lactation increased DMI [39], while an increase in the pace and amount of forage NDF breakdown influenced intake and production in dairy cows. Yeast supplementation improved the abundance of fibrolytic bacteria, especially Ruminococcus and Fibrobacter, and increased fiber digestion in the rumen. These findings concurred with Uyeno et al. [41], who discovered that supplementing mid-lactation dairy cows with 10 g of ADY daily for 21 days stimulated fibrolytic bacteria in the rumen.

4.2. Rumen Parameters and Blood Metabolites

Low ruminal pH for extended periods of time can have a severe impact on DMI and fiber degradation, resulting in decreased productivity and considerable financial losses [36]. Pinloche et al. [6] investigated changes in ruminal bacteria in response to ADY supplementation in early lactating dairy cows. Megasphaera and Selenomonas were found to be more abundant, indicating the role of yeast in lowering lactic acid concentrations and maintaining normal ruminal pH. In this study, the ruminal pH of fattening steers was <6.0, while when adding DY, pH was maintained at >6.0. Several investigations have indicated that specific strains of ADY may be highly effective at raising and stabilizing ruminal pH [34,42].
The NH3-N concentration increased with DY supplementation at 10–15 g/hd/d, while the concentration of BUN was similar among treatments and ranged between 15.8 and 18.6 mg/dL in the normal range, as reported by Wanapat and Pimpa [43]. By contrast, Li et al. [5] found that the addition of yeast to the diet of dairy cows decreased BUN, while total TP was not affected, since ADY may have some potential benefit in improving nitrogen utilization. Here, DY addition had no effect on blood indicators such as blood glucose, TP, TG, and FFA. However, Geng et al. [37] noted that ADY raised serum triglyceride content in finishing bulls. Increased activity of lipolytic enzymes and greater consumption of dietary lipids by yeast preparations explain the increase in TG content [44]. The type of starch and fiber used in the diet highly affects some blood parameters [45].

4.3. Ruminal Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) Profiles and Methane (CH4) Production

In our study, fattening steers fed DY had higher C3 levels, while C2, and the C2 to C3 ratio were lower than those in the no-supplementation group. This was attributable to increases in the lactate-utilizing bacteria S. ruminantium and M. elsdenii that convert lactate to C3, with yeast supplementation stimulating their growth [46]. Compared to the control, yeast supplementation increased total VFA, C3, and valeric acid, but decreased C2 and the C2 to C3 ratio. Sousa et al. [33] discovered that the molar fraction of C3 increased, while C2 was reduced in yeast supplements containing total VFA. Furthermore, the addition of yeast decreased the C2 to C3 ratio, consistent with Wang et al.’s study [47]. Yeast supplementation affected the rumen microbial community, making the environment more favorable for fiber digesting bacteria and resulting in increased amounts of individual VFA obtained in the rumen [48]. After yeast supplementation, Dias et al. [1] found a higher proportion of C3 in the rumen of cattle. The yeast stimulated the growth of M. elsdenii, which converted lactate into C3 and C4 [6,35]. However, the inclusion of yeast in the diet increased C4 concentration, but did not result in major changes in ruminal fermentation [49].
Propionate fermentation causes significant changes in CH4 in ruminants, while yeast supplementation reduces CH4 production. This finding agreed with those of Phesatcha et al. [7] and Wang et al. [47], who recorded that yeast supplementation reduced CH4 production, whereas Munoz et al. [18] found that DY supplementation had no effect on total CH4 emission, but tended to increase CH4 per unit of feed intake and CH4 energy output per unit of gross energy intake, while Bayat et al. [17] and Li et al. [5] discovered that yeast had no effect on CH4 emissions. These varied effects of yeast supplementation on CH4 production were attributable to the experiments’ use of different yeast strains, doses, and diets [5]. Darabighane et al. [50] showed the yeast reduced CH4 emissions by inducing acetogens that used more hydrogen during the C2 generation process. Yeast addition decreased CH4 emissions by increasing C3 production and utilizing metabolic hydrogen by acetogens to produce C2 [7]. In our study, the methanogenic and protozoal populations decreased with DY supplementation, with the lowest values recorded at 10–15 g/hd/d.
The microbial population was studied using real-time PCR. Results revealed that R. flavefaciens, B. fibrisolvens, and F. succinogenes increased, while protozoal and methanogenic populations decreased with yeast supplementation at 10–15 g/hd/d. This result concurred with findings of Sousa et al. [33], who reported that the addition of yeast significantly increased the relative population of R. flavefaciens. The addition of DY increased the growth of cellulolytic bacterial populations, particularly R. flavefaciens and F. succinogenes, while limiting the growth of the lactate-producing bacterium (S. bovis) and increasing rumen fermentation consistency [49]. Ding et al. [51] found that adding yeast enhanced the number of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, lactate-utilizing bacteria, and the rate of fiber degradation. Cellulolytic bacterial and fungal colonization in the rumen may be aided by growth factors caused by organic acids and vitamins provided by yeast. Chaucheyras-Durand et al. [36] proposed that yeast may use available oxygen on the surface of freshly ingested feeds to maintain metabolic activity, resulting in a decrease in rumen redox potential. Yeast increased microbial growth, particularly of lactic acid-utilizing bacteria, and reduced acidosis [3,33]. Han et al. [3] found yeast stabilized the ruminal pH, improved the richness of rumen microflora, and regulated rumen microflora. However, Lu et al. [52] reported that adding yeast at 6 and 12 g/d decreased CH4 production without affecting the number or diversity of methanogens, while Jiang et al. [46] found that the numbers of B. fibrisolvens, an important hemicellulolytic species, were reduced in cows supplemented with a high dose of yeast. In our study, DY supplementation lowered CH4 production and protozoal and methanogenic populations, with the lowest values obtained at 10–15 g/hd/d.

5. Conclusions

The addition of DY at 10 g/hd/d enhanced growth performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and total bacterial populations while reducing protozoa and methanogenic populations and CH4 production in fattening steers fed with a high proportion of concentrate in the TMR diet.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, K.P.; methodology, K.P., K.C. and B.P., validation, K.P. and A.C.; formal analysis, K.P., B.P. and K.C.; investigation, K.P.; resources, K.P.; data curation, K.P.; manuscript drafting, K.P.; manuscript editing and finalizing, K.P., A.C. and M.W.; visualization, K.P.; supervision, A.C. and M.W.; project administration, K.P.; funding acquisition, K.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The authors express their most sincere gratitude to the Nakhon Phanom University Fund through the middle-class researcher scholarships (MR3/2563), the Research Program on the Research and Development of Winged Bean Root Utilization as Ruminant Feed; the Increase Production Efficiency and Meat Quality of Native Beef and Buffalo Research Group; Research and Graduate Studies, Khon Kaen University (KKU).

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study design and plan strictly followed the norms of the Animal Ethics Committee of Nakhon Phanom University (permission No. AENPU A2/2560).

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

Special thanks are extended to the Nakhon Phanom University Fund through the middle-class researcher scholarships (MR3/2563) for their kind support with research funds. Thanks are extended to the Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand for their support with the use of their facilities.

Conflicts of Interest

We declare that no conflict of interest exists among the authors.

References

  1. Dias, A.L.G.; Freitas, J.A.; Micai, B.; Azevedo, R.A.; Greco, L.F.; Santos, J.E.P. Effect of supplemental yeast culture and dietary starch content on rumen fermentation and digestion in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2018, 101, 201–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Vyas, D.; Uwizeye, A.; Mohammed, R.; Yang, W.Z.; Walker, N.D.; Beauchemin, K.A. The effects of active dried and killed dried yeast on subacute ruminal acidosis, ruminal fermentation, and nutrient digestibility in beef heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 2014, 92, 724–732. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Han, G.; Gao, X.; Duan, J.; Zhang, H.; Zheng, Y.; He, J.; Huo, N.; Pei, C.; Li, H.; Gu, S. Effects of yeasts on rumen bacterial flora, abnormal metabolites, and blood gas in sheep with induced subacute ruminal acidosis. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2021, 280, 115042. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Magrin, L.; Gottardo, F.; Fiore, E.; Gianesella, M.; Martin, B.; Chevaux, E.; Cozzi, G. Use of a live yeast strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a high-concentrate diet fed to finishing Charolais bulls: Effects on growth, slaughter performance, behaviour, and rumen environment. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2018, 241, 84–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Li, Y.; Shen, Y.; Niu, J.; Guo, Y.; Pauline, M.; Zhao, X.; Li, Q.; Cao, Y.; Bi, C.; Zhang, X. Effect of active dry yeast on lactation performance, methane production, and ruminal fermentation patterns in early-lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2021, 104, 381–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Pinloche, E.; McEwan, N.; Marden, J.P.; Bayourthe, C.; Auclair, E.; Newbold, C.J. The effects of a probiotic yeast on the bacterial diversity and population structure in the rumen of cattle. PLoS ONE 2013, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  7. Phesatcha, K.; Phesatcha, B.; Wanapat, M.; Cherdthong, A. Roughage to concentrate ratio and Saccharomyces cerevisiae inclusion could modulate feed digestion and in vitro ruminal fermentation. Vet. Sci. 2020, 7, 151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Suntara, C.; Cherdthong, A.; Uriyapongson, S.; Wanapat, M.; Chanjula, P. Comparison effects of ruminal Crabtree-negative yeasts and Crabtree-positive yeasts for improving ensiled rice straw quality and ruminal digestion using in vitro gas production. J. Fungi 2020, 6, 109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  9. Chaucheyras-Durand, F.; Walker, N.D.; Bach, A. Effects of active dry yeasts on the rumen microbial ecosystem: Past, present and future. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2008, 145, 5–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Khonkhaeng, B.; Cherdthong, A. Improving nutritive value of purple field corn residue and rice straw by culturing with white-rot fungi. J. Fungi. 2020, 6, 69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  11. Suriyapha, C.; Cherdthong, A.; Suntara, C.; Polyorach, S. Utilization of yeast waste fermented citric waste as a protein source to replace soybean meal and various roughage to concentrate ratios on in vitro rumen fermentation, gas kinetic, and feed digestion. Fermentation 2021, 7, 120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Alugongo, G.M.; Xiao, J.X.; Chung, Y.H.; Dong, S.Z.; Li, S.L.; Yoon, I.; Wu, Z.H.; Cao, Z.J. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products on dairy calves: Performance and health. J. Dairy Sci. 2017, 100, 1189–1199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  13. McAllister, T.A.; Beauchemin, K.A.; Alazzeh, A.Y.; Baah, J.; Teather, R.M.; Stanford, K. Review: The use of direct fed microbials to mitigate pathogens and enhance production in cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 2011, 91, 193–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  14. Hua, C.; Tian, J.; Tian, P.; Cong, R.; Luo, Y.; Geng, Y.; Tao, S.; Ni, Y.; Zhao, R. Feeding a high concentration diet induces unhealthy alterations in the composition and metabolism of ruminal microbiota and host response in a goat model. Front. Microbiol. 2017, 8, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  15. Khalouei, H.; Seranatne, V.; Fehr, K.; Guo, J.; Yoon, I.; Khafipour, E.; Plaizier, J.C. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products and subacute ruminal acidosis on feed intake, fermentation, and nutrient digestibilities in lactating dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 2021, 101, 143–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Haque, M.N. Dietary manipulation: A sustainable way to mitigate methane emissions from ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. Technol. 2018, 60, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  17. Bayat, A.R.; Kairenius, P.; Stefański, T.; Leskinen, H.; Comtet-Marre, S.; Forano, E.; Chaucheyras-Durand, F.; Shingfield, K.J. Effect of Camelina oil or live yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on ruminal methane production, rumen fermentation, and milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows fed grass silage diets. J. Dairy Sci. 2015, 98, 3166–3181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  18. Muñoz, C.; Wills, D.A.; Yan, T. Effects of dietary active dried yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supply at two levels of concentrate on energy and nitrogen utilisation and methane emissions of lactating dairy cows. Anim. Prod. Sci. 2017, 57, 656–664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Hristov, A.N.; Varga, G.; Cassidy, T.; Long, M.; Heyler, K.; Karnati, S.K.R.; Corl, B.; Hovde, C.J.; Yoon, I. Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on ruminal fermentation and nutrient utilization in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2010, 93, 682–692. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  20. Rossow, H.A.; Riordan, T.; Riordan, A. Effects of addition of a live yeast product on dairy cattle performance. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 2018, 46, 159–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  21. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Official Methods of Analysis, 19th ed.; AOAC International: Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2012. [Google Scholar]
  22. Van Soest, P.J.; Robertson, J.B.; Lewis, B.A. Methods for dietary fiber neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 1991, 74, 3583–3597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Van Keulen, J.Y.; Young, B.A. Evaluation of acid-insoluble ash as a natural marker in ruminant digestibility studies. J. Anim. Sci. 1977, 44, 282–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Moss, A.R.; Jouany, J.P.; Newbold, J. Methane production by ruminants: Its contribution to global warming. Anim. Res. 2000, 49, 231–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  25. Edwards, J.E.; Huws, S.A.; Kim, E.J.; Kingston-Smith, A.H. Characterization of the dynamics of initial bacterial coloni- zation of nonconserved forage in the bovine rumen. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2007, 62, 323–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Denman, S.E.; McSweeney, C.S. Development of a real-time PCR assay for monitoring anaerobic fungal and cellulolytic bacterial populations within the rumen. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2006, 58, 572–582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Koike, S.; Kobayashi, Y. Development and use of competitive PCR assays for the rumen cellulolytic bacteria: Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2001, 204, 361–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Stevenson, D.M.; Weimer, P.J. Dominance of Prevotella and low abundance of classical ruminal bacterial species in the bovine rumen revealed by relative quantification real-time PCR. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2007, 75, 165–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Ohene-Adjei, S.; Teather, R.M.; Ivan, M.; Forster, R.J. Post inoculation protozoan establishment and association patterns of methanogenic archaea in the ovine rumen. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2007, 73, 4609–4618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  30. Sylvester, J.T.; Karnati, S.K.R.; Yu, Z.; Morrison, M.; Firkins, J.L. Development of an assay to quantify rumen ciliate protozoal biomass in cows using real-time PCR. J. Nutr. 2004, 134, 3378–3384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  31. SAS (Statistical Analysis System). User’s Guide: Statistic, 4th ed.; SAS Inst. Inc.: Cary, NC, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
  32. Finck, D.N.; Ribeiro, F.R.B.; Burdick, N.C.; Parr, S.L.; Carroll, J.A.; Young, T.R.; Bernhard, B.C.; Corley, J.R.; Estefan, A.G.; Rathmann, R.J. Yeast supplementation alters the performance and health status of receiving cattle. Prof. Anim. Sci. 2014, 30, 333–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Sousa, D.O.; Oliveira, C.A.; Velasquez, A.V.; Souza, J.M.; Chevaux, E.; Mari, L.J.; Silva, L.F.P. Live Yeast supplementation improves rumen fibre degradation in cattle grazing tropical pastures throughout the year. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2018, 236, 149–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Cagle, C.M.; Fonseca, M.A.; Callaway, T.R.; Runyan, C.A.; Cravey, M.D.; Tedeschi, L.O. Evaluation of the effects of live yeast on rumen parameters and in situ digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber in beef cattle fed growing and finishing diets. Appl. Anim. Sci. 2020, 36, 36–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Amin, A.B.; Mao, S. Influence of yeast on rumen fermentation, growth performance and quality of products in ruminants: A review. Anim. Nutr. 2021, 7, 31–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Chaucheyras-Durand, F.; Ameilbonne, A.; Bichat, A.; Mosoni, P.; Ossa, F.; Forano, E. Live yeasts enhance fibre degradation in the cow rumen through an increase in plant substrate colonization by fibrolytic bacteria and fungi. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2016, 120, 560–570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  37. Geng, C.Y.; Ren, L.P.; Zhou, Z.M.; Chang, Y.; Meng, Q.X. Comparison of active dry yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and yeast culture for growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality and blood indexes in finishing bulls. Anim. Sci. J. 2016, 87, 982–988. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Cagle, C.M.; Fernando Batista, L.D.; Anderson, R.C.; Fonseca, M.A.; Cravey, M.D.; Julien, C.; Tedeschi, L.O. Evaluation of different inclusion levels of dry live yeast impacts on various rumen parameters and in situ digestibilities of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber in growing and finishing beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 2019, 97, 4987–4998. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Desnoyers, M.; Giger-Reverdin, S.; Bertin, G.; Duvaux-Ponter, C.; Sauvant, D. Meta-analysis of the influence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on ruminal parameters and milk production of ruminants. J. Dairy Sci. 2009, 92, 1620–1632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  40. AlZahal, O.; Li, F.; Guan, L.L.; Walker, N.D.; McBride, B.W. Factors influencing ruminal bacterial community diversity and composition and microbial fibrolytic enzyme abundance in lactating dairy cows with a focus on the role of active dry yeast. J. Dairy Sci. 2017, 100, 4377–4393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  41. Uyeno, Y.; Akiyama, K.; Hasunuma, T.; Yamamoto, H.; Yokokawa, H.; Yamaguchi, T.; Kawashima, K.; Itoh, M.; Kushibiki, S.; Hirako, M. Effects of supplementing an active dry yeast product on rumen microbial community composition and on subsequent rumen fermentation of lactating cows in the mid-to-late lactation period. Anim. Sci. J. 2017, 88, 119–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Crossland, W.L.; Cagle, C.M.; Sawyer, J.E.; Callaway, T.R.; Tedeschi, L.O. Evaluation of active dried yeast in the diets of feedlot steers. II. Effects on rumen pH and liver health of feedlot steers. J. Anim. Sci. 2019, 97, 1347–1363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Wanapat, M.; Pimpa, O. Effect of ruminal NH3-N levels on ruminal fermentation, purine derivatives, digestibility and rice straw intake in swamp buffaloes. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 1999, 12, 904–907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Kowalik, B.; Skomiał, J.; Pajak, J.J.; Taciak, M.; Majewska, M.; Bełzecki, G. Population of ciliates, rumen fermentation indicators and biochemical parameters of blood serum in heifers fed diets supplemented with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) preparation. Anim. Sci. Pap. Rep. 2012, 30, 329–338. [Google Scholar]
  45. Lombardi, P.; Musco, N.; Calabro, S.; Tudisco, R.; Mastellone, V.; Vastolo, A.; Infascelli, F.; Cutrignelli, I.M. Different carbohydrate sources affect swine performance and post-prandial glycaemic response. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 2020, 19, 421–430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  46. Jiang, Y.; Ogunade, I.M.; Qi, S.; Hackmann, T.J.; Staples, C.R.; Adesogan, A.T. Effects of the dose and viability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Diversity of ruminal microbes as analyzed by illumina MiSeq sequencing and quantitative PCR. J. Dairy Sci. 2017, 100, 325–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  47. Wang, Z.; He, Z.; Beauchemin, K.A.; Tang, S.; Zhou, C.; Han, X.; Wang, M.; Kang, J.; Odongo, N.E.; Tan, Z. Evaluation of different yeast species for improving in vitro fermentation of cereal straws. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 2016, 29, 230–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  48. Zhu, W.; Wei, Z.; Xu, N.; Yang, F.; Yoon, I.; Chung, Y.; Liu, J.; Wang, J. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products on performance and rumen fermentation and microbiota in dairy cows fed a diet containing low quality forage. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 2017, 8, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  49. Bennett, S.L.; Arce-Cordero, J.A.; Brandao, V.L.N.; Vinyard, J.R.; Agustinho, B.C.; Monteiro, H.F.; Lobo, R.R.; Tomaz, L.; Faciola, A.P. Effects of bacterial cultures, enzymes, and yeast-based feed additive combinations on ruminal fermentation in a dual-flow continuous culture system. Transl. Anim. Sci. 2021, 5, txab026. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  50. Darabighane, B.; Salem, A.Z.M.; Mirzaei Aghjehgheshlagh, F.; Mahdavi, A.; Zarei, A.; Elghandour, M.M.M.Y.; López, S. Environmental efficiency of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on methane production in dairy and beef cattle via a meta-analysis. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2019, 26, 3651–3658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Ding, G.; Chang, Y.; Zhao, L.; Zhou, Z.; Ren, L.; Meng, Q. Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on alfalfa nutrient degradation characteristics and rumen microbial populations of steers fed diets with different concentrate-to-forage ratios. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 2014, 5, 24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  52. Lu, Q.; Wu, J.; Wang, M.; Zhou, C.; Han, X.; Odongo, E.N.; Tan, Z.; Tang, S. Effects of dietary addition of cellulase and a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and enteric methane emissions in growing goats. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 2016, 70, 224–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Table
Table 1. Compositions of total mixed ration.
Table 1. Compositions of total mixed ration.
Ingredient Composition% Dry Matter Basis
Rice straw25.3
Corn silage4.7
Cassava chip26.2
Rice bran33.4
Soybean meal4.4
Urea2.0
Molasses2.0
Mineral mixture2.0
Salt1.0
Chemical composition
Dry matter, %69.8
Organic matter91.3
Ash9.7
Crude protein12.8
Neutral detergent fiber 29.6
Acid detergent fiber18.2
Total digestible nutrients (TDN) *77.9
* Calculated value % TDN = (% digestible CP + Crude fiber (CF) + Nitrogen free extract (NFE) + (2.25 × % Digestible Ether extract (EE)).
Table
Table 2. PCR primers for real-time quantitative PCR assay.
Table 2. PCR primers for real-time quantitative PCR assay.
Target SpeciesPrimer SetReference
Total bacteria5′-AGCAGCCGCGGTAAT-3′
5′-CAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTT-3′		[25]
Fibrobacter succinogenes5′-GTTCGGAATTACTGGGCGTAAA-3′
5′-CGCCTGCCCCTGAACTATC-3′		[26]
Ruminococus flavefaciens5′-CGAACGGAGATAATTTGAGTTTACTTAGG-3′
5′-CGGTCTCTGTATGTTATGAGGTATTACC-3′		[26]
Ruminococus albus5′-CCCTAAAAGCAGTCTTAGTTCG-3′
5′-CCTCCTTGCGGTTAGAACA-3′		[27]
Butyvibrio fibrisolvens5′-ACCGCATAAGCGCACGGA-3′
5′-CGGGTCCATCTTGTACCGATAAAT-3′		[28]
Megasphera eldinii5′-AGATGGGGACAACAGCTGGA-3′
5′-CGAAAGCTCCGAAGAGCCT-3′		[28]
Methanogenic archaea5′-GAGGAAGGAGTGGACGACGGTA-3′
5′-ACGGGCGGTGTGTGCAAG-3′		[29]
Protozoa5′-GCTTTCGWTGGTAGTGTATT-3′
5′-CTTGCCCTCYAATCGTWCT-3′		[30]
Table
Table 3. Effect of yeast supplementation in high concentrate diet on average daily gain, dietary dry matter intake, feed conversion ratio, and nutrient digestibility in fattening steers.
Table 3. Effect of yeast supplementation in high concentrate diet on average daily gain, dietary dry matter intake, feed conversion ratio, and nutrient digestibility in fattening steers.
ItemsYeast Supplementation (g/day)SEMContrast
051015LinearQuadratic
Initial body weight (BW), kg375.5376.1373.8372.61.210.140.43
Final BW, kg434.4 a442.7 b462.5 c461.6 c4.850.040.52
Average daily gain, g/day649 a744 b984 c993 c6.030.040.71
Dry matter intake, kg/day9.2 b10.5 b11.4 a11.6 a0.130.040.29
Feed conversion (feed: gain)14.1 b14.2 b11.6 a11.7 a0.480.040.07
Nutrient digestibility, %
Dry matter 59.7 60.8 61.4 61.6 0.290.390.62
Organic matter63.2 a65.6 b67.7 c67.4 c0.040.040.11
Crude protein66.166.466.966.60.060.380.58
Neutral detergent fiber49.8 a55.7 b57.9 c58.1 c0.040.040.04
Acid detergent fiber45.4 a47.5 b49.9 c49.5 c0.020.030.04
a,b,c means within a row with different superscripts differ significantly (p < 0.05); SEM = standard error of the mean.
Table
Table 4. Effect of yeast supplementation in high concentrate diet on fermentation characteristics and blood metabolite in fattening steer.
Table 4. Effect of yeast supplementation in high concentrate diet on fermentation characteristics and blood metabolite in fattening steer.
ItemsYeast Supplementation (g/day)SEMContrast
051015LinearQuadratic
Ruminal pH5.9 a6.3 b6.5 b6.5 b0.090.040.05
Temperature, °C39.439.639.839.70.070.110.29
NH3-N, mg/dL15.0 a16.9 b18.3 c18.6 c0.270.040.05
Blood metabolite, mg/dL
Urea–Nitrogen13.814.114.615.10.420.380.59
Glucose66.167.666.967.31.940.420.71
Free fatty acid0.60.70.70.70.160.200.59
Total protein1.11.01.21.30.250.360.87
Triglyceride0.30.40.50.40.320.170.89
Total cholesterol4.14.24.44.50.140.220.94
Total VFAs, mmol/L117.8118.2120.5121.01.431.050.06
VFAs, mol/100mol
Acetic acid (C2)69.3 b68.8 b65.1 a64.6 a0.260.040.05
Propionic acid (C3)22.8 a24.0 b27.2 c27.5 c0.170.040.05
Butyric acid (C4)7.97.27.77.90.190.060.08
C2: C33.0 b2.9 b2.4 a2.3 a0.050.040.05
CH4 (mM/l)28.1 b27.2 b24.9 a 24.6 a0.190.040.05
a,b,c means within a row with different superscripts differ significantly (p < 0.05); SEM = standard error of the mean; NH3-N = ammonia nitrogen; BUN = blood urea nitrogen; VFAs = volatile fatty acids; CH4 = methane production = 0.45 (C2) − 0.275 (C3) + 0.4 (C4) calculated according to Moss et al. [24].
Table
Table 5. Effect of yeast supplementation in high concentrate diet on microbial population in fattening steers.
Table 5. Effect of yeast supplementation in high concentrate diet on microbial population in fattening steers.
ItemsYeast Supplementation (g/day)SEMContrast
051015LinearQuadratic
Real-time PCR, copies/mL rumen content
Total bacteria, ×1095.1 a6.2 b7.5 c7.9 c0.650.030.04
F. succinogenes, ×1082.8 a5.7 b8.2 c8.0 c0.280.040.06
R. flavefaciens, ×1074.8 a4.4 a6.9 b7.2 b0.440.040.07
R. albus, ×1073.73.33.83.10.820.080.11
B. fibrisolvens, ×1063.4 a5.8 b6.6 bc7.2 c0.430.040.06
M. eldinii, ×1021.4 a2.8 b4.1 c4.4 c0.580.040.05
Methanogens, ×1057.1 a5.4 b2.1 c2.0 c0.050.040.05
Protozoa, ×1055.6 a3.7 b1.9 c1.2 c0.180.030.04
a,b,c means within a row with different superscripts differ significantly (p < 0.05); SEM = standard error of the mean.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Phesatcha, K.; Phesatcha, B.; Chunwijitra, K.; Wanapat, M.; Cherdthong, A. Changed Rumen Fermentation, Blood Parameters, and Microbial Population in Fattening Steers Receiving a High Concentrate Diet with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Improve Growth Performance. Vet. Sci. 2021, 8, 294. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8120294

AMA Style

Phesatcha K, Phesatcha B, Chunwijitra K, Wanapat M, Cherdthong A. Changed Rumen Fermentation, Blood Parameters, and Microbial Population in Fattening Steers Receiving a High Concentrate Diet with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Improve Growth Performance. Veterinary Sciences. 2021; 8(12):294. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8120294

Chicago/Turabian Style

Phesatcha, Kampanat, Burarat Phesatcha, Krittika Chunwijitra, Metha Wanapat, and Anusorn Cherdthong. 2021. "Changed Rumen Fermentation, Blood Parameters, and Microbial Population in Fattening Steers Receiving a High Concentrate Diet with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Improve Growth Performance" Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 12: 294. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8120294

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop