Leptospira interrogans Serogroup Pomona in a Dairy Cattle Farm in a Multi-Host Zootechnical System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Farms
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Differential Diagnosis
2.4. Serological Test for Leptospirosis
2.5. Culture Examination/Isolation of Leptospira spp.
2.6. Molecular Tests for Leptospirosis
2.7. MLST and Phylogenetic Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Differential Diagnosis
3.2. Serological Results for Leptospirosis
3.3. Leptospiral Molecular Detection and Isolation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Infectious Agent | ELISA Test Kit | Manufacturer | Antigens | Se * | Sp * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neospora caninum | ID Screen® Neospora caninum Indirect Multi-species | ID.vet Innovative Diagnostics, Grabels, France | Purified extract of Neospora caninum | 100% (CI95%: 98.8–100%) | 100% (CI95%: 99.41–100%) |
Coxiella burnetii | ID Screen® Q fever indirect Multi-species | ID.vet Innovative Diagnostics, Grabels, France | phase I and phase II antigens Coxiella burnetii | 100% (CI95%: 89.28–100%) | 100% (CI95%: 97.75–100%) |
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus | Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus (BHV1) gB Antibody Test Kit | IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. | Bovine herpesvirus-1 specific Glycoprotein-B (gB) | 99.6% (CI95% 98.0–99.9%) | 100.0% (CI95% 99.5–100.0%) |
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus (BHV-1) gE Antibody Test Kit | Bovine herpesvirus-1 specific Glycoprotein-E (gE) | ||||
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea | Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) Antigen Test Kit/Serum Plus | IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. | Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus E-antigen | 95.9% (CI95% 92.3–97.9%) | 100% (CI95% 97.7–100%) |
Oligonucleotide | Target | Sequence 5′–3′ | Refererence |
---|---|---|---|
LipL32-45F | lipL32 | 5′-AAGCATTACCGCTTGTGGTG-3′ | [37] |
LipL32-286R | lipL32 | 5′-GAACTCCCATTTCAGCGATT-3′ | |
LipL32-189P | lipL32 | FAM-5′-AAAGCCAGGACAAGCGCCG-3′-BHQ1 |
ID | T0 | ANTIB | T1 | T2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Serogroup | Titer | Serogroup | Titer | ↑↓ | Serogroup | Titer | ↑↓ | ||
1A | Australis Icterohem. Pomona | 1:400 1:400 1:200 | Yes | Pomona | 1:6400 | ↑ | Pomona | 1:1600 | ↓ |
2A | Icterohem. Pomona | 1:100 1:100 | Yes | Pomona | 1:3200 | ↑ | Pomona | 1:1600 | ↓ |
3A | Pomona | 1:100 | Yes | Pomona | 1:800 | ↑ | Pomona | 1:400 | ↓ |
4A | Pomona | 1:100 | Yes | Pomona | 1:1600 | ↑ | Pomona | 1:1600 | = |
5A | Australis Icterohem. Pomona | 1:100 1:400 1:400 | Yes | Pomona | 1:800 | ↑ | Pomona | 1:3200 | ↑ |
6A | Icterohem. Pomona | 1:100 1:200 | Yes | Pomona | 1:400 | ↑ | Neg | ↓ | |
7A | Icterohem. | 1:200 | Yes | Pomona | 1:100 | I | Pomona | 1:6400 | ↑ |
8A | Tarassovi | 1:200 | Yes | Pomona | 1:200 | I | Pomona | 1:200 | = |
9A | Australis Icterohem. Pomona | 1:200 1:200 1:400 | Yes | Pomona | 1:6400 | ↑ | Pomona | 1:3200 | ↓ |
10A | Pomona | 1:200 | Yes | Pomona | 1:100 | ↓ | Neg | ↓ | |
11A | Icterohem. | 1:400 | Yes | Neg | Pomona | 1:800 | ↑ | ||
12A | Neg | Pomona | 1:6400 | I | Pomona | 1:400 | ↓ | ||
13A | Neg | Pomona | 1:1600 | I | Pomona | 1:800 | ↓ | ||
14A | Neg | Pomona | 1:200 | I | Pomona | 1:800 | ↑ | ||
15A | Neg | Pomona | 1:100 | I | Pomona | 1:1600 | ↑ | ||
16A | Neg | Pomona | 1:6400 | I | Pomona | 1:3200 | ↓ | ||
17A | Neg | Pomona | 1:800 | I | Pomona | 1:200 | ↓ | ||
18A | Neg | Pomona | 1:200 | I | Pomona | 1:400 | ↑ | ||
19A | Neg | Neg | = | Neg | = | ||||
20A | Neg | Neg | = | Neg | = | ||||
21A | Neg | Dead | |||||||
22A | Neg | Pomona | 1:200 | I | Neg | ↓ | |||
23A | Neg | Pomona | 1:100 | I | Pomona | 1:100 | = | ||
24 M | Neg. | Neg. | = | Neg | = | ||||
25A | Neg | Pomona | 1:200 | I | Neg | ↓ | |||
26A | Neg | Pomona | 1:800 | I | Pomona | 1:200 | ↓ | ||
27A | Neg | Pomona | 1:800 | I | Pomona | 1:800 | = | ||
28A | Neg | Pomona | 1:100 | I | Neg | ↓ | |||
29A | Neg | Pomona | 1:800 | I | Pomona | 1:800 | = | ||
30A | Neg | Pomona | 1:6400 | I | Pomona | 1:800 | ↓ | ||
31A | Neg | Neg | = | Neg | = | ||||
32A | Neg | Neg | = | Pomona | 1:200 | ↑ | |||
33A | Neg | Neg | = | Neg | = |
ID | T0 | T1 | ↑↓ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Serogroup | Titer | Serogroup | Titer | ↑ | |
1B | Australis Icterohaem Sejroe Pomona | 1:400 1:800 1:100 1:3200 | Pomona | 1:6400 | |
2B | Pomona | 1:1600 | Pomona | 1:800 | ↓ |
3B | Pomona Icterohaem Sejroe | 1:400 1:400 1:100 | Pomona | 1:800 | ↑ |
4B | Pomona | 1:800 | Pomona | 1:800 | ↓ |
5B | Sejroe | 1:100 | Neg | ↓ | |
6B | Neg | Pomona | 1:200 | I | |
7B | Neg | Pomona | 1:200 | I |
Farm | ID | Serogroup | Titer |
---|---|---|---|
C | 1C | Ballum | 1:100 |
C | 2C | Pomona | 1:200 |
C | 3C | Pomona | 1:800 |
D | 1D | Ballum | 1:100 |
E | 1E | Sejroe | 1:200 |
F | 1F | Grippotyp/Sejroe/Tarassovi | 1:400/1:200/1:100 |
F | 2F | Grippotyp/Sejroe/Tarassovi | 1:100/1:200/1:400 |
F | 3F | Grippotyp/Sejroe/Tarassovi/Pomona | 1:400/1:100/1:100/1:400 |
F | 4F | Grippotyp/Sejroe | 1:400/1:800 |
F | 5F | Grippotyp/Tarassovi | 1:200/1:400 |
F | 6F | Grippotyp/Sejroe | 1:400/1:400 |
F | 7F | Grippotyp/Sejroe/Tarassovi | 1:100/1:200/1:100 |
F | 8F | Grippotyp/Sejroe/Tarassovi | 1:1600/1:1600/1:800 |
F | 9F | Grippotyp/Sejroe | 1:400/1:400 |
F | 10F | Grippotyp | 1:800 |
F | 11F | Grippotyp/Tarassovi/Pomona | 1:100/1:200/1:800 |
F | 12F | Grippotyp/Tarassovi | 1:800/1:100 |
F | 13F | Pomona/Sejroe/Tarassovi | 1:400/1:200/1:400 |
F | 14F | Pomona/Sejroe | 1:100/1:400 |
F | 15F, 23F | Pomona | 1:400 |
F | 16F | Tarassovi/Pomona | 1:400/1:200 |
F | 17F, 22F | Pomona | 1:800 |
F | 18F | Pomona/Sejroe | 1:400/1:200 |
F | 19F | Pomona | 1:1600 |
F | 20F | Pomona/Sejroe | 1:200/1:100 |
F | 21F | Tarassovi/Pomona | 1:200/1:3200 |
F | 24F, 26F | Sejroe | 1:100 |
F | 25F, 30F, 32F, 33F | Sejroe | 1:200 |
F | 27F | Tarassovi/Sejroe | 1:400/1:400 |
F | 28F, 31F | Sejroe | 1:400 |
F | 29F | Tarassovi/Sejroe | 1:200/1:400 |
F | 34F, 37F, 40F | Tarassovi | 1:400 |
F | 35F, 38F, 41F, 42F, 43F, 44F | Tarassovi | 1:200 |
F | 36F, 39F | Tarassovi | 1:100 |
Farm | ID | Real Time-PCR | MLST | Isolation |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | 1A | Pos | Pos | Pos |
A | 2A | Pos | / | Neg |
A | 3A | Pos | Pos | Pos |
A | 4A | Pos | / | Neg |
A | 5A | Pos | Pos | Neg |
A | 6A | Pos | Pos | Neg |
A | 7A | Pos | / | Neg |
A | 8A | Pos | Pos | Neg |
A | 9A | Pos | Pos | Neg |
A | 10A | Pos | Pos | Neg |
A | 11A | Pos | / | Neg |
B | 1B | Neg | / | Pos |
B | 2B | Neg | / | Neg |
B | 3B | Neg | / | Neg |
B | 4B | Neg | / | Neg |
B | 5B | Neg | / | Neg |
C | 1C | Neg | / | Pos |
C | 2C | / | / | Neg |
C | 3C | Neg | / | Neg |
D | 1D | Neg | / | Cs |
E | 1E | Neg | / | Cs |
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Aliberti, A.; Blanda, V.; Di Marco Lo Presti, V.; Macaluso, G.; Galluzzo, P.; Bertasio, C.; Sciacca, C.; Arcuri, F.; D’Agostino, R.; Ippolito, D.; et al. Leptospira interrogans Serogroup Pomona in a Dairy Cattle Farm in a Multi-Host Zootechnical System. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9020083
Aliberti A, Blanda V, Di Marco Lo Presti V, Macaluso G, Galluzzo P, Bertasio C, Sciacca C, Arcuri F, D’Agostino R, Ippolito D, et al. Leptospira interrogans Serogroup Pomona in a Dairy Cattle Farm in a Multi-Host Zootechnical System. Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 9(2):83. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9020083
Chicago/Turabian StyleAliberti, Antonino, Valeria Blanda, Vincenzo Di Marco Lo Presti, Giusi Macaluso, Paola Galluzzo, Cristina Bertasio, Carmela Sciacca, Francesca Arcuri, Rosalia D’Agostino, Dorotea Ippolito, and et al. 2022. "Leptospira interrogans Serogroup Pomona in a Dairy Cattle Farm in a Multi-Host Zootechnical System" Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 2: 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9020083