Age-Related Conservation in Plant–Soil Feedback Accompanied by Ectomycorrhizal Domination in Temperate Forests in Northeast China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Biotic Predictors of Vegetation Composition and Diversity
2.3. Soil Physicochemical and Bioinformatic Analyses
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Plant–Soil Attributes
3.2. EcM Fungal Diversity
3.3. EcM Fungal Exploration Types
3.4. Age-Differentiated EcM Fungal Species
4. Discussion
4.1. Conservative Plant–Soil Traits Coupled to EcM Fungal Dominance
4.2. The Impacts of Aging on EcM Fungal Exploration Strategies
4.3. EcM Indicator Species across Forest Successional Stages
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alpha-Diversity | Younger Stands lhs (114 y, n = 25) hnh (117 y, n = 25) ltd (122 y, n = 15) | Older Stands fh (251 y, n = 24) sjh (247 y, n = 25) xp (250 y, n = 25) | (O-Y)/Y | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shannon | 2.40 ± 0.17 a | 2.22 ± 0.14 a | 1.93 ± 0.20 a | 2.20 ± 0.11 a | 2.30 ± 0.11 a | 2.41 ± 0.12 a | NS |
Simpson | 0.77 ± 0.04 a | 0.75 ± 0.03 a | 0.67 ± 0.05 a | 0.78 ± 0.03 a | 0.78 ± 0.03 a | 0.78 ± 0.03 a | NS |
Richness | 63.20 ± 2.79 bc | 71.72 ± 3.54 b | 53.82 ± 5.98 c | 67.40 ± 2.92 bc | 95.32 ± 4.85 a | 100.80 ± 3.29 a | 0.35 *** |
Chao1 | 92.24 ± 4.83 b | 103.29 ± 5.05 b | 85.19 ± 8.33 b | 88.18 ± 4.08 b | 129.21 ± 6.83 a | 126.74 ± 4.41 a | 0.20 *** |
Ace | 99.41 ± 5.06 cd | 111.69 ± 5.46 bc | 92.64 ± 7.59 cd | 90.74 ± 4.15 d | 133.27 ± 7.33 a | 128.05 ± 4.33 ab | 0.13 * |
Pielou evenness | 0.40 ± 0.03 a | 0.36 ± 0.02 a | 0.34 ± 0.03 a | 0.36 ± 0.02 a | 0.35 ± 0.02 a | 0.36 ± 0.02 a | NS |
Goods’ coverage | 0.95 ± 0.01 c | 0.97 ± 0.01 c | 0.97 ± 0.01 c | 0.99 ± 0.00 b | 1.00 ± 0.00 ab | 1.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.04 *** |
EcM Types (%) | Younger Stands lhs (114 y, n = 25) hnh (117 y, n = 25) ltd (122 y, n = 15) | Older Stands fh (251 y, n = 24) sjh (247 y, n = 25) xp (250 y, n = 25) | (O-Y)/Y | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Contact | 5.22 ± 2.67 c | 3.36 ± 1.36 c | 4.65 ± 3.02 c | 9.62 ± 2.17 b | 14.50 ± 2.83 ab | 19.25 ± 2.79 a | 2.38 *** |
S_dist_coas | 0.07 ± 0.02 c | 0.03 ± 0.01 c | 0.07 ± 0.03 bc | 0.23 ± 0.06 b | 0.46 ± 0.10 a | 0.43 ± 0.07 a | 5.92 *** |
S_dist_dect | 3.27 ± 1.03 c | 7.32 ± 1.44 bc | 3.51 ± 1.66 c | 12.02 ± 1.99 ab | 16.96 ± 2.43 a | 13.91 ± 2.34 a | 1.79 *** |
M_dist_frng | 0.40 ± 0.25 bc | 1.17 ± 0.45 b | 0.42 ± 0.34 c | 0.75 ± 0.33 b | 4.47 ± 2.78 a | 4.76 ± 2.20 a | 3.45 *** |
M_dist_smth | 1.89 ± 0.75 b | 1.81 ± 1.12 b | 2.41 ± 1.16 ab | 2.19 ± 0.51 b | 9.56 ± 2.64 a | 7.51 ± 1.62 ab | 2.29 *** |
L_dist | 0.03 ± 0.00 c | 0.76 ± 0.44 ab | 0.12 ± 0.04 bc | 0.34 ± 0.16 b | 0.52 ± 0.20 ab | 0.46 ± 0.13 a | 0.17 *** |
L_dist/M_dist_frng ratio | 0.52 ± 0.13 a | 9.47 ± 7.74 a | 4.08 ± 2.14 a | 1.24 ± 0.48 a | 0.69 ± 0.28 a | 1.92 ± 1.11 a | −0.75 * |
L_dist/M_dist_smth ratio | 0.06 ± 0.02 b | 5.10 ± 4.58 a | 0.29 ± 0.12 ab | 0.26 ± 0.12 ab | 0.69 ± 0.51 b | 0.15 ± 0.05 b | −0.85 * |
L_dist/S_dist_dect ratio | 0.04 ± 0.01 a | 0.60 ± 0.46 a | 0.12 ± 0.09 a | 0.13 ± 0.10 a | 0.04 ± 0.02 a | 0.06 ± 0.02 a | NS |
L_dist/S_dist_coas ratio | 2.28 ± 0.83 b | 41.29 ± 27.30 a | 10.63 ± 4.99 ab | 4.16 ± 1.64 b | 2.28 ± 0.81 b | 1.82 ± 0.58 b | −0.86 ** |
L_dist/Contact ratio | 0.28 ± 0.09 ab | 2.70 ± 2.13 a | 5.70 ± 4.80 ab | 0.15 ± 0.09 b | 0.07 ± 0.03 b | 0.03 ± 0.01 b | −0.96 *** |
M_dist_frng/S_dist_dect ratio | 0.16 ± 0.05 ab | 0.30 ± 0.17 ab | 0.08 ± 0.04 b | 0.09 ± 0.03 b | 0.50 ± 0.36 ab | 1.59 ± 1.33 a | NS |
M_dist_smth/S_dist_dect ratio | 1.65 ± 0.74 a | 0.37 ± 0.18 b | 0.76 ± 0.42 ab | 0.51 ± 0.25 ab | 1.39 ± 0.54 ab | 0.80 ± 0.16 a | NS |
M_dist_frng/S_dist_coas ratio | 7.74 ± 2.09 a | 29.36 ± 7.22 a | 10.39 ± 5.83 a | 6.02 ± 1.46 a | 18.09 ± 10.46 a | 15.71 ± 5.26 a | NS |
M_dist_smth/S_dist_coas ratio | 58.50 ± 14.06 a | 52.96 ± 17.56 a | 242.37 ± 202.31 a | 30.31 ± 10.28 a | 45.30 ± 13.54 a | 29.59 ± 6.69 a | NS |
M_dist_frng/Contact ratio | 12.80 ± 11.91 ab | 3.60 ± 2.64 a | 0.99 ± 0.37 ab | 0.17 ± 0.04 b | 3.37 ± 2.97 ab | 0.47 ± 0.23 ab | −0.79 ** |
M_dist_smth/Contact ratio | 0.71 ± 0.34 b | 2.79 ± 1.07 ab | 11.27 ± 6.29 a | 9.58 ± 4.04 ab | 4.01 ± 2.61 ab | 0.65 ± 0.17 ab | −0.75 *** |
EcM Fungal Species (%) | Younger Stands lhs (114 y, n = 25) hnh (117 y, n = 25) ltd (122 y, n = 15) | Older Stands fh (251 y, n = 24) sjh (247 y, n = 25) xp (250 y, n = 25) | (O-Y)/Y | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EcM18570.Tomentella49_mds | 0 b | 0.0044 ± 0.0012 a | 0 b | 0 b | 0 b | 0 b | -- *** |
EcM347.Tomentella43_mds | 0.0529 ± 0.0228 a | 0 b | 0 b | 0 b | 0.0002 ± 0.0002 b | 0 b | −0.9971 *** |
EcM15392.Tomentella11_mds | 1.1771 ± 0.7551 a | 0.0025 ± 0.0009 b | 0.1035 ± 0.1010 b | 0.0007 ± 0.0007 b | 0.0119 ± 0.0119 b | 0.0002 ± 0.0002 b | −0.9904 *** |
EcM8957.Cortinarius35_mdf | 0.0126 ± 0.0066 a | 0.0012 ± 0.0005 b | 0 c | 0.0002 ± 0.0002 bc | 0 c | 0 c | −0.9889 *** |
EcM8395.Tomentella5_mds | 0.0220 ± 0.0128 a | 0.0022 ± 0.0008 bc | 0.0038 ± 0.0013 ab | 0.0003 ± 0.0003 cd | 0 d | 0 d | −0.9883 *** |
EcM18492.Sebacina27_sdd | 0.0042 ± 0.0012 a | 0.0037 ± 0.0014 ab | 0.0027 ± 0.0012 ab | 0.0005 ± 0.0003 bc | 0.0002 ± 0.0002 c | 0 c | −0.9390 *** |
EcM19972.Melanogaster15_L | 0.0023 ± 0.0010 bc | 0.0673 ± 0.0228 a | 0.0027 ± 0.0012 bc | 0.0062 ± 0.0018 b | 0.0002 ± 0.0002 c | 0 c | −0.9324 *** |
EcM11405.Sebacina42_sdd | 0.0105 ± 0.0043 a | 0.1205 ± 0.0638 a | 0.0506 ± 0.0339 ab | 0.0144 ± 0.0106 ab | 0.0002 ± 0.0002 b | 0 b | −0.9281 *** |
EcM16292.Sebacina12_sdd | 0.0174 ± 0.0098 bc | 0.0634 ± 0.0220 a | 0.0806 ± 0.0611 ab | 0.0146 ± 0.0102 bc | 0 c | 0 c | −0.9036 *** |
EcM17198.Tomentella63_mds | 0.0031 ± 0.0011 a | 0.0005 ± 0.0003 ab | 0.0065 ± 0.0032 a | 0.0005 ± 0.0005 b | 0.0002 ± 0.0002 b | 0.0002 ± 0.0002 b | −0.8933 *** |
EcM17285.Tomentella51_mds | 0.0042 ± 0.0018 a | 0.0020 ± 0.0007 a | 0.0034 ± 0.0019 a | 0.0018 ± 0.0018 ab | 0 b | 0 b | −0.7997 *** |
EcM5007.Inocybe56_sdd | 0.0799 ± 0.0784 b | 0 b | 0 b | 0.2271 ± 0.0971 a | 0 b | 0.0003 ± 0.0003 b | 1.6563 * |
EcM1607.Sebacina45_sdd | 0 b | 0.0003 ± 0.0003 b | 0.0350 ± 0.0346 ab | 0.0027 ± 0.0016 ab | 0.0104 ± 0.0045 a | 0.0618 ± 0.0336 a | 2.5506 *** |
EcM21424.Tylospora38_sdd | 0.0013 ± 0.0009 cd | 0.0097 ± 0.0050 cd | 0.4655 ± 0.2663 c | 0 d | 0.4739 ± 0.2129 b | 1.3498 ± 0.5243 a | 5.3177 *** |
EcM16453.Hymenogaster22_sdd | 0.0063 ± 0.0050 bc | 0.1819 ± 0.1715 b | 0.0004 ± 0.0004 bc | 2.2268 ± 0.7221 a | 0.0003 ± 0.0003 c | 0.0033 ± 0.0012 bc | 7.9012 * |
EcM12941.Tomentella28_mds | 0.0002 ± 0.0002 c | 0.0025 ± 0.0010 c | 0.0346 ± 0.0244 bc | 0.0395 ± 0.0218 bc | 0.0740 ± 0.0299 ab | 0.2308 ± 0.0731 a | 13.354 *** |
EcM18546.Genea7_sdc | 0.0008 ± 0.0004 b | 0.0028 ± 0.0014 b | 0.0004 ± 0.0004 b | 0.0141 ± 0.0040 a | 0.0333 ± 0.0165 a | 0.0236 ± 0.0098 a | 13.390 *** |
EcM12535.Suillus13_L | 0.0086 ± 0.0019 ab | 0.0027 ± 0.0008 b | 0.0126 ± 0.0113 b | 0.2850 ± 0.1577 a | 0.0567 ± 0.0210 a | 0.0571 ± 0.0303 a | 18.770 *** |
EcM23155.Rhizopogon1_L | 0.0010 ± 0.0005 b | 0.0028 ± 0.0007 b | 0.0004 ± 0.0004 b | 0.0161 ± 0.0048 a | 0.0701 ± 0.0547 a | 0.0594 ± 0.0338 a | 27.243 *** |
EcM13213.Pseudotomentella54_mds | 0.0002 ± 0.0002 b | 0.0012 ± 0.0009 b | 0 b | 0.0487 ± 0.0231 a | 0.0037 ± 0.0027 b | 0 b | 28.213 * |
EcM17847.Otidea25_sdc | 0.0017 ± 0.0017 b | 0 b | 0 b | 0.1026 ± 0.0396 a | 0 b | 0.0002 ± 0.0002 b | 56.307 ** |
EcM20682.Cenococcum24_sdc | 0 c | 0.0022 ± 0.0012 c | 0.0004 ± 0.0004 c | 0.0015 ± 0.0010 c | 0.1123 ± 0.0552 b | 0.2003 ± 0.0642 a | 99.107 *** |
EcM12198.Clavulina46_C | 0 b | 0.0042 ± 0.0025 ab | 0.0004 ± 0.0004 b | 0.6249 ± 0.2894 a | 0.0005 ± 0.0004 b | 0.0136 ± 0.0125 b | NS |
EcM5233.Russula36_C | 0.0046 ± 0.0046 b | 0 b | 0 b | 0.0062 ± 0.0051 b | 0.1426 ± 0.0738 a | 0.5200 ± 0.4635 a | 134.62 *** |
EcM18248.Inocybe29_sdd | 0 b | 0.0013 ± 0.0009 b | 0 b | 0.2408 ± 0.1243 a | 0.1948 ± 0.1099 a | 0.0072 ± 0.0059 b | 245.96 *** |
EcM14251.Sebacina64_sdd | 0 b | 0.0003 ± 0.0002 b | 0 b | 0 b | 0.0549 ± 0.0329 a | 0.1630 ± 0.0656 a | 485.08 *** |
EcM17329.Inocybe2_sdd | 0.0008 ± 0.0007 c | 0.0020 ± 0.0017 c | 0 c | 1.3903 ± 0.5021 a | 0.4446 ± 0.2207 ab | 0.0351 ± 0.0217 b | 520.50 *** |
EcM10960.Lactifluus57_mds | 0.0046 ± 0.0032 b | 0 b | 0 b | 0 b | 2.0139 ± 1.3653 a | 1.0093 ± 0.6139 a | 612.12 *** |
EcM11301.Russula3_C | 0.004 ± 0.003 cd | 0 d | 0 d | 0.0649 ± 0.0405 bc | 0.0619 ± 0.0375 ab | 0.2107 ± 0.0823 a | 752.01 *** |
EcM15576.Russula23_C | 0 b | 0.0002 ± 0.0002 b | 0 b | 0.0202 ± 0.0164 ab | 0.0308 ± 0.0210 a | 0.1279 ± 0.0658 a | 797.19 *** |
EcM10920.Lactifluus50_mds | 0.0023 ± 0.0017 b | 0.0002 ± 0.0002 b | 0 b | 0 b | 2.0095 ± 1.3214 a | 0.2624 ± 0.1404 a | 843.73 *** |
EcM10378.Sebacina9_sdd | 0.0008 ± 0.0005 c | 0.0002 ± 0.0002 c | 0 c | 0.0002 ± 0.0002 c | 0.6563 ± 0.2533 b | 0.8736 ± 0.2801 a | 1364.4 *** |
EcM10234.Pseudocraterellus17_sdd | 0.0002 ± 0.0002 b | 0 b | 0 b | 0 b | 0.2504 ± 0.1733 a | 0.2015 ± 0.1003 a | 2015 *** |
EcM10122.Lactifluus26_mds | 0.0002 ± 0.0002 c | 0 c | 0 c | 0 c | 0.3946 ± 0.2117 a | 0.3635 ± 0.2125 b | 3381.4 *** |
EcM16609.Wilcoxina8_sdc | 0 b | 0 b | 0 b | 0 b | 0.0758 ± 0.0287 a | 0.0592 ± 0.0207 a | -- *** |
EcM16354.Tomentella44_mds | 0 b | 0 b | 0 b | 0.0002 ± 0.0002 b | 0.0008 ± 0.0005 b | 0.2678 ± 0.1013 a | -- *** |
EcM17223.Tomentella39_mds | 0 b | 0 b | 0 b | 0.0142 ± 0.0080 a | 0 b | 0.0002 ± 0.0002 b | -- *** |
EcM17687.Russula37_C | 0 b | 0 b | 0 b | 0.0013 ± 0.0008 b | 0.0005 ± 0.0004 b | 0.1561 ± 0.0785 a | -- *** |
EcM22874.Piloderma41_mdf | 0 b | 0 b | 0 b | 0.0003 ± 0.0003 b | 0.1884 ± 0.1180 a | 0.0515 ± 0.0178 a | -- *** |
EcM18178.Genea31_sdc | 0 c | 0 c | 0 c | 0.0328 ± 0.0145 b | 0.0695 ± 0.0353 a | 0 c | -- *** |
EcM11003.Clavulina6_C | 0 b | 0 b | 0 b | 0 b | 0.3262 ± 0.1570 a | 0.9691 ± 0.3412 a | -- *** |
EcM16726.Amanita52_C_mds | 0 b | 0 b | 0 b | 0.0370 ± 0.0154 a | 0.0639 ± 0.0486 ab | 0.0030 ± 0.0019 ab | -- *** |
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Bai, Z.; Ye, J.; Liu, S.-F.; Sun, H.-H.; Yuan, Z.-Q.; Mao, Z.-K.; Fang, S.; Long, S.-F.; Wang, X.-G. Age-Related Conservation in Plant–Soil Feedback Accompanied by Ectomycorrhizal Domination in Temperate Forests in Northeast China. J. Fungi 2024, 10, 310. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10050310
Bai Z, Ye J, Liu S-F, Sun H-H, Yuan Z-Q, Mao Z-K, Fang S, Long S-F, Wang X-G. Age-Related Conservation in Plant–Soil Feedback Accompanied by Ectomycorrhizal Domination in Temperate Forests in Northeast China. Journal of Fungi. 2024; 10(5):310. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10050310
Chicago/Turabian StyleBai, Zhen, Ji Ye, Shu-Fang Liu, Hai-Hong Sun, Zuo-Qiang Yuan, Zi-Kun Mao, Shuai Fang, Shao-Fen Long, and Xu-Gao Wang. 2024. "Age-Related Conservation in Plant–Soil Feedback Accompanied by Ectomycorrhizal Domination in Temperate Forests in Northeast China" Journal of Fungi 10, no. 5: 310. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10050310