Clotrimazole-Induced Oxidative Stress Triggers Novel Yeast Pkc1-Independent Cell Wall Integrity MAPK Pathway Circuitry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Yeast Strains and Plasmids
2.2. Culture Conditions
2.3. Multi-Well-Plate Sensitivity Assay
2.4. Yeast Drop Dilution Growth Assays
2.5. Preparation of Yeast Extracts and Immunoblotting Analysis
2.6. Alkaline Phosphatase Assay
2.7. Microscopy Techniques
2.8. Quantitative RT-PCR Assays
2.9. Flow Cytometry Evaluation of Oxidative Damage
3. Results
3.1. Clotrimazole Activates the CWI and HOG Pathways and Attenuates the Mating Pathway
3.2. Clotrimazole Induces a Phosphorylation-Dependent Mobility Shift in Slt2
3.3. Pkc1 Is Not Critical for Clotrimazole-Induced Signal Transduction through the CWI Pathway
3.4. The Mechanosensor Wsc1 Is Involved in CWI Signaling Induced by Clotrimazole
3.5. The Transcriptional Rlm1-Driven CWI Pathway Response to Clotrimazole Is Weak
3.6. Oxidative Stress Is Necessary for Slt2 Activation by Clotrimazole
3.7. Tpk3-Mediated PKA Activity Modulates Slt2 Phosphorylation in Response to Clotrimazole
3.8. Conservation of Azole-Induced MAPK Signaling in Saccharomycotina
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sellers-Moya, Á.; Nuévalos, M.; Molina, M.; Martín, H. Clotrimazole-Induced Oxidative Stress Triggers Novel Yeast Pkc1-Independent Cell Wall Integrity MAPK Pathway Circuitry. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 647. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7080647
Sellers-Moya Á, Nuévalos M, Molina M, Martín H. Clotrimazole-Induced Oxidative Stress Triggers Novel Yeast Pkc1-Independent Cell Wall Integrity MAPK Pathway Circuitry. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7(8):647. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7080647
Chicago/Turabian StyleSellers-Moya, Ángela, Marcos Nuévalos, María Molina, and Humberto Martín. 2021. "Clotrimazole-Induced Oxidative Stress Triggers Novel Yeast Pkc1-Independent Cell Wall Integrity MAPK Pathway Circuitry" Journal of Fungi 7, no. 8: 647. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7080647