4.2. New Species
Penicillium additum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 8.
Fungal Names: F N571533.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the protrusions produced at colony margins on PDA.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Fengjie County, Caotang Town, 31°5′29″ N 109°38′57″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS16-03 (holotype HMAS 247884, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25145).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870831, BenA OR051180, CaM OR051355, RPB2 OR062046.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 28–30 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 30–34 mm; YES 35–37 mm; PDA 23–25 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly sulcate or plain, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments greenish yellow; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown to light brown.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, radially sulcate, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia white and yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown to orange brown.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow, irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown to orange brown.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate; stipes rough-walled, 200–575 × 3.0–3.5 μm; metulae 5, 9.0–10.5 × 4.0–6.0 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 5–7 per metula, 8.5–9.5 × 3.0–4.0 μm; conidia oval to broad fusiform, finely rough-walled, 3.5–4.5 × 2.0–3.0 μm.
Notes: This species is a sister of
P. umkhoba (PP = 1.00,
Figure 7). It differs from the latter in six bp for BenA, two bp for CaM and seven bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in faster growth rate on YES at 25 °C (35–37 vs. 24–26 mm), rough-walled stipes and shorter phialides (8.5–9.5 vs. 8–13 μm) [
27]. The protrusions at colony margins on PDA differs from the traditional concept of
P. herquei.
Figure 8.
Penicillium additum (CS16-03). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C,D); (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Figure 8.
Penicillium additum (CS16-03). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C,D); (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Penicillium asterineum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 9.
Fungal Names: FN571534.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the star-like radiate branches in colonies, especially on reverse view.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Sclerotiorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simian Mountain Nature Reserve, 28°35′57″ N 106°26′51″ E, in soil, 24 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS05-03 (holotype HMAS 247885, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25146).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870857, BenA OR051206, CaM OR051381, RPB2 OR062071.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 35–40 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 34–37 mm; YES 40–42 mm; PDA 35–37 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly sulcate; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates bright yellow, clear, massive; reverse buff to yellow, with red brown radiate branches at centers.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers, with light-color radiating branches; margins moderately wide, entire or irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange, with red radiate branches.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially and concentrically sulcate, concave at centers; margins wide, undulated; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, tiny; reverse yellow brown, with red brown radiate branches or patches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly protuberant at centers, light pinkish orange at margins, with light-colored radiate branches; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation moderately dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse red, yellow at margins.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores monoverticillate; stipes smooth–rough-walled, 100–300 × 2.5–4.0 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 5–9 per metula, 7.0–10 × 3.0–4.0 μm; conidia subglobose–ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 2.5–3.0 μm.
Notes: This species is a sister of
P. ferraniaense (PP = 0.98,
Figure 7). It differs from the latter in 20 bp for BenA, four bp for CaM and 12 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in faster growth rate on CYA (35–40 vs. 25–28 mm), MEA (34–37 vs. 25–28 mm) and YES (40–42 vs. 21–23 mm) at 25 °C, and much longer stipes (100–300 vs. 50–80 μm) [
60]. The red brown radiate branches on CYA reverse differs this species from the traditional concept of
P. sclerotiorum.
Figure 9.
Penicillium asterineum (CS05-03). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (G) = 10 µm, also for (B–F).
Figure 9.
Penicillium asterineum (CS05-03). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (G) = 10 µm, also for (B–F).
Penicillium beibeiense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 10.
Fungal Names: FN571535.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Sclerotiorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Beibei District, Jinyun Mountain National Nature Reserve, 29°50′18″ N 106°23′45″ E, in soil, 23 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS02-05 (holotype HMAS 247886, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25147).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870859, BenA OR051208, CaM OR051383, RPB2 OR062073.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 35–37 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 34–36 mm; YES 45–46 mm; PDA 31–33 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, concentrically and radially sulcate; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse vivid green; soluble pigments orange; exudates bright yellow at the centers, but hyaline at margins; reverse orange.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments orange; exudates absent; reverse orange.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially and concentrically sulcate, concave or protuberant at centers, red hyphae present at centers; margins narrow, undulated; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse cream to somewhat buff at margins.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates absent; reverse orange.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores monoverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 60–165 × 2.0–2.5 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 7–9 per stipe, 7.5–10 × 2.0–3.0 μm; conidia subglobose, smooth-walled, 2.5–3.0 μm.
Additional strain examined: China. Chongqing City, Beibei District, Jinyun Mountain National Nature Reserve, 29°50′18″ N 106°23′45″ E, in soil, 23 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS02-08.
Notes: This species is closely related to
P. maximae (
Figure 7). It differs from the latter in 12 bp for BenA, six bp for CaM and 15 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in vivid green or bluish green conidia
en masse on CYA and YES at 25 °C, lacking pinkish orange mycelia at margins on MEA, colony reverse orange instead of red brown on CYA, MEA and YES, and subglobose but not ellipsoidal conidia [
61].
Figure 10.
Penicillium beibeiense (CS02-05). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 20 µm; (G) = 10 µm, also for (C–F).
Figure 10.
Penicillium beibeiense (CS02-05). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 20 µm; (G) = 10 µm, also for (C–F).
Penicillium brachycaulis X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 11.
Fungal Names: FN571536.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the short stipes.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Wuxi County, Hongchiba National Forest Park, 31°33′3″ N 109°1′36″ E, in soil under Larix sp., 30 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS24-11 (holotype HMAS 247887, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25148).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870832, BenA OR051181, CaM OR051356, RPB2 OR062047.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 27–28 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 29–30 mm; YES 30–31 mm; PDA 24–26 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers, radially sulcate; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown to light brown, somewhat brownish at centers.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, funiculose at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse light orange, orange at centers.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, concave at centers; margins moderately wide, undulated; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, slightly funiculose at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments light brown; exudates absent; reverse dirty orange, orange at centers.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate or terverticillate; stipes smooth to rough-walled, 115–240 × 2.5–4.0 μm; rami 2, 32–33 × 3.5–8.0 μm; metulae 5–6, 9–16 × 3.0–5.0 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 5–8 per metula, 6.5–12 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, smooth to finely rough-walled, 3.0–4.5 × 2.5–4.0 μm.
Notes: This species is closely related to
P. ellipsoideum (
Figure 7). It differs from the latter in nine bp for BenA, 11 bp for CaM and nine bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in slower growth rates on CYA (27–28 vs. 34–35 mm) and YES (30–31 vs. 35–37 mm) at 25 °C, faster growth rate on PDA (24–26 vs. 20–21 mm), lacking dark green patches on reverse of CYA, longer metulae (9–16 vs. 8–13.5 μm), and subglobose conidia. The shorter stipes differs from the traditional concept of
P. herquei.
Figure 11.
Penicillium brachycaulis (CS24-11). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm; (C) = 12.5 µm; (G) = 10 µm, also for (D–F).
Figure 11.
Penicillium brachycaulis (CS24-11). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm; (C) = 12.5 µm; (G) = 10 µm, also for (D–F).
Penicillium celere X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 12.
Fungal Names: FN571560.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the fast growth rate on PDA.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Chengkou County, Daba Mountain National Nature Reserve, Beiping Town, 31°58′17″ N 108°47′5″ E, in soil, 31 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS28-05 (holotype HMAS 247911, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25172).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870848, BenA OR051197, CaM OR051372, RPB2 OR062062.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 42–44 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 38–39 mm; YES 44–45 mm; PDA 44–46 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white and yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, tiny; reverse yellow brown.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, undulated; mycelia white and yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown to red brown.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse pale pinkish.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate or terverticillate; stipes smooth- to finely rough-walled, 275–725 × 4.0–5.0 μm; rami 2–3, 15–28 × 3.5–7.0 μm; metulae 4–7, 10–14 × 3.0–6.0 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 5–9 per metula, 9–11 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia ellipsoidal to broad fusiform, smooth-walled, 3.0–4.5 × 2.0–3.5 μm.
Notes: This species appears to be a distinct lineage in ser.
Herqueorum (
Figure 7). Morphologically, it differs from
P. umkhoba in faster growth rates on CYA (42–44 vs. 28–31 mm), MEA (38–39 vs. 28–32 mm), and YES (44–45 vs. 24–26 mm) at 25 °C, red brown on YES reverse, terverticillate conidiophores and smooth-walled conidia [
27]. The faster growth rate on CYA at 25 °C differs from the traditional concept of
P. herquei.
Figure 12.
Penicillium celere (CS28-05). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm; (C) = 12.5 µm, also for (D–F); (G) = 10 µm.
Figure 12.
Penicillium celere (CS28-05). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm; (C) = 12.5 µm, also for (D–F); (G) = 10 µm.
Penicillium chengkouense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 13.
Fungal Names: FN571537.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Penicillium section Canescentia series Canescentia.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Chengkou County, Daba Mountain National Nature Reserve, Beiping Town, 31°58′17″ N 108°47′5″ E, in soil, 31 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS28-01 (holotype HMAS 247888, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25149).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870783, BenA OR051044, CaM OR051223, RPB2 OR051397.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 34–36 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 26–27 mm; YES 40–42 mm; PDA 22–25 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate; margins very wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation moderately dense; conidia en masse bluish grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to yellow brown.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, protuberant at centers; margins very wide, irregular; mycelia white and yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse bluish grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to reddish brown.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially and concentrically sulcate; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white and light yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation very sparse; conidia en masse light grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown to light brown, with radiate branches and brown patches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, protuberant, slight sulcate; margins wide, irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation moderately dense; conidia en masse light grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to red brown.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate, terverticillate to quaterverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 85–275 × 2.0–2.5 μm; branches 2, 9.0–28 × 2.0–2.5 μm; rami 2, 9.0–32 × 2.0–2.5 μm; metulae 4–6, 8.5–14 × 1.5–3.0 μm; phialides 5–7, acerose to ampulliform, tapering into thin neck, 6.0–8.0 × 2.0–3.0 μm; conidia globose to subglobose, rough-walled, brown, 2.5–3.0 × 2.0–2.5 μm.
Notes: This species is phylogenetically close to
P. yarmokense with strong support (BP = 88, PP = 1.00,
Figure 1). It differs from the latter in five bp for BenA, 11 bp for CaM and 11 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in smooth and shorter stipes (85–275 vs. 400–600 μm) and shorter metulae (8.5–14 vs. 10–20 μm) [
62].
Figure 13.
Penicillium chengkouense (CS28-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm; (C) = 12.5 µm, also for (D); (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Figure 13.
Penicillium chengkouense (CS28-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm; (C) = 12.5 µm, also for (D); (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Penicillium chongqingense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 14.
Fungal Names: FN571538.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Gracilenta series Estinogena.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Beibei District, Jinyun Mountain National Nature Reserve, 29°50′18″ N 106°23′45″ E, in soil, 23 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS03-01 (holotype HMAS 247889, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25150).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870822, BenA OR051098, CaM OR051275, RPB2 OR051444.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 36–38 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 25–27 mm; YES 55–56 mm; PDA 25–27 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, radially sulcate, slightly protuberant at centers, some with sectors; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire or irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates yellow, clear; reverse olive, yellow at margins.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous to floccose; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse bluish brown to greyish, yellowish at margins.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, deep, strongly sulcate; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse bluish grey, yellow at margins, with radiate branches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse grey, pale grey at centers.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores terverticillate, occasionally quaterverticillate; stipes rough-walled, 60–125 × 3.5–4.5 μm; rami 2, 12.5–22.5 × 4.0–4.5 μm; metulae 3–5, 9–19 × 3.5–5.0 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 4–6 per metula, 8–13 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia subglobose, smooth-walled, 3.0–4.5 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Beibei District, Jinyun Mountain National Nature Reserve, 29°50′18″ N 106°23′45″ E, in soil, 23 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS03-02; ibid., CS03-08.
Notes: This species is a sister to
P. guarroi with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00,
Figure 5). It differs from the latter in 53 bp for BenA, 69 bp for CaM and 70 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in slower growth rate on MEA at 25 °C (25–27 vs. 41–43 mm), faster growth rate on YES (55–56 vs. 49–51 mm), terverticillate instead of biverticillate conidiophores, shorter stipes (60–125 vs. 88–215 μm), much longer metulae and phialides (9–19 vs. 5–10 μm and 8–13 vs. 6–9 μm, respectively) and larger conidia (3.0–4.5 vs. 2.0–2.5 μm) [
63].
Figure 14.
Penicillium chongqingense (CS03-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C,D); (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Figure 14.
Penicillium chongqingense (CS03-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C,D); (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Penicillium coccineum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 15.
Fungal Names: FN571539.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the red color on PDA reverse.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Sclerotiorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Fengjie County, Caotang Town, 31°5′29″ N 109°38′57″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS15-02 (holotype HMAS 247890, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25151).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870868, BenA OR051217, CaM OR051392, RPB2 OR062082.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 35–37 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 32–34 mm; YES 41–42 mm; PDA 30–31 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate; margins moderately wide, entire or undulated; mycelia white and yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates orange or hyaline, clear; reverse light orange.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange, with a few red patches at centers.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially and concentrically sulcate, concave at centers; margins moderately wide, undulated; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse cream to buff, with radiate branches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia orange; texture velutinous; sporulation moderately dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse vivid orange red.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores monoverticillate; stipes smooth- to finely rough-walled, 50–275 × 2.5–3.5 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 5–10 per stipe, 7.5–11.5 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 2.5–3.0 × 2.0–2.5 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Shuanglong Town, Huazhu Village, 31°9′48″ N 109°47′7″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS18-01; ibid., CS18-15.
Notes: This species is close to
P. jacksonii in the phylogenetic tree (
Figure 7). It differs from the latter in 29 bp for BenA and 24 bp for CaM. Morphologically, it differs in faster growth rate on YES at 25 °C (41–42 vs. 30–32 mm) and longer stipes (50–275 vs. 80–135 μm) [
64].
Figure 15.
Penicillium coccineum (CS15-02). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm; (G) = 10 µm, also for (C–F).
Figure 15.
Penicillium coccineum (CS15-02). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm; (G) = 10 µm, also for (C–F).
Penicillium coffeatum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 16.
Fungal Names: FN571540.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the coffeecolor on CYA reverse.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Lanata-Divaricata series Rolfsiorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Nanchuan District, Jinfo Mountain National Nature Reserve, North mountain slope, 29°5′35″ N 107°14′47″ E, in soil, 25 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS10-15 (holotype HMAS 247891, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25152).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870815, BenA OR051121, CaM OR051298, RPB2 OR051466.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 44–47 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 41–42 mm; YES 52–53 mm; PDA 49–51 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, concave at centers, radially sulcate; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation sparse to moderately dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline to brown or absent; reverse coffee color.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers or not, with light-colored radiate branches; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to brownish, with light brown sectors or radiate branches.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate, protuberant at centers; margins wide, fimbriate; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse greenish grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to pale brown, with brown radiations.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse pale brownish, with light brown radiate branches.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores terverticillate or biverticillate, occasionally quaterverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 50–225 × 2.0–3.0 μm; rami 2–3, 14–32.5 × 2.5–3.0 μm; metulae 1–3, 15–22 × 2.0–4.0 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 4–5 per metula, 10–16 × 3.0–4.0 μm; conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 3.5–5.0 × 3.0–4.0 μm.
Notes: This species forms a distinct lineage in ser.
Rolfsiorum (
Figure 6). It seems to have close relationship with
P. hainanense and
P. vasconiae, but differs from them in its terverticillate conidiophores [
43,
65].
Figure 16.
Penicillium coffeatum (CS10-15). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm, also for (C); (D) = 12.5 µm; (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Figure 16.
Penicillium coffeatum (CS10-15). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm, also for (C); (D) = 12.5 µm; (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Penicillium creberum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 17.
Fungal Names: FN571541.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the dense phialides of the fungus.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Beibei District, Jinyun Mountain National Nature Reserve, 29°50′18″ N 106°23′45″ E, in soil, 23 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS02-09 (holotype HMAS 247892, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25153).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870833, BenA OR051182, CaM OR051357, RPB2 OR062048.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 26–27 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 34–36 mm; YES 41–42 mm; PDA 23–24 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates yellow, clear; reverse orange at margins, with olive to dark green radiate branches.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown to orange brown.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, radially sulcate; margins narrow, undulated; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates absent; reverse yellow to orange with brown radiate branches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates absent; reverse yellow to orange.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate; stipes smooth to rough-walled, 350–515 × 3.5–4.0 μm; metulae 5, 10–13.5 × 4.0–5.5 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 6–8 per metula, 7.5–9 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia ellipsoidal to broad fusiform, smooth-walled, 3.0–3.5 × 2.5–3.0 μm.
Additional strain examined: China. Chongqing City, Fengjie County, Caotang Town, 31°5′29″ N 109°38′57″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS16-08.
Notes: This species is a sister of
P. flosculum with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00,
Figure 7). It differs from the latter in nine bp for BenA, 13 bp for CaM and 19 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in slower growth rate on PDA at 25 °C (23–24 vs. 29–31 mm) and somewhat shorter phialides (7.5–9.0 vs. 8.5–12 μm) and conidia (3.0–3.5 vs. 3.5–4.5 μm). But it shows no morphological differences with the traditional concept of
P. herquei.
Figure 17.
Penicillium creberum (CS02-09). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (G) = 10 µm, also for (B–F).
Figure 17.
Penicillium creberum (CS02-09). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (G) = 10 µm, also for (B–F).
Penicillium dabashanicum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 18.
Fungal Names: FN571542.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Penicillium section Fasciculata series Camembertiorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Chengkou County, Daba Mountain National Nature Reserve, Gaoguan Town, at the riverside of Ren River, 31°49′40″ N 109°0′24″ E, in soil under a palm tree, 30 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS26-07 (holotype HMAS 247893, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25154).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870786, BenA OR051047, CaM OR051226, RPB2 OR051400.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 24–26 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 22–23 mm; YES 31–32 mm; PDA 23–25 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, slightly protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse viridian green; soluble pigments absent; exudates tiny, clear; reverse buff to yellow.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire, protuberant; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse viridian green; soluble pigments absent; exudates tiny, clear; reverse yellow, pale orange at centers.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, slightly protuberant and with funiculose hyphae at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse viridian green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to yellow.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, plain, protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire or irregular, protuberant; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse viridian green; soluble pigments absent; exudates clear, hyaline, present at the centers; reverse yellowish, orange at centers.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores terverticillate to quaterverticillate; stipes smooth-walled to rough-walled, 100–285 × 3.0–3.5 μm; branches 2, 21–28 × 3.0–4.0 μm; rami 2, 14–30 × 3.0–5.0 μm; metulae 3–5, 14–24 × 3.0–4.0 μm; phialides 4–6, ampulliform to acerose, tapering into thin neck, 12–15 × 3.0–4.0 μm; conidia ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 3.5–5.5 (–7.5) × 3.0–4.5 μm.
Notes: This new species is a sister of
P. crustosum in the phylogenetic tree with strong supports (BP = 100, PP = 1.00,
Figure 1). It differs the latter in 14 bp for BenA, six bp for CaM and 19 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in slower growth rates on CYA 25 °C (24–26 vs. 35–40 mm) and MEA (22–23 vs. 25–40 mm), shorter stipes (100–285 vs. 200–400), longer metulae (14–24 vs. 10–15 μm) and phialides (12–15 vs. 9–11 μm), and larger conidia (3.5–5.5 × 3.0–4.5 vs. 3.5–4.0 × 2.8–3.2 μm) [
62].
Figure 18.
Penicillium dabashanicum (CS26-07). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (C) = 20 µm, also for (B); (E) = 15 µm, also for (D); (G) = 10 µm, also for (F).
Figure 18.
Penicillium dabashanicum (CS26-07). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (C) = 20 µm, also for (B); (E) = 15 µm, also for (D); (G) = 10 µm, also for (F).
Penicillium dazhouense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 19.
Fungal Names: FN571543.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Sclerotiorum.
Typification: China. Sichuan Province, Dazhou City, Wanyuan City, Longtanhe, 31°50′19″ N 108°19′15″ E, in soil, 1 November 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS33-19 (holotype HMAS 247894, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25155).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870871, BenA OR051220, CaM OR051394, RPB2 n.a.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 33–36 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 31–33 mm; YES 40–42 mm; PDA 34–36 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, concentrically sulcate at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates yellow, clear; reverse yellowish buff.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse reddish orange.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate, concave at centers; margins narrow, undulated and fimbriate; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates yellow, clear; reverse yellowish buff to reddish brown.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia orange; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores monoverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 50–140 × 2.5–3.0 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 6–10 per metula, 7.5–10 × 3.0–3.5 μm; conidia subglobose, smooth-walled, 2.5–3.0 μm.
Notes: This species is a sister of
P. guanacastense wit strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00,
Figure 7). It differs from the latter in eight bp for BenA and 14 bp for CaM. Morphologically, it differs in faster growth rate on CYA at 25 °C (33–36 vs. 25–33 mm), orange color on MEA reverse and smooth-walled conidia [
66].
Figure 19.
Penicillium dazhouense (CS33-19). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 20 µm; (C) = 17.5 µm; (D) = 10 µm, also for (E–G).
Figure 19.
Penicillium dazhouense (CS33-19). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 20 µm; (C) = 17.5 µm; (D) = 10 µm, also for (E–G).
Penicillium ellipsoideum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 20.
Fungal Names: FN571544.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the ellipsoidal conidia.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Wulipo National Nature Reserve, 31°22′59″ N 109°56′11″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS20-01 (holotype HMAS 247895, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25156).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870835, BenA OR051184, CaM OR051359, RPB2 OR062050.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 34–35 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 28–32 mm; YES 35–37 mm; PDA 20–21 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers, slightly sulcate; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates absent; reverse orange, with dark green patches, yellow at margins.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire or irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown, with light brownish patches.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, concave at centers; margins moderately wide, undulated; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange brown, yellow at margins.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments light brown; exudates absent; reverse orange with margin paler.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate, occasionally terverticillate; stipes smooth- to finely rough-walled, 135–315 × 3.0–4.0 μm; metulae 5–8, 8–13.5 × 3.5–6.5 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 5–9 per metula, 6.5–10 × 3.0–3.5 μm; conidia ellipsoidal to broad fusiform, smooth-walled, 3.0–4.5 × 2.0–3.0 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Wulipo National Nature Reserve, 31°22′59″ N 109°56′11″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS20-11; ibid., Chengkou County, Daba Mountain National Nature Reserve, Beiping Town, 31°58′17″ N 108°47′5″ E, in soil, 31 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS28-04. Shaanxi Province, Ankang City, Langao County, 32°2′45″ N 108°50′51″ E, in soil, 31 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS29-01.
Notes: This species is closely related to
P. brachycaulis (
Figure 7). It differs from the latter in nine bp for BenA, 11 bp for CaM and nine bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in faster growth rates on CYA (34–35 vs. 27–28 mm) and YES (35–37 vs. 30–31 mm) at 25 °C, slower growth rate on PDA (20–21 vs. 24–26 mm), green patches on reverse of CYA, shorter metulae (8–13.5 vs. 9–16 μm), and much narrow, ellipsoidal conidia. But it shows no morphological differences with the traditional concept of
P. herquei.
Figure 20.
Penicillium ellipsoideum (CS20-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C–E); (G) = 10 µm, also for (F).
Figure 20.
Penicillium ellipsoideum (CS20-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C–E); (G) = 10 µm, also for (F).
Penicillium fengjieense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 21.
Fungal Names: FN571545.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Lanata-Divaricata series Simplicissima.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Fengjie County, Caotang Town, 31°5′29″ N 109°38′57″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS15-01 (holotype HMAS 247896, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25157).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870765, BenA OR051156, CaM OR051333, RPB2 OR051489.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 40–41 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 44–46 mm; YES 46–48 mm; PDA 37–39 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly concave at centers, radially sulcate, orange brown at central areas; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sclerotia abundant, white to light yellow; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse light grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, clear; reverse buff.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sclerotia abundant, white to light yellow; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse light grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse white, light brown at centers.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate, concave at centers; margins wide, fimbriate; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sclerotia abundant, white to light yellow; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse light grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sclerotia abundant, white to light yellow; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse light grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse white to yellow, light brown at centers.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate to terverticillate; stipes rough- or smooth-walled, 200–325 × 2.2–3.0 μm; rami 2–3, 11–14 × 2.5–3.5 μm; metulae 2–4, 9.0–17 × 2.0–4.0 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 3–7 per metula, 7.0–9.0 × 2.0–3.0 μm; conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 3.0–4.0 × 2.5–3.5 μm; sclerotia ellipsoidal or irregular, 30–120 × 28–115 μm.
Notes: This species is a distinct lineage in ser.
Simplicissima (
Figure 6). It produces sclerotia on different media, similar to that of
P. tanzanicum on MEA. But it is distinguished from the latter in buff not orange CYA reverse, partly terverticillate conidiophores, shorter stipes (200–325 vs. 200–875 μm) and smooth-walled conidia [
67].
Figure 21.
Penicillium fengjieense (CS15-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B) Young sclerotium; (C) Surface of mature sclerotium; (D–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 10 µm, also for (D–G); (C) = 15 µm.
Figure 21.
Penicillium fengjieense (CS15-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B) Young sclerotium; (C) Surface of mature sclerotium; (D–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 10 µm, also for (D–G); (C) = 15 µm.
Penicillium flemingii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 22.
Fungal Names: FN571546.
Etymology: The specific epithet is in memory of the late Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming (1881.08–1955.03).
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Exilicaulis series Restricta.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Chengkou County, Daba Mountain National Nature Reserve, Gaoguan Town, at the riverside of Ren River, 31°49′40″ N 109°0′24″ E, in soil under a palm tree, 30 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS26-22 (holotype HMAS 247897, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25158).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ867293, BenA OR051093, CaM OR051270, RPB2 OR051441.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 17–18 mm; CYA 37 °C 13–15 mm; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 19–21 mm; YES 21–22 mm; PDA 19–20 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, radially sulcate, concave at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation absent; conidia en masse unknown; soluble pigments pink; exudates greenish yellow, clear; reverse pale orange buff.
On CYA 37 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, like the flower of Chrysanthemum, concave at centers, deep to the bottom and making the media ripped; margins narrow, irregular, protuberant; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation absent; conidia en masse unknown; soluble pigments light yellow brown; exudates hyaline, clear; reverse pale pinkish.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation absent; conidia en masse unknown; soluble pigments absent; exudates green to yellow; reverse white.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, concave at centers; margins narrow, undulated; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation absent; conidia en masse unknown; soluble pigments absent; exudates yellow; reverse buff.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse light grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, green to yellow; reverse pale buff to cream.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores monoverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 7–24 × 1.5–2.0 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 3–5 per stipe, 4.0–6.0 × 2.0–2.5 μm; conidia subglobose, rough-walled, 2.5–3.0 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Chengkou County, Daba Mountain National Nature Reserve, Gaoguan Town, at the riverside of Ren River, 31°49′40″ N 109°0′24″ E, in soil under a palm tree, 30 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS26-45; ibid., CS26-59; ibid., CS26-80; ibid., CS26-88.
Notes: This species is a sister to
P. restrictum with strong support (BP = 90, PP = 1.00,
Figure 4). It differs the latter in 12 bp for BenA, 11 bp for CaM and 5 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in buff to pink colonial reverses on CYA and green to yellow exudates on MEA [
62].
Figure 22.
Penicillium flemingii (CS26-22). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (C) = 12.5 µm, also for (B); (D) = 10 µm, also for (E–G).
Figure 22.
Penicillium flemingii (CS26-22). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (C) = 12.5 µm, also for (B); (D) = 10 µm, also for (E–G).
Penicillium flosculum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 23.
Fungal Names: FN571547.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the flower-like colonies on YES.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Sichuan Province, Dazhou City, Wanyuan City, Longtanhe, 31°50′19″ N 108°19′15″ E, in soil, 1 November 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS33-03 (holotype HMAS 247898, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25159).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870839, BenA OR051188, CaM OR051363, RPB2 OR062053.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 29–31 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 32–34 mm; YES 38–40 mm; PDA 29–31 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant, slightly sulcate; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments green; exudates yellow, clear; reverse light orange, with dark green sectors or radiate branches.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse brownish orange, with light brown radiate branches.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate; margins narrow, undulated; mycelia white and yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange brown, with radiate branches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, yellow hyphae present at centers and joint areas; margins narrow, entire or fimbriate; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse light orange, with light brown radiate branches.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate or terverticillate; stipes finely rough-walled, 310–460 × 3.5–4.5 μm; rami 2, 22.5–30 × 4.0 μm; metulae 5–6, 9–13 × 4.0–6.0 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 6–10 per metula, 8.5–12 × 3.0–4.5 μm; conidia ellipsoidal to broad fusiform, smooth-walled, 3.5–4.5 × 2.0–3.0 μm.
Notes: This species is a sister of
P. creberum with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00,
Figure 7). It differs from the latter in nine bp for BenA, 13 bp for CaM and 19 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in faster growth rate on PDA at 25 °C (29–31 vs. 23–24 mm) and longer phialides (8.5–12 vs. 7.5–9.0 μm) and conidia (3.5–4.5 vs. 3.0–3.5μm). But it shows no morphological differences with the traditional concept of
P. herquei.
Figure 23.
Penicillium flosculum (CS33-03). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm; (D) = 12.5 µm, also for (C); (G) = 10 µm, also for (E,F).
Figure 23.
Penicillium flosculum (CS33-03). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm; (D) = 12.5 µm, also for (C); (G) = 10 µm, also for (E,F).
Penicillium jiangjinense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 24.
Fungal Names: FN571548.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simian Mountain Nature Reserve, 28°35′57″ N 106°26′51″ E, in soil of ant hole, 24 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS04-14 (holotype HMAS 247899, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25160).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870840, BenA OR051189, CaM OR051364, RPB2 OR062054.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 24–25 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 34–35 mm; YES 33–35 mm; PDA 25–26 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse vivid green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates absent; reverse light orange, with greenish radiate branches.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow brown, with brownish radiate branches.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, concave at centers; margins narrow, undulated; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates absent; reverse brownish orange with clear radiations.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse light brownish orange, with brownish patches at central areas.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 210–300 × 3.0–4.5 μm; metulae 4–6, 10–16 × 3–5 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 6–9 per metula, 8.5–12.5 × 2.5–4.0 μm; conidia ellipsoidal to broad fusiform, rough-walled, 3.5–4.5 × 2.5–3.0 μm.
Notes: This species is a sister of
P. neoherquei with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00,
Figure 7). It differs from the latter in nine bp for BenA, 10 bp for CaM and one bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in faster growth rates on CYA (24–25 vs. 18–22 mm), MEA (34–35 vs. 25–30 mm) and YES (33–35 vs. 27–30 mm), vivid green instead of dark dull green conidia
en masse on CYA, with green branches on reverse of CYA, orange brown reverse of YES and longer phialides (8.5–12.5 vs. 8–10 μm) [
68].
Figure 24.
Penicillium jiangjinense (CS04-14). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C,D); (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Figure 24.
Penicillium jiangjinense (CS04-14). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C,D); (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Penicillium jinfoshanicum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 25.
Fungal Names: FN571549.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Aspergilloides series Thomiorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Nanchuan District, Jinfo Mountain National Nature Reserve, 29°1′30″ N 107°11′35″ E, in soil, 26 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS12-10 (holotype HMAS 247900, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25161).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870813, BenA OR051074, CaM OR051253, RPB2 OR051425.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 48–49 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 39–41 mm; YES 54–55 mm; PDA 51–54 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, sulcate and slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse cream yellow at margins, light brown at centers.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, plain; margins narrow, irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous to floccose; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse cream.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate; margins moderately wide, fimbriate; mycelia white; texture velutinous, but floccose at centers; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to yellow at margins, brown with interwoven cracks at centers.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse whitish with a pinkish tint, light pinkish orange at centers.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores monoverticillate, occasionally divaricate; stipes rough-walled, 60–160 × 2.5–4.0 μm; branch 18 × 3.0–3.5 μm; phialides acerose to ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 6–9, 8.5–13.5 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia narrow ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 3.5–4.8 × 2.2–3.0 μm.
Additional strain examined: China. Chongqing City, Nanchuan District, Jinfo Mountain National Nature Reserve, 29°1′30″ N 107°11′35″ E, in soil, 26 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS12-11.
Notes: This species is a sister of
P. aurantioviolaceum with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 100,
Figure 2). It differs from the latter in five bp for BenA, 17 bp for CaM and 21 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, these two species do not produce sclerotia; while
P. jinfoshanicum differs from
P. aurantioviolaceum in shorter stipes (60–160 vs. 200–400) and smooth conidia [
62].
Figure 25.
Penicillium jinfoshanicum (CS12-10). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Figure 25.
Penicillium jinfoshanicum (CS12-10). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Penicillium jinyunshanicum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 26.
Fungal Names: FN571550.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Lanata-Divaricata series Simplicissima.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Beibei District, Jinyun Mountain National Nature Reserve, 29°50′18″ N 106°23′45″ E, in soil, 23 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS02-01 (holotype HMAS 247901, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25162).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870766, BenA OR051157, CaM OR051334, RPB2 OR051490.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 32–34 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 36–38 mm; YES 44–45 mm; PDA 29–33 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, usually with sectors; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow, whitish at margins.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly protuberant at centers, with light-colored sectors; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse rose color.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate, pink and protuberant at centers, with sectors; margins wide, fimbriate; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation absent; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff, rose color at centers.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, plain, with sectors without sporulation; margins moderately wide, entire or irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation moderately dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse rose color.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate or terverticillate; stipes rough-walled, 160–375 × 2.0–3.0 μm; rami 2, 20–28 × 2.5–3.5 μm; metulae 3–5, 11–17.5 (–20) × 2.5–3.5 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 5–8 per metula, 7.5–10 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia subglobose, smooth-walled, 2.5–3.5 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Beibei District, Jinyun Mountain National Nature Reserve, 29°50′18″ N 106°23′45″ E, in soil, 23 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS02-02; ibid., CS02-10; ibid., CS03-06; ibid., CS03-07.
Notes: This species is a sister to
P. laevigatum and
P. wandoense with strong support (BP = 99, PP = 100,
Figure 6).
Penicillium laevigatum was isolated from acidic soil of Hainan Province, China [
43], and
P. wandoense was from freshwater of South Korea [
69]. Molecular divergences between them are limited (one bp for BenA, none for CaM and five bp for RPB2), and their morphological distinctions are obscure. Thus, they should represent the same species, and
P. laevigatum has the priority.
Penicillium jinyunshanicum differs from
P. laevigatum in 16 bp for BenA, 16 bp for CaM and 18 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, its rose color on MEA, YES and PDA in reverse view at 25 °C distinguishes it from its sister taxon.
Figure 26.
Penicillium jinyunshanense (CS02-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C); (D) = 10 µm, also for (E–G).
Figure 26.
Penicillium jinyunshanense (CS02-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C); (D) = 10 µm, also for (E–G).
Penicillium johnpittii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 27.
Fungal Names: FN571551.
Etymology: The specific epithet is in memory of the late distinguished mycologist John Ingram Pitt (1937.03–2022.03).
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Gracilenta series Macrosclerotiorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Wuxi County, Gulu Town, Changlong Village, 31°19′24″ N 109°26′39″ E, in soil, 30 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS23-04 (holotype HMAS 247902, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25163).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870826, BenA OR051102, CaM OR051279, RPB2 OR051448.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 30–32 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 29–38 mm; YES 47–49 mm; PDA 30–32 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, concave at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greenish grey; soluble pigments yellow; exudates yellow, clear; sclerotia white to light yellow; reverse olivaceous, yellowish at margins.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greenish grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; sclerotia white to light yellow; reverse grey, yellowish at margins.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, deep, strongly sulcate; margins moderately wide, fimbriate; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greenish grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; sclerotia white to light yellow; reverse green to olivaceous, buff at margins.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greenish grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, clear; sclerotia white to light yellow; reverse olivaceous and paler at margins.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores monoverticillate or divaricate; stipes smooth-walled, 50–100 × 2.0–3.0 μm; metulae 13.5–27 × 2.5–3.0 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 5–6 per metula/stipe, 8–12 × 3.0–4.0 μm; conidia subglobose to broad ellipsoid, smooth-walled, 2.5–3.5 μm.
Additional strain examined: China. Sichuan Province, Dazhou City, Wanyuan City, Longtanhe, 31°50′19″ N 108°19′15″ E, in soil, 1 November 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS33-02.
Notes: This species is a sister to
P. macrosclerotiorum with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00,
Figure 5), but differs from the latter in 13 bp for BenA, 21 bp for CaM and eight bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it grows much faster on MEA at 25 °C (29–38 vs. 15–17 mm), but slower on YES (47–49 vs. 54–56 mm). Greenish grey conidia
en masse are produced by this species on CYA and YES, while
P. macrosclerotiorum has pea green conidia
en masse on the same media [
34].
Figure 27.
Penicillium johnpittii (CS23-04). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (G) = 10 µm, also for (B–F).
Figure 27.
Penicillium johnpittii (CS23-04). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (G) = 10 µm, also for (B–F).
Penicillium pauciramulum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 28.
Fungal Names: FN571552.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the fewer number of rami.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Lanata-Divaricata series Dalearum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simian Mountain Nature Reserve, 28°35′57″ N 106°26′51″ E, in soil of ant hole, 24 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS04-09 (holotype HMAS 247903, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25164).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870726, BenA OR051111, CaM OR051288, RPB2 OR051457.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 32–34 mm; CYA 37 °C 12–14 mm; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 38–40 mm; YES 40–42 mm; PDA 38–39 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, slightly protuberant at centers, radially sulcate; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff, occasionally with yellow brown patches.
On CYA 37 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, concave at centers like volcanic vents, radially sulcate; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture tight; sporulation absent; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, irregularly protuberant at centers; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse light grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates yellow, clear; reverse buff to yellowish.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate, protuberant at centers; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation very sparse; conidia en masse light grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates yellow, clear; reverse yellow brown with brownish cracks at centers.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, irregularly protuberant at centers; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse light grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse whitish.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate, terverticillate to quaterverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 75–250 × 2.0–3.0 μm; branches 2, 14–18 × 2.5–3.0 μm; rami 2, 10–47 × 2.0–3.5 μm; metulae 2–3, 10–33 × 2.0–3.5 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 3–5 per metula, 5.0–10 × 2.5–4.5 μm; conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 3.0–4.5 × 2.5–4.0 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simian Mountain Nature Reserve, 28°35′57″ N 106°26′51″ E, in soil of ant hole, 24 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS04-10; ibid., CS04-11.
Notes: This species is a sister of
P. ausonanum with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00,
Figure 6). It differs from the latter in one bp for BenA, four bp for CaM and six bp for RPB2. Morphologically, the new species is obviously different from the latter in slower growth rate on CYA (32–34 vs. 58–59 mm), MEA (38–40 vs. 61–62 mm) and YES (40–42 vs. 67–71 mm) at 25 °C and on CYA (12–14 vs. 38–39 mm) at 37 °C, terverticillate or quaterverticillate conidiophores, longer stipes (75–250 vs. 20–120 μm) and larger conidia (3.0–4.5 vs. 2.0–3.0 μm) [
63].
Figure 28.
Penicillium pauciramulum (CS04-09). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (D) = 15 µm; (B) = 12.5 µm; (C) = 10 µm, also for (E–G).
Figure 28.
Penicillium pauciramulum (CS04-09). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (D) = 15 µm; (B) = 12.5 µm; (C) = 10 µm, also for (E–G).
Penicillium qii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 29.
Fungal Names: FN571553.
Etymology: The specific epithet is in memory of the late Chinese mycologist Zu-Tong Qi (1926.12–2010.01), who described nine new species of Aspergillus and five ones of Penicillium from this country.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Citrina series Sumatraensia.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Shuanglong Town, Huazhu Village, 31°9′48″ N 109°47′7″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS18-09 (holotype HMAS 247904, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25165).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870878, BenA OR051080, CaM OR051257, RPB2 OR051430.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 31–32 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 19–20 mm; YES 37–38 mm; PDA 19–21 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse viridian green; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, clear, massive; reverse buff to orange brown.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, slightly concave at centers; margins narrow, undulated; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse light brown.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially and concentrically sulcate, concave at centers; margins moderately wide, undulated; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to yellow brown.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse light brown to light purplish brown.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate, occasionally terverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 135–275 × 2.0–3.0 μm; metulae 2–4, 12–17 × 3.0–3.5 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 5–7 per metula, 7.5–9 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia subglobose to broad ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 2.5–3.0 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Shuanglong Town, Huazhu Village, 31°9′48″ N 109°47′7″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS18-05; ibid., CS18-27.
Notes: This species has close relationships to
P. cerradense and
P. sumatraense (
Figure 3). It differs from
P. sumatraense in 15 bp for BenA, 15 bp for CaM and 28 bp for RPB2, and differs from
P. cerradense in 26 bp for BenA, 22 bp for CaM and 25 bp for RPB2. Morphologically,
P. qii has slower growth rate on MYA at 25 °C (19–20 vs. 30–45 mm) than
P. sumatraense [
62]; and has faster growth rate on MYA at 25 °C (19–20 vs. 15 mm), slower growth rate on PDA at 25 °C (19–21 vs. 30 mm) than
P. cerradense [
70]. Additionally,
P. qii does not produce sclerotia which are commonly found in
P. cerradense.
Figure 29.
Penicillium qii (CS18-09). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Figure 29.
Penicillium qii (CS18-09). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Penicillium rarum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 30.
Fungal Names: FN571554.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the fewer number of metulae.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Citrina series Sumatraensia.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Fengjie County, Caotang Town, 31°5′29″ N 109°38′57″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS15-04 (holotype HMAS 247905, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25166).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870881, BenA OR051083, CaM OR051260, RPB2 OR051432.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 28–36 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 17–23 mm; YES 32–42 mm; PDA 18–21 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse viridian green; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, clear; reverse buff to brownish.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly protuberant; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to pale brown.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially and concentrically sulcate; margins moderately wide, undulated; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff with brownish cracks.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse white to light brown.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores terverticillate, biverticillate or monoverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 285–515 × 2.0–3.0 μm; rami 2, 14–20 × 2.5–3.0 μm; metulae 2–5, 10–15 × 2.0–3.0 (–4.5) μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 5–7 per metula, 7–8.5 × 2.0–3.0 μm; conidia subglobose, smooth-walled, 2.5–3.0 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Fengjie County, Caotang Town, 31°5′29″ N 109°38′57″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS15-05; ibid., Wushan County, Shuanglong Town, Huazhu Village, 31°9′48″ N 109°47′7″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS18-06.
Notes: This species has close relationship with
P. qii and
P. vulgatum (
Figure 3). It differs from
P. qii in 8 bp for BenA, 12 bp for CaM and 30 bp for RPB2; and differs from
P. vulgatum in 7 bp for BenA, 8 bp for CaM and 34 bp for RPB2. Morphologically,
P. rarum has terverticillate or monoverticillate conidiophores which are seldom found in
P. qii and
P. vulgatum. Additionally, the new species grows slower than
P. vulgatum on MEA and YES at 25 °C, especially on PDA at 25 °C (18–21 vs. 23–25 mm).
Figure 30.
Penicillium rarum (CS15-04). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C); (D) = 15 µm; (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Figure 30.
Penicillium rarum (CS15-04). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C); (D) = 15 µm; (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Penicillium scruposum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 31.
Fungal Names: FN571555.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the rough-walled conidia.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Wanzhou City, Wangerbao Nature Reserve, Longju Town, Wutong Village, 30°36′26″ N 108°38′24″ E, in soil, 28 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS13-09 (holotype HMAS 247906, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25167).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870841, BenA OR051190, CaM OR051365, RPB2 OR062055.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 26–27 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 29–31 mm; YES 39–40 mm; PDA 25–26 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly sulcate; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse viridian green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates hyaline, clear; reverse orange, green to olive at centers.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, clear; reverse orange with a brown tint.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, concave at centers; margins moderately wide, undulated; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange brown with radiate branches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments orange; exudates absent; reverse brownish orange.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate; stipes finely rough-walled, 185–435 × 3.0–3.5 μm; metulae 3–5, 9–23 × 2.5–6.5 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 6–9 per metula, 8.5–11.5 × 2.5–4.0 μm; conidia ellipsoidal to broad fusiform, rough-walled to echinulate, 3.5–4.0 × 3.0–3.5 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Wanzhou City, Wangerbao Nature Reserve, Longju Town, Wutong Village, 30°36′26″ N 108°38′24″ E, in soil, 28 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS13-19; ibid., CS13-20.
Notes: This species is a sister of
P. subasperum with strong support (BP = 96, PP = 1.00,
Figure 7). It differs from the latter in 14 bp for BenA, 20 bp for CaM and 15 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in slower growth rate on CYA at 25 °C (26–27 vs. 30–32 mm), finely rough-walled stipes, larger metulae (9–23 × 2.5–6.5 vs. 8.5–13.5 × 3.0–4.5 μm) and echinulate conidia.
Figure 31.
Penicillium scruposum (CS13-09). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C–E); (G) = 10 µm, also for (F).
Figure 31.
Penicillium scruposum (CS13-09). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C–E); (G) = 10 µm, also for (F).
Penicillium shihii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 32.
Fungal Names: FN571556.
Etymology: The specific epithet is named after the late Chinese microbiologist You-Kuang Shih (1905.10–1991.01). He is a pioneer on taxonomy of this group, and published five Aspergillus taxa and three Penicillium species.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Aspergilloides series Livida.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Wulipo National Nature Reserve, 31°22′59″ N 109°56′11″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS22-03 (holotype HMAS 247907, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25168).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870799, BenA OR051060, CaM OR051239, RPB2 OR051412.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 40–42 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 58–60 mm; YES 54–56 mm; PDA 57–60 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, slightly concave at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange, yellow at margins.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain; margins wide, entire; mycelia colorless; texture velutinous; sporulation dense, sporulation area irregular, star-shaped; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange yellow and paler at margins.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate; margins moderately wide, fimbriate; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greenish blue; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange brown and yellow at margins.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins wide, entire; mycelia colorless; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse light orange brown, greenish yellow at margins.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores monoverticillate or biverticillate; stipes smooth–rough-walled, 400–575 × 2.0–4.5 μm; metulae 2, 28–32 × 2.5–3.5 μm; phialides obovate to ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 5–7 per metula, 9–12.5 × 3.0–5.5 μm; conidia ellipsoidal, rough-walled, 4.0–6.0 × 3.0–4.5 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Wulipo National Nature Reserve, 31°22′59″ N 109°56′11″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS20-40; ibid., CS20-44; Sichuan Province, Dazhou City, Xuanhan County, Bashan Grand Canyon, 31°39′44″ N 108°51′17″ E, in soil, 1 November 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS30-12; ibid., in soil of ant hole, CS31-05; in soil of ant hole, 1 November 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS32-01.
Notes: This species is a member of Ser.
Livida and sister to the other known species:
P. kananaskense,
P. lividum and
P. odoratum (=
P. lividum according to Pitt [
62]), but of significant differences in sequence (
Figure 2). Morphologically, it differs from
P. kananaskense in faster growth rates on CYA (40–42 vs. 27–35 mm) and MEA (58–60 vs. 43–52 mm) at 25 °C, longer stipe (400–575 vs. 200–400 μm) and broader phialides (3.0–5.5 vs. 2.5–4.0 μm) [
71]; and it differs from
P. lividum and
P. odoratum in faster growth rate on MEA (58–60 vs. 40–45 mm) at 25 °C, broader phialides (3.0–5.5 vs. 2.5–3.0 μm) and larger conidia (4.0–6.0 × 3.0–4.5 vs. 3.5–4.0 × 2.5–3.0 μm) [
62].
Figure 32.
Penicillium shihii (CS22-03). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Figure 32.
Penicillium shihii (CS22-03). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Penicillium sichuanense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 33.
Fungal Names: FN571557.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Gracilenta series Estinogena.
Typification: China. Sichuan Province, Dazhou City, Xuanhan County, Bashan Grand Canyon, 31°39′44″ N 108°51′17″ E, in soil of ant hole, 1 November 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS32-04 (holotype HMAS 247908, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25169).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870825, BenA OR051101, CaM OR051278, RPB2 OR051447.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 31–36 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 26–29 mm; YES 47–49 mm; PDA 27–30 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain or sulcate, slightly protuberant or concave at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments yellow or absent; exudates yellow, clear; reverse olive and pale orange at margins.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous, but floccose at centers or not; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse dark mouse grey, pale orange at margins.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate; margins narrow to moderately wide, fimbriate; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse dark purplish, pale orange at margins.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments yellow or absent; exudates absent; reverse dark mouse grey, yellowish at margins.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 25–135 × 2.5–3.0 μm; metulae 3–5, 12.5–15.5 × 3.0–4.0 μm; phialides acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 5–7 per metula, 10–12 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia subglobose, smooth-walled, 2.5–3.5 μm.
Notes: This species is a sister to
P. estinogenum with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00,
Figure 5), It differs from the latter in 40 bp for BenA and 58 bp for CaM. Morphologically, it differs in smooth-walled stipes [
21].
Figure 33.
Penicillium sichuanense (CS32-04). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm; (C) = 10 µm, also for (D,G); (F) = 7.5 µm, also for (E).
Figure 33.
Penicillium sichuanense (CS32-04). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm; (C) = 10 µm, also for (D,G); (F) = 7.5 µm, also for (E).
Penicillium simianshanicum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 34.
Fungal Names: FN571558.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Aspergilloides series Simianshanica.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simian Mountain Nature Reserve, 28°35′57″ N 106°26′51″ E, in soil of ant hole, 24 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS04-04 (holotype HMAS 247909, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25170).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870805, BenA OR051066, CaM OR051245, RPB2 OR051418.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 32–34 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 37–39 mm; YES 40–41 mm; PDA 39–40 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, slightly concave at centers; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates yellow, clear; reverse light orange yellow.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous, but floccose at centers; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate, with funiculose hyphae at centers, protuberant or not; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse brownish yellow with radiate branches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse whitish to pale buff.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores monoverticillate; stipes septate, rough-walled, 80–160 × 2.5–3.5 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 8–12, 8–14 × 3.0–4.0 μm; conidia subglobose, rough-walled, 3.0–3.5 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simian Mountain Nature Reserve, 28°35′57″ N 106°26′51″ E, in soil of ant hole, 24 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS04-05; ibid., CS04-08.
Notes: This species is phylogenetically close to taxa of ser.
Verhageniorum but having significant branch distance (
Figure 2). The species of ser.
Verhageniorum have biverticillate or divaricate conidiophores [
59], but
P. simianshanicum differs from them in monoverticillate conidiophores. A separate series, ser.
Simianshanica, has been proposed to accommodate this morphologically distinct species.
Figure 34.
Penicillium simianshanicum (CS04-04). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Figure 34.
Penicillium simianshanicum (CS04-04). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Penicillium sphaerioides X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 35.
Fungal Names: FN571563.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the shape of the conidia.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Beibei District, Jinyun Mountain National Nature Reserve, 29°50′18″ N 106°23′45″ E, in soil, 23 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS02-11 (holotype HMAS 247914, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25175).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870850, BenA OR051199, CaM OR051374, RPB2 OR062064.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 34–36 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 25–28 mm; YES 44–46 mm; PDA 19–22 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse viridian green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates yellow, clear; reverse yellow to orange, with brown radiate branches.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates absent; reverse light orange, with brownish radiate branches or patches.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, concave at centers; margins narrow to moderately wide, undulated; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous to funiculose; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse reddish orange, yellow at margins.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dark green; soluble pigments orange; exudates absent; reverse reddish orange.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate; stipes smooth to rough-walled, 135–285 × 2.5–3.5 μm; metulae 3–5, 8.5–12 × 2.5–5.0 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 5–6 per metula, 7.5–11 × 2.5–3.0 μm; conidia subglobose, ellipsoidal to broad fusiform, finely rough-walled, 3.0–3.5 × 2.5–3.0 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Beibei District, Jinyun Mountain National Nature Reserve, 29°50′18″ N 106°23′45″ E, in soil, 23 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS02-12; ibid., Jiangjin District, Simian Mountain Nature Reserve, 28°35′57″ N 106°26′51″ E, in soil of ant hole, 24 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS04-03.
Notes: This species is a sister of
P. scruposum and
P. subasperum with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00,
Figure 7). It differs from
P. scruposum in 23 bp for BenA, 26 bp for CaM and 21 bp for RPB2; and differs from
P. subasperum in 21 bp for BenA, 19 bp for CaM and 23 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs from
P. scruposum in faster growth rates on CYA (34–36 vs. 26–27 mm) and YES (44–46 vs. 39–40 mm), slower growth rate on PDA (19–22 vs. 25–26 mm), irregular margins on PDA, shorter stipes (135–285 vs. 185–435 μm) and metulae (8.5–12 vs. 9–23 μm), fewer phialides per metula (5–6 vs. 6–9) and subglobose conidia; and differs from
P. subasperum in faster growth rate on YES (44–46 vs. 37–39 mm) and slower growth rate on PDA (19–22 vs. 24–25 mm).
Figure 35.
Penicillium sphaerioides (CS02-11). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Figure 35.
Penicillium sphaerioides (CS02-11). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Penicillium subasperum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 36.
Fungal Names: FN571561.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the rough-walled conidia.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simian Mountain Nature Reserve, 28°35′57″ N 106°26′51″ E, in soil of ant hole, 24 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS04-02 (holotype HMAS 247912, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25173).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870849, BenA OR051198, CaM OR051373, RPB2 OR062063.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 30–32 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 29–31 mm; YES 37–39 mm; PDA 24–25 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, slightly sulcate; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse viridian green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates bright yellow, clear, massive; reverse yellow to orange, with greenish patches.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dark green; soluble pigments light brown; exudates absent; reverse brownish orange, with reddish brown radiate branches.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, concave at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dark green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellow to orange, with brownish red radiate branches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dark green; soluble pigments orange brown; exudates absent; reverse reddish orange.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate, occasionally terverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 125–315 × 2.5–4.0 μm; rami 2, 8.0–18 × 3.0–4.0 μm; metulae 2–4, 8.5–13.5 × 3.0–4.5 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 5–8 per metula, 7.5–9.0 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia ellipsoidal to broad fusiform, rough-walled, 3.0–4.0 × 2.5–3.5 μm.
Notes: This species is a sister of
P. scruposum with strong support (BP = 96, PP = 1.00,
Figure 7). It differs from the latter in 14 bp for BenA, 20 bp for CaM and 15 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in faster growth rate on CYA at 25 °C (30–32 mm vs. 26–27), smooth-walled stipes, smaller metulae (8.5–13.5 × 3.0–4.5 vs. 9–23 × 2.5–6.5 μm) and rough-walled instead of echinulate conidia.
Figure 36.
Penicillium subasperum (CS04-02). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm; (G) = 10 µm, also for (C–F).
Figure 36.
Penicillium subasperum (CS04-02). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm; (G) = 10 µm, also for (C–F).
Penicillium subglobosum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 37.
Fungal Names: FN571559.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the subglobose to ellipsoidal conidia.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Fengjie County, Caotang Town, 31°5′29″ N 109°38′57″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS16-01 (holotype HMAS 247910, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25171).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870844, BenA OR051193, CaM OR051368, RPB2 OR062058.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 27–29 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 28–29 mm; YES 31–36 mm; PDA 21–23 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments light green or light brown; exudates yellow, clear; reverse light brownish orange.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse viridian green; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, tiny; reverse yellow brown.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially and concentrically sulcate, concave at centers; margins narrow to moderately wide, undulated; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse light orange brown with radiate branches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation moderately dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments light brown; exudates hyaline, tiny; reverse orange brown.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate; stipes smooth to rough-walled, 110–245 × 3.0–3.5 μm; metulae 5–7, 9–13.5 × 3.5–6.0 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 5–8 per metula, 7–10.5 × 2.5–4.0 μm; conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, finely rough-walled, 3.0–4.0 × 2.5–3.5 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Fengjie County, Caotang Town, 31°5′29″ N 109°38′57″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS16-02; ibid., CS16-04; ibid., Wushan County, Shuanglong Town, Huazhu Village, 31°9′48″ N 109°47′7″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS18-26.
Notes: This species is a sister of
P. sanshaense with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00,
Figure 7). It differs from the latter in 20 bp for BenA and 26 bp for CaM. Morphologically, it differs in faster growth rate on CYA at 25 °C (27–29 vs. 21–23 mm), yellow brown instead of reddish brown on YES reverse, shorter stipes (110–245 vs. 200–500 μm) and subglobose and rough-walled conidia [
42].
Figure 37.
Penicillium subglobosum (CS16-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Figure 37.
Penicillium subglobosum (CS16-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Penicillium subrutilans X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 38.
Fungal Names: FN571562.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the pink patches on reverse of PDA.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Lanata-Divaricata series Rolfsiorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Wulipo National Nature Reserve, 31°22′59″N 109°56′11″E, in soil, October 29 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS20-14 (holotype HMAS 247913, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25174).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870816, BenA OR051137, CaM OR051314, RPB2 OR051479.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 34–37 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 35–36 mm; YES 45–47 mm; PDA 40–41 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation moderately dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, clear; reverse buff, with light brown radiate branches, whitish at margins.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse whitish.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate, protuberant at centers; margins wide, fimbriate; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greenish grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff, with interwoven light brown cracks.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, with light-colored sectors; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse white, with pinkish patches.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores terverticillate or biverticillate; stipes strongly rough-walled, 160–375 × 2.5–3.5 μm; rami 2, 22–31 × 3.0–3.5 μm; metulae 2–4, 11–23 × 2.5–4.5 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 5–8 per metula, 8.5–11.5 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia subglobose, smooth-walled, 2.5–4.0 μm.
Additional strains examined: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Wulipo National Nature Reserve, 31°22′59″ N 109°56′11″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS20-27; ibid., CS20-58.
Notes: This species is a sister to
P. camponotum with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00,
Figure 6). It differs from the latter in three bp for BenA, nine bp for CaM and nine bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in slower growth rate on MEA (35–36 vs. 48–55 mm) and YES (45–47 vs. 53–60 mm) at 25 °C, shorter stipes (160–375 vs. 220–620 μm) and smooth-walled conidia [
67].
Figure 38.
Penicillium subrutilans (CS20-14). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 20 µm; (C) = 12.5 µm, also for (D); (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Figure 38.
Penicillium subrutilans (CS20-14). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 20 µm; (C) = 12.5 µm, also for (D); (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Penicillium taii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 39.
Fungal Names: FN571564.
Etymology: The specific epithet is named after the late distinguished mycologist Professor Fang-Lan Tai (1893.05–1973.01), one of the founders of Mycology and Plant Pathology of China.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Lanata-Divaricata series Simplicissima.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Fengjie County, Caotang Town, 31°5′29″ N 109°38′57″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS16-09 (holotype HMAS 247915, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25176).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870778, BenA OR051170, CaM OR051347, RPB2 OR051496.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 37–39 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 37–39 mm; YES 44–46 mm; PDA 32–34 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, concave at centers, radially sulcate; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse light grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, clear, tiny; reverse buff.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly concave at central areas; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse whitish.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate and strongly sulcate at centers, protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, fimbriate; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greenish grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff, with radiate branches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse whitish.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate; stipes rough-walled, 175–500 × 2.5–3.0 μm; metulae 2–3, 11–20 × 2.5–5.5 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 5–7 per metula, 7.5–10 × 2.5–3.0 μm; conidia subglobose, finely rough-walled, 3.0–3.5 μm.
Additional strain examined: China. Sichuan Province, Dazhou City, Xuanhan County, Bashan Grand Canyon, 31°39′44″ N 108°51′17″ E, in soil, 1 November 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS30-11.
Notes: This species is a sister to
P. globosum and
P. yuyongnianii (BP = 74, PP = 100,
Figure 6). It differs from
P. globosum in six bp for BenA, eight bp for CaM and seven bp for RPB2; and it differs from
P. yuyongnianii in three bp for BenA, eight bp for CaM and five bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it grows faster than
P. globosum on CYA (37–39 vs. 21–22 mm), MEA (37–39 vs. 21–24 mm) and YES (44–46 vs. 17–19 mm) at 25 °C, and no growth on CYA at 37 °C [
43]; and it differs from
P. yuyongnianii in fast growth rate on MEA (37–39 vs. 22–24 mm) and PDA (32–34 vs. 21–24 mm) at 25 °C, and subglobose and finely rough-walled conidia.
Figure 39.
Penicillium taii (CS16-09). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Figure 39.
Penicillium taii (CS16-09). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Penicillium tangii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 40.
Fungal Names: FN571565.
Etymology: The specific epithet is named in memory of Chinese medical microbiologist Fei-Fan Tang (1897.07–1958.09). He is famous for performing the first isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis, and the first production of penicillin in China during World War II was also conducted by his team.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Aspergilloides series Spinulosa.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Jiangjin District, Simian Mountain Nature Reserve, 28°35′57″ N 106°26′51″ E, in soil of ant hole, 24 October 2020, Chang Liu, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang and Huan-Di Zheng, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS04-07 (holotype HMAS 247916, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25177).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870808, BenA OR051069, CaM OR051248, RPB2 OR051421.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 36–37 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C 2–4 mm; MEA 31–37 mm; YES 36–37 mm; PDA 37–38 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, sulcate and slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish grey to dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates tiny, clear; reverse cream.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain; margins moderately wide to wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish grey to dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse cream to buff.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate, protuberant at centers; margins moderately narrow, fimbriate; mycelia white; texture velutinous, but floccose at centers; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish grey to dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff, with radiate branches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain; margins moderately wide, irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse brownish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse cream to buff.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores monoverticillate; stipes smooth to slightly rough-walled, 50–337.5 × 2.0–3.5 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 6–14, 7.5–9.0 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia subglobose, rough-walled, 2.5–3.5 μm.
Notes: This species is a sister to
P. subspinulosum with strong support (BP = 91, PP = 0.97,
Figure 2). It differs the latter in three bp for BenA, eight bp for CaM and three bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in shorter stipe (50–337.5 vs. 200–400 μm) [
59].
Figure 40.
Penicillium tangii (CS04-07). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm, also for (C,D); (E) = 12.5 µm; (F) = 10 µm, also for (G).
Figure 40.
Penicillium tangii (CS04-07). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm, also for (C,D); (E) = 12.5 µm; (F) = 10 µm, also for (G).
Penicillium tardicrescens X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 41.
Fungal Names: FN571566.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the slow growth rate on PDA.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Fengjie County, Caotang Town, 31°5′29″ N 109°38′57″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS14-24 (holotype HMAS 247917, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25178).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870853, BenA OR051202, CaM OR051377, RPB2 OR062067.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 24–25 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 27–28 mm; YES 30–31 mm; PDA 18–19 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers, radially sulcate, with sectors; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments greenish yellow; exudates absent; reverse brownish orange, with dark green patches.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse light brownish orange, with brownish patches at centers.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, concave at centers; margins narrow, undulated; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates absent; reverse orange, yellow at margins, with red patches at centers.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, slightly protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments yellow brown; exudates absent; reverse light brownish orange, slightly brownish at centers.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate, occasionally terverticillate; stipes smooth- to finely rough-walled, 200–350 × 2.5–4.5 μm; metulae 4–6, 10–12.5 × 3.5–5.5 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 5–6 per metula, 9–11 × 3.0–4.0 μm; conidia ellipsoidal to broad fusiform, finely rough-walled, 3.0–4.0 × 2.5–3.5 μm.
Notes: This species is a distinct lineage in ser.
Herqueorum and seems to have close relationship with
P. malachiteum (
Figure 7). It differs from the latter in 35 bp for BenA, 60 bp for CaM and 42 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in lacking of sclerotia on the media [
61].
Figure 41.
Penicillium tardicrescens (CS14-24). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (G) = 10 µm, also for (B–F).
Figure 41.
Penicillium tardicrescens (CS14-24). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (G) = 10 µm, also for (B–F).
Penicillium tengii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 42.
Fungal Names: FN571567.
Etymology: The specific epithet is named after the late distinguished mycologist and plant pathologist Professor Shu-Chun Teng (1902.12–1970.05), one of the founders of Mycology and Forest Pathology of China.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Lanata-Divaricata series Janthinella.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Chengkou County, Gaoguan Town, Donghong Village, 31°47′11″ N 108°59′29″ E, in soil, 30 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS27-03 (holotype HMAS 247918, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25179).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870735, BenA OR051120, CaM OR051297, RPB2 OR051465.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 31–32 mm; CYA 37 °C 10–12 mm; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 38–40 mm; YES 38–39 mm; PDA 41–42 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, concave at centers, radially and concentrically sulcate; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation sparse; conidia en masse greyish brown; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, clear; reverse cream to buff.
On CYA 37 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, papillate at centers; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation absent; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff, light brown at centers.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate, concave at centers; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation moderately dense; conidia en masse light grey; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to light brown.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse white.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores terverticillate, biverticillate or monoverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 100–425 × 1.5–3.0 μm; rami 2, 17.5–30 × 2.0–3.0 μm; metulae 2–4, 10–29 × 2.0–3.5 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 4–6 per metula, 8.5–14.5 × 2.0–3.5 μm; conidia ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 3.0–4.0 × 2.5–3.5 μm.
Notes: This species is a sister of
P. koreense with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00,
Figure 6). It differs from the latter in 11 bp for BenA, 11 bp for CaM and five bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in slower growth rate (10–12 vs. 15–19 mm) on CYA at 37 °C, shorter stipes (100–425 vs. 200–800 μm) and fewer phialides per metula (4–6 vs. 6–10) [
72].
Figure 42.
Penicillium tengii (CS27-03). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm; (C) = 12.5 µm; (G) = 10 µm, also for (D–F).
Figure 42.
Penicillium tengii (CS27-03). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 15 µm; (C) = 12.5 µm; (G) = 10 µm, also for (D–F).
Penicillium vulgatum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 43.
Fungal Names: FN571568.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to its typical morphology in this series: conidia en masse bluish green to dull green, conidiophores biverticillate, conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, smooth-walled to finely roughened.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Citrina series Sumatraensia.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Fengjie County, Caotang Town, 31°5′29″ N 109°38′57″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS15-03 (holotype HMAS 247919, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25180).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870884, BenA OR051086, CaM OR051263, RPB2 OR051434.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 34–35 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 23–24 mm; YES 42–43 mm; PDA 23–25 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly sulcate, protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse viridian green; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, clear, massive; reverse buff to pale brown.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse brownish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, deep; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to yellow brown.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse brownish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse light cinnamon brown.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 175–425 × 2.5–3.0 μm; metulae 3–4, 12–16 × 2.5–3.0 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 5–7 per metula, 7–9 × 2.0–2.5 μm; conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 2.5–3.0 × 2.0–2.8 μm.
Notes: This species is closely related to
P. jenningsiae and
P. rarum in the phylogenetic tree (
Figure 3). It differs from
P. jenningsiae in 8 bp for BenA, 13 bp for CaM and 18 bp for RPB2, and differs from
P. rarum in 7 bp for BenA, 8 bp for CaM and 34 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, this species differs from
P. rarum in lacking terverticillate or monoverticillate conidiophores; and differs from
P. jenningsiae in longer stipes (175–425 vs. 100–250 μm) [
30].
Figure 43.
Penicillium vulgatum (CS15-03). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (G) = 10 µm, also for (B–F).
Figure 43.
Penicillium vulgatum (CS15-03). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (G) = 10 µm, also for (B–F).
Penicillium wangwentsaii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 44.
Fungal Names: FN571569.
Etymology: The specific epithet is in memory of the late Chinese distinguished plant taxonomist Wen-Tsai Wang (1926.06–2022.11). He is a leading taxonomic authority on several difficult plant families in China, including Boraginaceae, Gesneriaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rubiaceae, Urticaceae and Vitaceae, and described 28 new genera, 303 new taxa at the tribal, sectional, and series ranks, ca. 1370 new species, and 242 new combinations.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Citrina series Westlingiorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Wulipo National Nature Reserve, 31°22′59″ N 109°56′11″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS20-42 (holotype HMAS 247920, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25181).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870887, BenA OR051089, CaM OR051266, RPB2 OR051437.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 33–37 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C 3–4 mm; MEA 28–37 mm; YES 39–47 mm; PDA 39–40 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers, radially sulcate; margins narrow, fimbriate; mycelia white and yellow; texture velutinous, but floccose at centers; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish grey to dull green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates absent; reverse bright yellow, with light brown radiate branches.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, protuberant at centers; margins narrow to moderately wide, fimbriate; mycelia white; texture velutinous, but floccose at centers; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments pink; exudates absent; reverse reddish.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate; margins narrow, fimbriate; mycelia white and yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments pink; exudates absent; reverse yellow, with blackish radiate branches at centers.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse cream to light yellow.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate, occasionally terverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 90–350 × 2.5–3.0 μm; rami 2, 17–18 × 2.5–3.0 μm; metulae 3–5, 10–16 × 2.0–4.0 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 4–6, 8.0–13 × 2.5–3.0 μm; conidia subglobose to obovate, smooth-walled, 2.5–3.5 μm.
Notes: This species is a sister to
P. cairnsense with strong support (BP = 82, PP = 1.00,
Figure 3). It differs from the latter in one bp for BenA, one bp for CaM and 19 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in occasionally terverticillate conidiophores instead of a large portion terverticillate ones, shorter stipes (90–350 vs. 200–400 μm) and longer phialides (8–13 vs. 7–9 μm) [
73].
Figure 44.
Penicillium wangwentsaii (CS20-42). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Figure 44.
Penicillium wangwentsaii (CS20-42). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–G).
Penicillium wanyuanense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 45.
Fungal Names: FN571570.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Sichuan Province, Dazhou City, Wanyuan City, Longtanhe, 31°50′19″ N 108°19′15″ E, in soil, 1 November 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS33-06 (holotype HMAS 247921, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25182).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870854, BenA OR051203, CaM OR051378, RPB2 OR062068.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 28–30 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 36–38 mm; YES 36–38 mm; PDA 27–30 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green at central areas, greyish purple at periphery; soluble pigments yellow brown; exudates hyaline, clear; reverse dirty orange, with a brown tint at centers.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, funiculose at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff, slightly orange brown at centers.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire or undulated; mycelia white and yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green at central areas, dull green at periphery; soluble pigments light brown; exudates absent; reverse orange, yellow at margins.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies irregular, plain; margins narrow, irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments light brown; exudates absent; reverse light dirty orange, orange at centers.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate, occasionally terverticillate; stipes smooth to finely rough-walled, 235–275 × 3.5–4.5 μm; metulae 7–8, 10–12.5 × 3.5–5.5 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 6–8 per metula, 7.5–10 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia ellipsoidal to broad fusiform, smooth-walled, 3.0–4.5 × 2.5–3.5 μm.
Additional strain examined: China. Sichuan Province, Dazhou City, Wanyuan City, Longtanhe, 31°50′19″ N 108°19′15″ E, in soil, 1 November 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS33-09.
Notes: This species is closely related to
P. herquei (
Figure 7). It differs from the ex-type strain of the latter species in 13 bp for BenA, 26 bp for CaM and 21 bp for RPB2. Because of the wide species concept held in the previous literatures [
61,
62], the morphological difference between them was obscure. The greyish purple conidia
en masse on CYA makes this species different from the traditional concept of
P. herquei.
Figure 45.
Penicillium wanyuanense (CS33-06). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 20 µm; (C) = 12.5 µm, also for (D,E); (G) = 10 µm, also for (F).
Figure 45.
Penicillium wanyuanense (CS33-06). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 20 µm; (C) = 12.5 µm, also for (D,E); (G) = 10 µm, also for (F).
Penicillium wulientehii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 46.
Fungal Names: FN571571.
Etymology: The specific epithet is in memory of the late epidemiologist Lien-teh Wu (1879.03–1960.01), who pioneered the use of face mask and defeated a plague epidemic in northeastern China during 1910s.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Herqueorum.
Typification: China. Sichuan Province, Dazhou City, Xuanhan County, Bashan Grand Canyon, 31°39′44″ N 108°51′17″ E, in soil of ant hole, 1 November 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS32-02 (holotype HMAS 247922, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25183).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870856, BenA OR051205, CaM OR051380, RPB2 OR062070.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 26–27 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 29–31 mm; YES 37–40 mm; PDA 24–26 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments greenish yellow; exudates brown and hyaline, clear; reverse dirty orange, with a few dark patches at centers.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, funiculose at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange, reddish at centers.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, concave at centers; margins narrow, undulated; mycelia white and yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments yellow; exudates absent; reverse orange, yellow at margins, brownish at centers.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, funiculose at centers; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse yellowish green; soluble pigments light brown; exudates absent; reverse orange with margins lighter.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate; stipes finely rough-walled, 200–425 × 3.0–4.5 μm; metulae 6–7, 8–12.5 × 3.5–5.5 μm; phialides ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 6–8 per metula, 8–11 × 2.5–4.0 μm; conidia ellipsoidal to broad fusiform, smooth-walled, 3.0–4.5 × 2.0–3.0 μm.
Notes: This species is closely related to
P. creberum and
P. flosculum (BP = 100, PP = 1.00,
Figure 7). It differs from
P. creberum in 17 bp for BenA, 22 bp for CaM and 14 bp for RPB2; and differs from
P. flosculum in 12 bp for BenA, 19 bp for CaM and 19 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs from
P. creberum in slower growth rate on MEA at 25 °C (29–31 mm vs. 34–36 mm), longer phialides (8–11 vs. 7.5–9 μm) and conidia (3.0–4.5 vs. 3.0–3.5 μm); it differs from
P. flosculum in slower growth rates on CYA (26–27 mm vs. 29–31 mm), MEA (29–31 mm vs. 32–34 mm) and PDA (24–26 mm vs. 29–31 mm) and lacking of dark green radiate branches on CYA reverse. But it shows no morphological differences with the traditional concept of
P. herquei.
Figure 46.
Penicillium wulientehii (CS32-02). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C); (G) = 10 µm, also for (D–F).
Figure 46.
Penicillium wulientehii (CS32-02). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 12.5 µm, also for (C); (G) = 10 µm, also for (D–F).
Penicillium wushanicum X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 47.
Fungal Names: FN571572.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Citrina series Westlingiorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Wushan County, Wulipo National Nature Reserve, 31°22′59″ N 109°56′11″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS21-01 (holotype HMAS 247923, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25184).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870889, BenA OR051091, CaM OR051268, RPB2 OR051439.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 34–35 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 32–34 mm; YES 39–40 mm; PDA 28–30 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially and concentrically sulcate; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, funiculose at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse cream to buff.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, strongly sulcate; margins narrow to moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse yellowish orange, with lignt brown cracks, orange at centers.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant at centers; margins wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse dirty yellow.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate; stipes smooth-walled, 200–525 × 2.0–3.0 μm; metulae 5, 11–13 × 2.5–3.5 μm; phialides acerose to ampulliform, tapering into very thin neck, 4–7 per metula, 8–10 × 2.5–3.0 μm; conidia subglobose, smooth- to slightly rough-walled, 2.5–3.0 μm.
Notes: This species is a sister of
P. raphiae in the phylogenetic tree with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 100,
Figure 3). It differs from the latter in seven bp for BenA, 19 bp for CaM and 18 bp for RPB2. Additionally, it has faster growth rate on MEA (32–34 vs. 21–25 mm) and YES (39–40 vs. 31–35 mm) at 25 °C, orange colonial centers on YES and slightly larger conidia (2.5–3.0 vs. 1.8–2.5 μm) [
73].
Figure 47.
Penicillium wushanicum (CS21-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C,D,G); (E) = 7.5 µm, also for (F).
Figure 47.
Penicillium wushanicum (CS21-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C,D,G); (E) = 7.5 µm, also for (F).
Penicillium wuxiense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 48.
Fungal Names: FN571573.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Sclerotiorum.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Wuxi County, Hongchiba National Forest Park, 31°33′3″ N 109°1′36″ E, in soil, 30 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS25-12 (holotype HMAS 247924, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25185).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870872, BenA OR051221, CaM OR051395, RPB2 OR062085.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 32–33 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 27–28 mm; YES 34–35 mm; PDA 31–32 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates hyaline, clear; reverse cream to buff.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, funiculose at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange, reddish at centers.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially and concentrically sulcate, concave at centers; margins narrow, undulated; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff to orange, cream at margins, with radiate branches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly protuberant at centers; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse raddish orange, lighter at centers and margins.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores monoverticillate; stipes smooth to rough-walled, 110–150 × 2.0–3.0 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 8–12 per stipe, 10–11.5 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 2.5–3.5 × 2.5–3.0 μm.
Notes: This species is a sister of
P. cainii with strong support (BP = 100, PP = 1.00,
Figure 7). It differs from the latter in 10 bp for BenA, 12 bp for CaM and 18 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in faster growth rate on CYA at 25 °C (32–33 vs. 23–29 mm), longer stipes (110–150 vs. 70–80 μm) and phialides (10–11.5 vs. 7.5–10 μm) and larger (2.5–3.5 × 2.5–3.0 vs. 2.0–2.5 μm in diam) and ellipsoidal conidia [
64].
Figure 48.
Penicillium wuxiense (CS25-12). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 17.5 µm; (C) = 15 µm; (D) = 12.5 µm; (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Figure 48.
Penicillium wuxiense (CS25-12). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 17.5 µm; (C) = 15 µm; (D) = 12.5 µm; (E) = 10 µm, also for (F,G).
Penicillium xuanhanense X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 49.
Fungal Names: FN571574.
Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Sclerotiorum series Sclerotiorum.
Typification: China. Sichuan Province, Dazhou City, Xuanhan County, Bashan Grand Canyon, 31°39′44″ N 108°51′17″ E, in soil of ant hole, 1 November 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS31-04 (holotype HMAS 247925, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25186).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870873, BenA OR051222, CaM OR051396, RPB2 OR062086.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 30–31 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 27–29 mm; YES 35–36 mm; PDA 27–28 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, slightly sulcate, with white sectors; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green to dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates yellow and hyaline, clear; reverse cream to buff.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers with pink hyphae; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse light orange, red brown at centers.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially and concentrically sulcate, concave at centers; margins moderately wide, undulated; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse white, red at centers.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange, yellowish buff at centers and margins.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores monoverticillate or divaricate; stipes smooth to rough-walled, 45–150 × 2.5–3.5 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 5–12 per stipe, 9–11 × 3.0–4.0 μm; conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 3.0–3.5 × 2.5–3.0 μm.
Notes: This species is a sister of
P. asterineum and
P. ferraniaense (BP = 83, PP = 1.00,
Figure 7). It differs from
P. asterineum in 13 bp for BenA, three bp for CaM and 11 bp for RPB2; and differs from
P. ferraniaense in nine bp for BenA, five bp for CaM and eight bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs from
P. asterineum in slower growth rate on CYA (30–31 vs. 35–40 mm), MEA (27–29 vs. 34–37 mm) and YES (35–36 vs. 40–42 mm) at 25 °C, lacking of red radiate branches on the reverse of CYA and MEA, divaricate conidiophores, shorter stipes (45–150 vs. 100–300 μm) and larger conidia (3.0–3.5 vs. 2.5–3.0 μm); and it differs from
P. ferraniaense in faster growth rate on CYA (30–31 vs. 25–28 mm) and YES (35–36 vs. 21–23 mm) at 25 °C, red brown reverse on MEA and YES, and longer stipes (45–150 vs. 50–80 μm) [
60].
Figure 49.
Penicillium xuanhanense (CS31-04). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (G) = 10 µm, also for (B–F).
Figure 49.
Penicillium xuanhanense (CS31-04). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bar: (G) = 10 µm, also for (B–F).
Penicillium yuyongnianii X.C. Wang & W.Y. Zhuang, sp. nov.
Figure 50.
Fungal Names: FN571575.
Etymology: The specific epithet is named in memory of the late distinguished mycologist Professor Yong-Nian Yu (1923.04–2014.08).
In Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides section Lanata-Divaricata series Simplicissima.
Typification: China. Chongqing City, Wanzhou City, Wangerbao Nature Reserve, Longju Town, Wutong Village, 30°36′26″ N 108°38′24″ E, in soil, 28 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS13-01 (holotype HMAS 247926, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.25187).
DNA barcodes: ITS OQ870820, BenA OR051175, CaM OR051352, RPB2 OR051499.
Colony diam., 7 days, 25 °C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 35–37 mm; CYA 37 °C no growth; CYA 5 °C no growth; MEA 22–24 mm; YES 37–39 mm; PDA 21–24 mm.
Colony characteristics: On CYA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, radially sulcate, furrows with white hyphae; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse cream to buff.
On MEA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, plain, slightly protuberant or funiculose at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff.
On YES 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, radially sulcate; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse buff, with brownish branches.
On PDA 25 °C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, plain; margins narrow, entire or irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse cream.
Micromorphology: Conidiophores biverticillate or terverticillate; stipes smooth to rough-walled, 300–900 × 2.5–4.5 μm; rami 2–3, 19–23 × 3.0–4.0 μm; metulae 4–5, 10–15 × 3.0–4.5 μm; phialides ampulliform to acerose, tapering into very thin neck, 4–6 per metula, 7.5–9.5 × 2.5–3.5 μm; conidia subglobose to broad ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, 3.0–3.5 × 2.5–3.0 μm.
Additional strain examined: China. Chongqing City, Fengjie County, Caotang Town, 31°5′29″ N 109°38′57″ E, in soil, 29 October 2020, Xin-Cun Wang, Huan-Di Zheng and Chang Liu, culture, Zhi-Kang Zhang, CS14-23.
Notes: This species is a sister to
P. globosum and
P. taii (BP = 74, PP = 1.00,
Figure 6). The molecular and morphological differences between this taxa and
P. taii have been given in the Notes of the latter. This fungus differs from
P. globosum in three bp for BenA, 13 bp for CaM and six bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in fast growth rate on CYA (35–37 vs. 21–22 mm) and YES (37–39 vs. 17–19 mm) at 25 °C, no growth on CYA at 37 °C, terverticillate conidiophores and ellipsoidal conidia [
43].
Figure 50.
Penicillium yuyongnianii (CS13-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–E,G); (F) = 7.5 µm.
Figure 50.
Penicillium yuyongnianii (CS13-01). (A) Colonies: top row left to right, obverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; bottom row left to right, reverse CYA, MEA, YES, and PDA; (B–F) Conidiophores; (G) Conidia. Bars: (B) = 10 µm, also for (C–E,G); (F) = 7.5 µm.