Fungal Aeroallergen Sensitization Patterns among Airway-Allergic Patients in Zagazig, Egypt
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients
2.2. Allergen Extract Preparation
2.3. Skin Prick Test
2.4. Blood Sampling
2.5. Testing of Serum Total and Specific IgE
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics
3.2. Aeroallergens Sensitization Patterns by SPT
3.3. Fungal Aeroallergens Sensitization Patterns by Immunoblot Assay
3.4. Correlations of Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics to Total and Specific IgE
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | (N = 200) | % |
---|---|---|
Age (Years) | ||
Mean ± SD | 29.2 ± 15.8 | |
Median (Min–Max) | 29 (5–70) | |
Children (1–17 y) | 54 | 27 |
Adults (≥18) | 146 | 73 |
Sex | ||
Female | 79 | 39.5 |
Male | 121 | 60.5 |
Residence | ||
Urban | 64 | 32.0 |
Rural | 136 | 58.0 |
Type of airway allergy | ||
Allergic rhinitis | 121 | 60.5 |
Allergic asthma | 25 | 12.5 |
Combined allergic rhinitis and asthma | 54 | 27.0 |
Associated allergic conditions | ||
Urticaria a | 9 | 4.5 |
Allergic conjunctivitis b | 23 | 11.5 |
Variable | Mixed Mold SPT-Positive n = 116 (%) | Mixed Mold SPT-Negative n = 84 (%) | Test of Significance | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (Years) | Mann–Whitney U | 0.9 | ||
Mean ± SD | 29.5 ± 15.5 | 30.2 ± 17.0 | ||
Children (1–17) (n = 54) | 30 (25.9) | 24 (28.6) | χ2 test | 0.7 |
Adults (≥18) (n = 146) | 86 (74.1) | 60 (71.4) | ||
Sex | χ2 test | 0.5 | ||
Female (n = 79) | 48 (41.4) | 31 (36.9) | ||
Male (n = 121) | 68 (58.6) | 53 (63.1) | ||
Residence | χ2 test | 0.7 | ||
Urban (n = 64) | 36 (31.0) | 28 (33.3) | ||
Rural (n = 136) | 80 (68.0) | 56 (66.7) | ||
Type of airway allergy | Fisher exact | 0.6 | ||
Allergic rhinitis (n = 121) | 71 (61.2) | 50 (59.5) | ||
Allergic asthma (n = 25) | 12 (10.3) | 13 (15.5) | ||
Combined (n = 54) | 33 (28.5) | 21 (25.0) | ||
Associated allergic conditions | ||||
Urticaria (n = 9) | 4 (3.0) | 5 (6.0) | Fisher exact | 0.5 |
Allergic conjunctivitis (n = 23) | 16 (14.0) | 7 (8.3) | χ2 test | 0.2 |
Specific IgE Immunoblot assay a | ||||
Fungal allergen sensitization (n = 120) | 114 (98.3) | 6 (4.8) | Fisher exact | <0.001 * |
Variable | A. alternata n = 86 (43.0%) | A. niger n = 29 (14.5%) | A. fumigatus n = 64 (32.0%) | P. notatum n = 61 (30.5%) | C. albicans n = 46 (23.0%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (Years) | |||||
Children (1–17) (n = 54) | 18 (20.9) | 5 (17.2) | 14 (21.9) | 15 (24.6) | 7 (15.2) |
Adults (≥18) (n = 146) | 68 (79.1) | 24 (82.8) | 50 (78.1) | 46 (75.4) | 39 (84.8) |
p-value | 0.09 a | 0.2 a | 0.3 a | 0.6 a | 0.04 *,a |
Sex | |||||
Female (n = 79) | 39 (45.3) | 11 (37.9) | 31 (48.4) | 22 (36.1) | 16 (34.8) |
Male (n = 121) | 47 (54.7) | 18 (62.1) | 33 (51.6) | 39 (63.9) | 30 (65.2) |
p-value | 0.1 a | 0.9 a | 0.08 a | 0.5 a | 0.5 a |
Residence | |||||
Urban (n = 64) | 29 (33.7) | 12 (41.4) | 21 (32.8) | 20 (32.8) | 15 (32.6) |
Rural (n = 136) | 57 (66.3) | 17 (58.6) | 43 (67.2) | 41 (67.2) | 31 (67.4) |
p-value | 0.7 a | 0.2 a | 0.9 a | 0.9 a | 0.9 a |
Type of airway allergy | |||||
Allergic rhinitis (n = 121) | 50 (58.1) | 18 (62.1) | 45 (70.3) | 39 (63.9) | 36 (78.3) |
Allergic asthma (n = 25) | 11 (12.8) | 2 (6.9) | 5 (7.8) | 4 (6.6) | 3 (6.5) |
Combined (n = 54) | 25 (29.1) | 9 (31.0) | 14 (21.9) | 18 (29.5) | 7 (15.2) |
p-value | 0.8 a | 0.6 b | 0.1 a | 0.2 b | 0.02 *,b |
Associated allergic conditions | |||||
Urticaria (n = 9) | 2 (2.3) | 1 (3.4) | 1 (1.6) | 3 (4.9) | 3 (6.5) |
p-value | 0.2 b | 0.6 b | 0.2 b | 0.6 b | 0.3 b |
Allergic conjunctivitis (n = 23) | 11 (12.8) | 3 (10.3) | 10 (15.6) | 8 (13.1) | 9 (19.6) |
p-value | 0.6 a | 0.6 b | 0.2 a | 0.6 a | 0.05 *,a |
A. alternatac | |||||
Sensitized (n = 86) | 85 (100.0) | 25 (86.2) | 47 (73.4) | 47 (77.0) | 26 (56.5) |
p-value | 1 | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | <0.001 ** | 0.035 * |
Mixed mold SPT c | |||||
Positive (n = 116) | 84 (97.7) | 29 (100.0) | 62 (96.9) | 61 (100.0) | 40 (87.0) |
p-value | <0.001 **,b | <0.001 **,b | <0.001 **,b | <0.001 **,b | <0.001 **,a |
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Mokhtar, G.A.; Gebriel, M.G.; Hammad, N.M.; Roman, S.W.; Attia, O.; Behiry, A.; Ismail, N.A.; Sayed, M.S.A.E.A.E.; Hadhoud, A.N.; Osama, Y.A.; et al. Fungal Aeroallergen Sensitization Patterns among Airway-Allergic Patients in Zagazig, Egypt. J. Fungi 2023, 9, 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9020185
Mokhtar GA, Gebriel MG, Hammad NM, Roman SW, Attia O, Behiry A, Ismail NA, Sayed MSAEAE, Hadhoud AN, Osama YA, et al. Fungal Aeroallergen Sensitization Patterns among Airway-Allergic Patients in Zagazig, Egypt. Journal of Fungi. 2023; 9(2):185. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9020185
Chicago/Turabian StyleMokhtar, Ghada A., Manar G. Gebriel, Noha M. Hammad, Sylvia W. Roman, Osama Attia, Ahmed Behiry, Nagwan A. Ismail, Mohamed Salah Abd El Azeem El Sayed, Ahmed Nagy Hadhoud, Yosra A. Osama, and et al. 2023. "Fungal Aeroallergen Sensitization Patterns among Airway-Allergic Patients in Zagazig, Egypt" Journal of Fungi 9, no. 2: 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9020185