Escherichia coli, but Not Staphylococcus aureus, Functions as a Chelating Agent That Exhibits Antifungal Activity against the Pathogenic Yeast Candida albicans
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Differential Effects of S. aureus and E. coli on the Growth of C. albicans in the Coculture Condition
2.2. Differential Effect of Bacteria on the Biofilm of C. albicans
2.3. Chemical Characterization of the E. coli Filtrate Affecting the Growth and Biofilm of C. albicans
2.4. Effect of S. aureus and E. coli Bacteria on the Growth and Biofilm of C. albicans in the Triple-Culture Condition
2.5. Effect of Polymicrobial Interaction on the Growth and Biofilm of Filamentation-Defective Strains of C. albicans
2.6. E. coli Cell-Free Culture Filtrate Suppressed Virulence Gene Expression of C. albicans and Systemic Candidiasis Development in Mice
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animal Ethical Clearance
4.2. Animals, Reagents, Strains, and Growth Conditions
4.3. Extraction of Bacterial Filtrate
4.4. Growth Curve and CFU/mL Analysis
4.5. Biofilm Growth and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM)
4.6. Biofilm Detachment Assay
4.7. RNA Isolation, Real-Time PCR, and qRT-PCR
4.8. Animal Studies
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Bose, S.; Singh, D.V.; Adhya, T.K.; Acharya, N. Escherichia coli, but Not Staphylococcus aureus, Functions as a Chelating Agent That Exhibits Antifungal Activity against the Pathogenic Yeast Candida albicans. J. Fungi 2023, 9, 286. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9030286
Bose S, Singh DV, Adhya TK, Acharya N. Escherichia coli, but Not Staphylococcus aureus, Functions as a Chelating Agent That Exhibits Antifungal Activity against the Pathogenic Yeast Candida albicans. Journal of Fungi. 2023; 9(3):286. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9030286
Chicago/Turabian StyleBose, Swagata, Durg Vijai Singh, Tapan Kumar Adhya, and Narottam Acharya. 2023. "Escherichia coli, but Not Staphylococcus aureus, Functions as a Chelating Agent That Exhibits Antifungal Activity against the Pathogenic Yeast Candida albicans" Journal of Fungi 9, no. 3: 286. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9030286