Characterization of Beeswax and Rice Bran Wax Oleogels Based on Different Types of Vegetable Oils and Their Impact on Wheat Flour Dough Technological Behavior during Bun Making
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Rheological Characterization of Oleogels according to Frequency
2.2. Thermal Properties of Oleogels
2.3. Thermogravimetric Analysis of Oleogels
2.4. Texture Profile Analysis of Oleogels
2.5. Rheological Characterization of Dough during Heating
2.6. Rheological Properties of Dough during Fermentation
2.7. Rheological Characterization of Dough from Wheat Flour and Different Types of Oleogels Using Mixolab
2.8. Texture Profile Analysis of the Wheat Flour Dough with Different Types of Oleogel Additions
2.9. Principal Component Analysis of Thermal and Rheological Properties of Oleogels
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Preparation of Oleogels
4.3. Dough Preparation for Fundamental Rheological Analysis
4.4. Dough Preparation for Rheological Properties Analysis during Fermentation
4.5. Rheological Behavior of Oleogels and Dough
4.6. Differential Scanning Calorimetry
4.7. Thermogravimetric Analysis of Oleogels
4.8. Texture Profile Analysis of Oleogels
4.9. Rheological Properties of Dough during Fermentation
4.10. Rheological Characteristics of Dough Using Mixolab Device
4.11. Dough Texture Analysis
4.12. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | First Heating, 20 to 90 °C, Melting | First Cooling, 90 to −60 °C, Phase Transition | First Cooling, 90 to −60 °C, Phase Transition 2 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Onset, °C | Midpoint, °C | End, °C | Enthalpy, J/g | Onset, °C | Midpoint, °C | End, °C | ΔCp, J/(g. °C) | Enthalpy, J/g | Onset, °C | Midpoint, °C | End, °C | Enthalpy, J/g | |
GO_5BW | 43.85 | 52.47 | 64.41 | 2.29 | 48.82 | 45.81 | 43.56 | 0.0040 | 0.53 | - | - | - | - |
GO_9BW | 44.71 | 58.39 | 68.95 | 4.52 | 52.61 | 49.28 | 46.59 | 0.0070 | 0.93 | - | - | - | - |
HO_5BW | 44.79 | 53.82 | 64.10 | 1.57 | 49.37 | 46.10 | 42.83 | 0.0060 | 0.42 | - | - | - | - |
HO_9BW | 42.87 | 52.98 | 64.85 | 4.44 | 52.82 | 48.96 | 46.93 | 0.0110 | 1.37 | - | - | - | - |
OL_5BW | 44.05 | 52.47 | 61.56 | 2.28 | 47.78 | 45.15 | 43.70 | 0.0010 | 0.61 | −57.97 | −49.72 | −41.35 | 24.51 |
OL_9B | 43.74 | 53.85 | 64.76 | 4.91 | 50.96 | 47.98 | 46.34 | 0.0030 | 1.20 | −57.63 | −48.89 | −39.81 | 28.76 |
SO_5BW | 44.39 | 58.72 | 68.86 | 2.84 | 49.71 | 46.63 | 43.38 | 0.0010 | 0.35 | - | - | - | - |
SO_9BW | 43.42 | 55.69 | 67.86 | 5.17 | 53.27 | 49.70 | 47.45 | 0.0020 | 1.22 | - | - | - | - |
WO_5BW | 43.97 | 52.84 | 64.53 | 2.41 | 49.16 | 45.49 | 43.27 | 0.0050 | 0.78 | - | - | - | - |
WO_9BW | 43.07 | 54.27 | 65.39 | 5.47 | 52.29 | 49.41 | 47.56 | 0.0060 | 0.87 | - | - | - | - |
GO_5RW | 59.91 | 72.09 | 81.05 | 5.48 | 67.14 | 63.36 | 59.55 | 0.0110 | 1.00 | - | - | - | - |
GO_9RW | 58.25 | 72.31 | 82.02 | 7.78 | 70.45 | 64.76 | 63.21 | 0.0120 | 5.56 | - | - | - | - |
HO_5RW | 58.81 | 71.53 | 80.61 | 5.92 | 70.11 | 65.32 | 62.26 | 0.0160 | 2.61 | - | - | - | - |
HO_9RW | 54.19 | 72.56 | 81.95 | 14.09 | 75.17 | 68.75 | 67.20 | 0.0270 | 6.36 | - | - | - | - |
OL_5RW | 45.12 | 70.57 | 84.19 | 9.67 | 68.00 | 63.74 | 61.39 | 0.0080 | 1.71 | −58.51 | −50.41 | −41.65 | 24.38 |
OL_9RW | 44.04 | 70.50 | 84.56 | 14.77 | 69.51 | 62.66 | 61.38 | 0.0350 | 6.97 | −58.43 | −50.20 | −42.45 | 27.82 |
SO_5RW | 43.59 | 70.13 | 84.06 | 9.43 | 68.01 | 62.92 | 59.86 | 0.0020 | 1.38 | - | - | - | - |
SO_9RW | 43.34 | 70.42 | 83.27 | 17.82 | 70.92 | 65.70 | 62.79 | 0.0150 | 4.34 | - | - | - | - |
WO_5RW | 43.59 | 67.36 | 80.16 | 4.45 | 57.56 | 54.65 | 52.46 | 0.0001 | 0.53 | - | - | - | - |
WO_9RW | 42.99 | 71.01 | 82.81 | 21.27 | 73.97 | 66.72 | 65.07 | 0.0160 | 11.13 | - | - | - | - |
GO | - | - | - | - | −16.43 | −14.68 | −12.59 | 0.0010 | 0.19 | −53.28 | −36.01 | −31.80 | 7.39 |
HO | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
OL | - | - | - | - | −11.09 | −13.88 | −15.42 | 0.0020 | 1.23 | −40.68 | −48.84 | −58.54 | 29.97 |
SO | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
WO | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
BW | 34.68 | 67.28 | 83.91 | 185.05 | 67.53 | 60.49 | 59.34 | 0.0230 | 38.77 | - | - | - | - |
RW | 77.12 | 82.00 | 84.44 | 20.71 | 81.96 | 76.27 | 75.47 | 0.0030 | 55.12 | 61.12 | 57.69 | 47.29 | 20.44 |
Sample | Tonset (°C) | Tendset (°C) | Tfinal (°C) | ΔW (%) | Residue at 600 °C (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GO-5BW | 323.11 | 473.48 | 484.76 | 83.89 | 16.11 |
GO-9BW | 344.37 | 456.29 | 489.10 | 91.72 | 8.28 |
HO-5BW | 355.90 | 464.09 | 494.47 | 86.56 | 13.44 |
HO-9BW | 351.20 | 462.46 | 492.26 | 83.79 | 16.21 |
OL-5BW | 297.26 | 451.10 | 497.00 | 93.96 | 6.04 |
OL-9BW | 325.63 | 453.64 | 484.99 | 95.91 | 4.09 |
SO-5BW | 365.27 | 467.64 | 499.52 | 96.37 | 3.63 |
SO-9BW | 352.34 | 470.41 | 506.16 | 94.79 | 5.21 |
WO-5BW | 347.49 | 478.81 | 519.74 | 93.00 | 7.00 |
WO-9BW | 379.07 | 472.20 | 503.63 | 91.53 | 8.47 |
GO-5RW | 355.46 | 470.95 | 503.00 | 92.55 | 7.45 |
GO-9RW | 377.46 | 465.07 | 493.52 | 97.06 | 2.94 |
HO-5RW | 378.64 | 471.00 | 498.89 | 89.61 | 10.39 |
HO-9RW | 381.36 | 473.39 | 500.16 | 89.06 | 10.94 |
OL-5RW | 360.34 | 463.31 | 555.45 | 97.09 | 2.91 |
OL-9RW | 349.41 | 461.57 | 502.37 | 97.38 | 2.62 |
SO-5RW | 351.67 | 467.95 | 503.95 | 97.66 | 2.34 |
SO-9RW | 354.38 | 467.06 | 499.21 | 97.80 | 2.20 |
WO-5RW | 380.29 | 472.22 | 513.74 | 73.87 | 26.13 |
WO-9RW | 379.84 | 476.15 | 504.58 | 93.05 | 6.95 |
Sample | Hardness (g) | Springiness (%) | Stickiness (%) | Adhesiveness (g.s) | Cohesiveness (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GO-5BW | 30 de | 0.9 ab | −8.6 b | −2.3 a | 0.63 c |
HO-5BW | 26 fg | 0.9 ab | −9.81 b | −3.8 a | 0.56 c |
OL-5BW | 32 cd | 1.0 ab | −7.8 ab | −3.6 a | 0.55 d |
SO-5BW | 30 de | 0.8 b | −6.9 ab | −2.8 a | 0.47 ef |
WO-5BW | 29 def | 1.2 a | −9.8 b | −3.5 a | 0.42 f |
GO-9BW | 32 cd | 0.9 ab | −7.9 ab | −3.4 a | 0.88 a |
HO-9BW | 39 a | 1.1 ab | −8.6 b | −2.4 a | 0.82 a |
OL-9BW | 37 ab | 1.0 ab | −8.5 b | −3.2 a | 0.78 a |
SO-9BW | 31 cde | 1.0 ab | −9.2 b | −2.6 a | 0.84 a |
WO-9BW | 30 cd | 0.8 b | −9.7 b | −2.7 a | 0.77 ab |
GO-5RW | 36 ab | 1.2 a | −8.5 b | −3.1 a | 0.33 g |
HO-5RW | 26 fg | 1.0 ab | −8.6 b | −3.8 a | 0.52 de |
OL-5RW | 28 ef | 1.0 ab | −9.0 b | −2.9 a | 0.37 g |
SO-5RW | 24 gh | 0.8 b | −9.8 b | −3.4 a | 0.41 f |
WO-5RW | 26 fg | 0.8 b | −8.5 b | −3.6 a | 0.24 h |
GO-9RW | 36 ab | 0.9 ab | −8.6 b | −3.1 a | 0.67 ab |
HO-9RW | 32 cd | 0.9 ab | −9.9 b | −2.8 a | 0.42 f |
OL-9RW | 34 bc | 1.1 ab | −8.5 b | −2.3 a | 0.36 g |
SO-9RW | 36 ab | 1.2 a | −9.1 b | −2.4 a | 0.22 h |
WO-9RW | 30 de | 1.0 ab | −9.1 b | −2.9 a | 0.21 h |
F-value | 57.62 *** | 4.82 *** | 2.88 *** | 0.58 *** | 12.24 *** |
Sample | H’m (mm) | VT (mL) | VR (mL) | CR (VR/VT), % |
---|---|---|---|---|
DGO-5BW | 36.65 gh | 1250 cd | 1065 g | 88.32 ef |
DHO-5BW | 38.36 fgh | 1263 cd | 1096 b | 86.71 f |
DOL-5BW | 38,54 ef | 1131 fg | 1025 l | 90.64 cd |
DSO-5BW | 38.36 efg | 986 j | 941 q | 95.50 a |
DWO-5BW | 34.40 i | 1275 b | 1030 j | 80.80 h |
DGO-9BW | 37.84 efgh | 1117 g | 1043 i | 93.30 b |
DHO-9BW | 34.49 i | 1133 fg | 1013 n | 89.40 de |
DOL-9BW | 33.99 i | 1239 d | 1090 d | 88.05 ef |
DSO-9BW | 37.48 h | 1239 d | 1094 c | 88.32 ef |
DWO-9BW | 39.60 e | 1212 e | 1079 e | 89.10 de |
DGO-5RW | 45.21 a | 1117 g | 1043 i | 93.30 b |
DHO-5RW | 42.92 bcd | 905 k | 750 r | 82.93 g |
DOL-5RW | 44.51 ab | 1046 i | 985 o | 94.22 ab |
DSO-5RW | 42.20 d | 1236 d | 1074 f | 86.94 f |
DWO-5RW | 45.42 a | 1086 h | 1016 m | 93.63 b |
DGO-9RW | 42.44 cd | 1127 g | 1028 k | 91.22 c |
DHO-9RW | 44.23 abc | 1151 f | 1078 e | 90.81 cd |
DOL-9RW | 46.00 a | 1364 a | 1220 a | 88.02 ef |
DSO-9RW | 42.60 cd | 1209 d | 1062 h | 87.84 ef |
DWO-9RW | 42.62 cd | 1049 i | 982 p | 93.51 b |
F-value | 47.114 *** | 262.27 *** | 23,358.08 *** | 42.57 *** |
Samples | ST (min) | DDT (min) | C1 (N∙m) | C2 (N∙m) | C3 (N∙m) | C4 (N∙m) | C5 (N∙m) | C12 (N∙m) | C32 (N∙m) | C54 (N∙m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WF | 9.26 ± 0.05 g | 1.73 ± 0.05 i | 1.08 ± 0.03 ab | 0.48 ± 0.01 g | 1.73 ± 0.02 g | 2.20 ± 0.33 m | 4.43 ± 0.01 o | 0.59 ± 0.30 a | 1.24 ± 0.15 f | 2.23 ± 0.04 j |
WF-5SG | 9.68 ± 0.10 k | 1.57 ± 0.02 fgh | 1.10 ± 0.01 ab | 0.46 ± 0.01 efg | 1.59 ± 0.01 f | 1.58 ± 0.01 f | 2.84 ± 0.01 d | 0.62 ± 0.02 ab | 1.13 ± 0.02 f | 1.26 ± 0.01 de |
DGO-5BW | 9.56 ± 0.05 ijk | 1.12 ± 0.01 b | 1.13 ± 0.15 b | 0.45 ± 0.01 defg | 1.16 ± 0.02 e | 1.11 ± 0.01 d | 2.91 ± 0.01 h | 0.68 ± 0.17 bc | 0.70 ± 0.13 e | 1.79 ± 0.01 f |
DHO-5BW | 8.80 ± 0.10 f | 1.59 ± 0.02 gh | 1.07 ± 0.02 ab | 0.44 ± 0.05 cdefg | 1.05 ± 0.01 bcde | 1.59 ± 0.01 g | 2.87 ± 0.00 def | 0.64 ± 0.55 abc | 0.62 ± 0.54 bcde | 1.28 ± 0.01 e |
DOL-5BW | 9.66 ± 0.05 jk | 1.58 ± 0.02 fgh | 1.10 ± 0.01 ab | 0.46 ± 0.00 efg | 1.01 ± 0.01 bc | 1.66 ± 0.12 g | 2.81 ± 0.01 c | 0.65 ± 0.02 abc | 0.55 ± 0.01 b | 1.14 ± 0.01 b |
DSO-5BW | 9.66 ± 0.05 jk | 1.59 ± 0.02 gh | 1.09 ± 0.01 ab | 0.44 ± 0.02 bcdef | 1.10 ± 0.00 bcde | 1.06 ± 0.00 c | 2.98 ± 0.01 i | 0.65 ± 0.28 abc | 0.66 ± 0.23 bcde | 1.91 ± 0.01 i |
DWO-5BW | 9.70 ± 0.10 k | 1.58 ± 0.02 fgh | 1.10 ± 0.01 ab | 0.45 ± 0.00 efg | 1.01 ± 0.00 abc | 1.66 ± 0.00 gh | 2.80 ± 0.01 c | 0.65 ± 0.00 abc | 0.55 ± 0.01 b | 1.14 ± 0.01 b |
DGO-9BW | 9.60 ± 0.10 jk | 1.47 ± 0.02 de | 1.09 ± 0.01 ab | 0.42 ± 0.00 bcdef | 1.58 ± 0.00 f | 1.52 ± 0.01 e | 2.72 ± 0.02 b | 0.67 ± 0.00 abc | 1.15 ± 0.00 f | 1.20 ± 0.15 c |
DHO-9BW | 8.36 ± 0.05 e | 1.47 ± 0.02 de | 1.08 ± 0.01 ab | 0.41 ± 0.01 bcd | 1.12 ± 0.01 cde | 1.71 ± 0.12 j | 2.90 ± 0.01 gh | 0.68 ± 0.01 bc | 0.71 ± 0.02 e | 1.19 ± 0.01 c |
DOL-9BW | 9.76 ± 0.05 k | 0.88 ± 0.02 a | 1.08 ± 0.01 ab | 0.42 ± 0.01 bcdef | 2.22 ± 0.02 h | 2.16 ± 0.01 l | 2.66 ± 0.01 a | 0.66 ± 0.14 abc | 1.80 ± 0.37 g | 0.49 ± 0.01 a |
DSO-9BW | 4.30 ± 0.10 c | 1.49 ± 0.02 ef | 1.10 ± 0.01 ab | 0.40 ± 0.01 bc | 1.10 ± 0.01 bcde | 1.05 ± 0.01 c | 2.88 ± 0.01 defg | 0.70 ± 0.01 c | 0.70 ± 0.10 e | 1.82 ± 0.01 fg |
DWO-9BW | 7.13 ± 0.05 d | 1.37 ± 0.03 cd | 1.07 ± 0.04 ab | 0.46 ± 0.02 efg | 1.03 ± 0.00 bcd | 0.97 ± 0.02 b | 3.45 ± 0.02 k | 0.62 ± 0.60 ab | 0.57 ± 0.17 bc | 2.48 ± 0.25 l |
DGO-5RW | 9.33 ± 0.05 hi | 0.95 ± 0.02 a | 1.05 ± 0.03 a | 0.39 ± 0.02 b | 1.04 ± 0.01 bcd | 0.96 ± 0.01 b | 3.42 ± 0.02 j | 0.66 ± 0.15 abc | 0.65 ± 0.18 bcde | 2.45 ± 0.19 l |
DHO-5RW | 8.95 ± 0.07 f | 1.60 ± 0.00 e | 1.06 ± 0.01 a | 0.40 ± 0.00 bc | 1.06 ± 0.00 bcde | 1.58 ± 0.12 f | 2.87 ± 0.01 de | 0.66 ± 0.12 abc | 0.65 ± 0.00 bcde | 1.28 ± 0.01 e |
DOL-5RW | 3.70 ± 0.10 b | 1.20 ± 0.10 b | 1.13 ± 0.01 b | 0.31 ± 0.01 a | 1.03 ± 0.00 bcd | 1.87 ± 0.01 k | 4.15 ± 0.01 m | 0.83 ± 0.02 d | 0.72 ± 0.08 e | 2.27 ± 0.01 k |
DSO-5RW | 9.66 ± 0.05 jk | 1.50 ± 0.02 efg | 1.09 ± 0.03 ab | 0.44 ± 0.02 bcdef | 1.12 ± 0.02 cde | 0.98 ± 0.00 b | 2.85 ± 0.01 d | 0.65 ± 0.53 abc | 0.67 ± 0.13 cde | 1.86 ± 0.01 h |
DWO-5RW | 9.40 ± 0.10 hij | 1.45 ± 0.02 cde | 1.07 ± 0.02 ab | 0.43 ± 0.00 bcdef | 1.13 ± 0.01 de | 1.70 ± 0.01 hi | 2.95 ± 0.01 i | 0.64 ± 0.20 abc | 0.70 ± 0.01 e | 1.24 ± 0.01 de |
DGO-9RW | 10.93 ± 0.15 l | 5.72 ± 0.03 j | 1.08 ± 0.03 ab | 0.46 ± 0.01 efg | 0.90 ± 0.01 a | 0.86 ± 0.012 a | 4.29 ± 0.01 n | 0.62 ± 0.27 ab | 0.43 ± 0.10 a | 3.43 ± 0.01 m |
DHO-9RW | 7.40 ± 0.10 d | 5.73 ± 0.02 j | 1.10 ± 0.00 ab | 0.47 ± 0.00 fg | 2.46 ± 0.02 i | 2.38 ± 0.33 n | 3.59 ± 0.01 l | 0.64 ± 0.01 abc | 1.99 ± 0.00 h | 1.20 ± 0.01 c |
DOL-9RW | 9.83 ± 0.05 k | 1.35 ± 0.01 c | 1.05 ± 0.01 a | 0.43 ± 0.00 bcdef | 1.01 ± 0.00 ab | 0.97 ± 0.01 b | 2.80 ± 0.01 c | 0.63 ± 0.01 abc | 0.57 ± 0.01 bcd | 1.83 ± 0.01 gh |
DSO-9RW | 9.66 ± 0.15 k | 1.50 ± 0.02 efg | 1.07 ± 0.01 ab | 0.44 ± 0.01 bcdef | 1.03 ± 0.01 bcd | 0.98 ± 0.01 b | 2.85 ± 0.00 d | 0.63 ± 0.01 abc | 0.58 ± 0.01 bcd | 1.87 ± 0.01 h |
DWO-9RW | 2.66 ± 0.05 a | 0.93 ± 0.02 a | 1.08 ± 0.03 a | 0.42 ± 0.00 bcde | 1.10 ± 0.01 bcde | 1.67 ± 0.01 gh | 2.89 ± 0.01 efg | 0.64 ± 0.01 abc | 0.68 ± 0.01 de | 1.21 ± 0.01 cd |
Sample | Hardness (g) | Stickiness (%) | Adhesiveness (g.s) | Cohesiveness (%) | Springiness (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DGO_5BW | 772 j | −127.4 b | −1294 k | 38.4 e | 1 NS |
DHO_5BW | 729 p | −216 gh | −1453 l | 27.6 i | 1 NS |
DOL_5BW | 845 d | −203 e | −2145 p | 34.2 f | 1 NS |
DSO_5BW | 757 m | −128 b | −1876 n | 33.7 fg | 1 NS |
DWO_5BW | 763 l | −212 fg | −1022 j | 40.1 de | 1 NS |
DGO_9BW | 886 c | −124 ab | −890 g | 54.1 a | 1 NS |
DHO_9BW | 954 a | −236 ij | −789 d | 56.8 a | 1 NS |
DOL_9BW | 947 b | −236 j | −875 f | 47.5 b | 1 NS |
DSO_9BW | 821 e | −169 c | −987 i | 40.2 de | 1 NS |
DWO_9BW | 802 l | −209 ef | −908 h | 40.8 de | 1 NS |
DGO_5RW | 766 k | −189 d | −2765 r | 33.4 fg | 1 NS |
DHO_5RW | 751 n | −190 d | −2431 q | 30.7 ghi | 1 NS |
DOL_5RW | 804 g | −207 ef | −1899 o | 31.5 fgh | 1 NS |
DSO_5RW | 741 o | −221 h | −1765 m | 29.9 hi | 1 NS |
DWO_5RW | 75 2n | −216 gh | −2908 s | 27.6 i | 1 NS |
DGO_9RW | 780 l | −119 a | −679 b | 38.3 e | 1 NS |
DHO_9RW | 759 lm | −125 ab | −709 c | 38.7de | 1 NS |
DOL_9RW | 814 f | −208 ef | −814 e | 40.3 de | 1 NS |
DSO_9RW | 847 d | −230 i | −712 c | 44.3 bc | 1NS |
DWO_9RW | 794 h | −218 gh | −608 a | 41.9 cd | 1 NS |
F-value | 12,313.03 *** | 1301.50 *** | 1622 × 103 *** | 190.65 *** |
Dough Components for Fundamental Rheological Determination | Dough Components for Rheological Property Analysis during Fermentation | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flour, g | Salt, g | Water, mL | Oleogel, g | Flour, g | Salt, g | Yeast, g | Water, mL | Oleogel, g |
30 | 0.45 | 17.4 | 1.5 | 300 | 5 | 3 | 174 | 15 |
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Ropciuc, S.; Dranca, F.; Oroian, M.A.; Leahu, A.; Prisacaru, A.E.; Spinei, M.; Codină, G.G. Characterization of Beeswax and Rice Bran Wax Oleogels Based on Different Types of Vegetable Oils and Their Impact on Wheat Flour Dough Technological Behavior during Bun Making. Gels 2024, 10, 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10030194
Ropciuc S, Dranca F, Oroian MA, Leahu A, Prisacaru AE, Spinei M, Codină GG. Characterization of Beeswax and Rice Bran Wax Oleogels Based on Different Types of Vegetable Oils and Their Impact on Wheat Flour Dough Technological Behavior during Bun Making. Gels. 2024; 10(3):194. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10030194
Chicago/Turabian StyleRopciuc, Sorina, Florina Dranca, Mircea Adrian Oroian, Ana Leahu, Ancuţa Elena Prisacaru, Mariana Spinei, and Georgiana Gabriela Codină. 2024. "Characterization of Beeswax and Rice Bran Wax Oleogels Based on Different Types of Vegetable Oils and Their Impact on Wheat Flour Dough Technological Behavior during Bun Making" Gels 10, no. 3: 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10030194