Viscoelastic Reversibility of Carrageenan Hydrogels under Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear: Hybrid Carrageenans versus Blends
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Chemical-Physical Characteristics of Hybrid Carrageenans
2.2. LAOS Behavior: Strain Hardening versus Strain Softening
2.3. LAOS Reversibility
2.4. Effect of Salt
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Carrageenan Extraction and Characterization
4.3. Rheometry
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Samples | ι (mol.%) | ν and μ (mol.%) | κ (mol.%) | Mw (×106 g/mol) | Mw/Mn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
KIMN1 | 78 ± 0.4 | 17.9 ± 2.1 | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 1.17 | 2.1 |
KIMN2 | 27.6 ± 1.3 | 23.3 ± 1.7 | 49.1 ± 0.7 | 0.85 | 2.1 |
KIMN3 | 33.3 ± 0.1 | 20.5 ± 0.1 | 46.1 ± 0.3 | 0.82 | 4.2 |
KIMN4 | 16.2 ± 0.7 | 11.8 ± 2.9 | 72.0 ± 0.8 | 1.27 | 2.9 |
I | 92 ± 0.5 | b.s. 1 | 8.0 ± 0.5 | 0.90 | 4.7 |
K | b.s. 1 | b.s. 1 | 100 ± 0.5 | 1.13 | 2.7 |
Sample | G0 (Pa) | γC (%) a | γH (%) a | |γC − γH| (%) | γM (%) a | γF (%) a | σF (Pa) a | R (%) | G′max/G0 | G″max/G″0 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KIMN1 | 24.2 ± 0.6 | 39 ± 5 | 160 ± 10 | 121 ± 15 | 420 ± 30 | 480 ± 32 | 73.5 ± 0.5 | 90 c | 1.9 | 6.3 |
KIMN2 | 24 ± 11 | 7.0 ± 0.7 | 39 ± 5 | 32 ± 5.7 | 45 ± 6 | 108 ± 7 | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 53 | 2.2 | 3.4 |
KIMN3 | 24.9 ± 1.1 | 8.0 ± 2.0 | 29.5 ± 0.5 | 21.5 ± 2.5 | 45 ± 6 | 124 ± 8 | 3.6 ± 0.3 | 33 | 1.6 | 3.5 |
KIMN4 | 1164 ± 84 | 7.7 ± 1.1 | 11.6 ± 1.6 | 3.9 ± 2.7 | 12 ± 2 | 174± 22 | 9 ± 1 | 14 | 1.1 | 2.5 |
K | 21,545 ± 1415 | 3.2 ± 2.2 | n.a b | n.a b | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 77 ± 10 | 116 ± 10 | 11 | n.a b | 2.9 |
I | 116.3 ± 4.6 | 39 ± 5 | 119 ± 3 | 89 ± 8 | 230 ± 30 | 245 ± 15 | 173 ± 10 | 100 | 1.6 | 13.5 |
K+I | 7232 ± 297 | 10.1 ± 1.1 | n.a b | n.a b | 20 ± 3 | 520 ± 40 | 145 ± 10 | 7 | n.a b | 1.8 |
Sample | G0 (Pa) | γC (%) a | γH (%) a | |γC − γH|(%) | γM (%) a | γF (%) a | σF (Pa) a | R (%) | G′max/G0 | G″max/G″0 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KIMN1 | 41 ± 3 | 14 ± 1 | 14 ± 1 | 0 ± 2 | 95 ± 10 | 185 ± 15 | 21 ± 2 | 80 | 1.04 | 1.8 |
KIMN4 | 285 ± 5 | 12.5 ± 2.5 | 40 ± 5 | 27.5 ± 7.5 | 88 ± 12 | 230 ± 30 | 127 ± 10 | 18 | 1.6 | 2.4 |
K | 665 ± 15 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | n.a. b | n.a. b | 7.7 ± 1.1 | >512 | >59 | 17 | n.a. b | 1.1 |
I | 95 ± 10 | 61 ± 30 | 85 ± 5 | 24 ± 35 | 15 ± 7 | 245 ± 15 | 55 ± 2 | n.a. b | 1.05 | 6 |
K+I | 159 ± 1 | 17.8 ± 1.6 | 64.5 ± 7.5 | 82.3 ± 9.1 | 145 ± 10 | 235 ± 30 | 48 ± 10 | 81 c | 1.4 | 2.1 |
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Moraes, I.C.F.; Hilliou, L. Viscoelastic Reversibility of Carrageenan Hydrogels under Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear: Hybrid Carrageenans versus Blends. Gels 2024, 10, 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10080524
Moraes ICF, Hilliou L. Viscoelastic Reversibility of Carrageenan Hydrogels under Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear: Hybrid Carrageenans versus Blends. Gels. 2024; 10(8):524. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10080524
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoraes, Izabel Cristina Freitas, and Loic Hilliou. 2024. "Viscoelastic Reversibility of Carrageenan Hydrogels under Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear: Hybrid Carrageenans versus Blends" Gels 10, no. 8: 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10080524