Tandem Osmotic Engine Based on Hydrogel Particles with Antipolyelectrolyte and Polyelectrolyte Effect Fuelled by Both Salinity Gradient Modes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Design of Study
2.2. Characterization
2.3. Performance of Combined Salinity Gradient Engine
2.4. Effect of Crosslinking Density on Energy Recovery
2.5. Effect of Zwitterionic Polymeric Backbone
2.6. Performance of SBE@SPA Hydrogel Engine towards Different Loads
2.7. Energy Recovery from the Osmotic Engines of Two Different Assemblies
2.8. Reusability of the Polyelectrolyte and Antipolyelectrolyte over Cycles
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Hydrogel Particles Sample Preparation
3.3. Characterization
3.4. Salinity Gradient Engine Setup
3.5. Calculation of Energy Recovery and Power Generation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Code | CD | BIS (mol %) | DSDI (g g−1) | DS(3.6 wt% NaCl) (g g−1) | DSNaCl/DSDI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SBE-1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 6.6 | 13.2 | 2.0 |
SBE-3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 5.2 | 8.4 | 1.6 |
SBAm-3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.7 | 11.7 | 3.2 |
SPA | NA | NA | 182.0 | 59.4 | 0.3 |
Sample Code | EWC (%) | Wtf (%) | Wnf (%) |
---|---|---|---|
SBE-1.5 | 84.7 | 51.6 | 33.1 |
SBE-3.0 | 80.8 | 45.8 | 35 |
SBAm-3.0 | 82.0 | 41.6 | 40.4 |
SPA | 99.4 | 90.6 | 8.8 |
Connection | Load (kPa) | (W × 10−6) | E, 1 h (J × 103) | , 1 kg (mW kg−1) | E, 1 h, 1 kg (J kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A-SBE@SPA | 2.1 | 1.72 ± 0.02 | 6.11 ± 0.05 | 76.81 ± 0.04 | 275.89 ± 0.32 |
B-SPA@SBE | 2.1 | 1.52 ± 0.01 | 5.33 ± 0.03 | 65.72 ± 0.02 | 274.20 ± 0.08 |
Connection Setup | Sample Code | Particle Size of Sulfobetaine Hydrogel (µm) | Load (kPa) | (W × 10−6) | E, 1 h (J × 10−3) | , 1 kg (mW kg−1) | E, 1 h, 1 kg (J kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | [email protected] | 500 | 1.2 | 1.42 ± 0.02 | 5.13 ± 0.06 | 56.32 ± 0.07 | 202.93 ± 0.12 |
A | [email protected] | 500 | 2.1 | 2.41 ± 0.06 | 8.51 ± 0.21 | 78.33 ± 0.12 | 281.09 ± 0.44 |
A | [email protected] | 500 | 3.0 | 3.74 ± 0.05 | 13.39 ± 0.17 | 161.61 ± 0.09 | 581.14 ± 0.35 |
A | [email protected] | 700 | 1.2 | 1.19 ± 0.02 | 4.43 ± 0.04 | 55.94 ± 0.02 | 201.28 ± 0.08 |
A | [email protected] | 700 | 2.1 | 1.72 ± 0.02 | 6.11 ± 0.05 | 76.81 ± 0.04 | 275.89 ± 0.32 |
A | [email protected] | 700 | 3.0 | 2.48 ± 0.01 | 8.82 ± 0.03 | 159.04 ± 0.02 | 571.24 ± 0.07 |
A | [email protected] | 700 | 1.2 | 1.03 ± 0.01 | 3.62 ± 0.03 | 55.63 ± 0.02 | 200.21 ± 0.06 |
A | [email protected] | 700 | 2.1 | 1.79 ± 0.06 | 6.44 ± 0.23 | 77.52 ± 0.14 | 278.18 ± 0.49 |
A | [email protected] | 700 | 3.0 | 3.04 ± 0.05 | 10.63 ± 0.09 | 160.53 ± 0.05 | 577.03 ± 0.20 |
A | [email protected] | 500 | 3.0 | 13.53 ± 0.15 | 48.84 ± 0.54 | 186.31 ± 0.38 | 670.04 ± 1.37 |
Connection | Sample Code | Article Size of Sulfobetaine Hydrogel (µm) | Load (kPa) | (W × 10−6) | E, 1 h (J × 10−3) | , 1 kg (mW kg−1) | E, 1 h, 1 kg (J kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | [email protected] | 500 | 3.0 | 3.74 ± 0.05 | 13.39 ± 0.17 | 161.61 ± 0.09 | 581.14 ± 0.35 |
A | [email protected] | 500 | 3.0 | 13.53 ± 0.15 | 48.84 ± 0.54 | 186.31 ± 0.38 | 670.04 ± 1.37 |
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Padmanabhan, A.C.; Han, D.S.; Zavahir, S.; Tkac, J.; Kasak, P. Tandem Osmotic Engine Based on Hydrogel Particles with Antipolyelectrolyte and Polyelectrolyte Effect Fuelled by Both Salinity Gradient Modes. Gels 2021, 7, 232. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7040232
Padmanabhan AC, Han DS, Zavahir S, Tkac J, Kasak P. Tandem Osmotic Engine Based on Hydrogel Particles with Antipolyelectrolyte and Polyelectrolyte Effect Fuelled by Both Salinity Gradient Modes. Gels. 2021; 7(4):232. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7040232
Chicago/Turabian StylePadmanabhan, Anjali Cheeramthodi, Dong Suk Han, Sifani Zavahir, Jan Tkac, and Peter Kasak. 2021. "Tandem Osmotic Engine Based on Hydrogel Particles with Antipolyelectrolyte and Polyelectrolyte Effect Fuelled by Both Salinity Gradient Modes" Gels 7, no. 4: 232. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7040232