Recent Research on Hybrid Hydrogels for Infection Treatment and Bone Repair
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Hybrid Hydrogels with Inorganic Antibacterial Agents for Infected Bone Repair
2.1. Hydrogels with Metal Nanomaterials
2.2. Light-Mediated Inorganic Antibacterial Hydrogels
3. Hybrid Hydrogels with Organic Antibacterial Agents for Infected Bone Repair
3.1. Hybrid Hydrogels with Organic Antibacterial Agents
3.2. Hybrid Hydrogels with Metal-Organic Frameworks
3.3. Light-Mediated Organic Antibacterial Hydrogels
4. Hybrid Hydrogels with Natural Antibacterial Agents for Bone Defect Repair
4.1. Hybrid Hydrogels with Microorganism Origin Natural Antibacterial Agents
4.2. Hybrid Hydrogels with Plant Origin Natural Antibacterial Agents
4.3. Hybrid Hydrogels with Animal Origin Natural Antibacterial Agents
5. Hydrogels with the Inherent Antibacterial Ability for Bone Defect Repair
6. Summary and Challenges
Category | Representative Agent | Antibacterial Mechanism | Effect on Bone Repair | Advantages | Disadvantages | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hydrogels with metal nanomaterials | AgNPs | Attach onto the cell wall and membrane, damage intracellular biomolecules and structures | Promote the expression and mineralization of osteogenic proteins, alter microRNA expression associated with bone formation | Broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, stimulate bone growth | Long-term use produces multidrug-resistant bacteria and is difficult to biodegrade | [51,195] |
Light-mediated inorganic antibacterial nanoparticle hybrid hydrogels | rGO | Mechanical breakage of the cell membrane results in intracellular substance leakage | Promote cell proliferation and differentiation | Do not elicit bacterial resistance | Low photothermal conversion efficiency, non-biodegradable nature | [196,197] |
Hydrogels with organic antibacterial agent | Quaternary ammonium salts | Binding to the cell membrane, bacteria lysis | Promote more osteogenic differentiation | Can be used as a modification factor | Short-term functionality, environmental toxicity, rapid antimicrobial resistance, and skin penetration | [96,97,198] |
Hydrogel with MOFs | ZIF-8 | Synergistic action, such as Zn2+ and ligand release, ROS production, photothermal effect | Activate the ERK pathway primarily, activates MAPK signaling eventually, and promotes the osteogenesis of rBMSCs | Can be used as carriers and have electrostatic interaction with negatively charged bacterial cells | Excess metal ions may be harmful to host tissues | [112,199] |
Light-mediated organic antibacterial agent hybrid hydrogels | ICG | Combination of PTT and PDT to kill bacteria through ROS generation and thermal ablation | Increase ALP activity and enhanced mineralization of osteoblasts | Water-soluble, very low cytotoxicity | Rapid clearance from the body, instability in aqueous solutions, an photobleaching | [200,201,202,203,204,205] |
Hydrogels with microorganisms origin natural antibacterial agents | Doxycycline | Interfere with prokaryotic protein synthesis at the ribosome level | Promote by low concentration, but inhibit by high concentration | Broad-spectrum antibacterial drug | Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, toxic to mammalian cells | [140,141,206] |
Hydrogels with plant origin natural antibacterial agents | Cur | Target the bacterial DNA, protein, cell membrane, cell wall, and other biological components | Enhance osteoblast proliferation, and induce osteogenesis-related gene expression | Wide sources and good biodegradability | Poor solubility and bioavailability | [149,150,151,155] |
Hydrogels with animal origin natural antibacterial agents | LL37 | Induce membrane rupture | Enhance proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and block bone resorption | Broad-spectrum activity against | Insufficient antimicrobial activities or unstable antimicrobial activities | [176,207,208] |
Hydrogels with inherent self-antibacterial ability | CS | Disrupt cytomembrane structure, cellular energy metabolism, and protein synthesis | Up-regulate genes associated with calcium binding and mineralization | Environmentally friendly agent and cytocompatibility | Limited bacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria | [209,210] |
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cao, M.; Liu, C.; Li, M.; Zhang, X.; Peng, L.; Liu, L.; Liao, J.; Yang, J. Recent Research on Hybrid Hydrogels for Infection Treatment and Bone Repair. Gels 2022, 8, 306. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8050306
Cao M, Liu C, Li M, Zhang X, Peng L, Liu L, Liao J, Yang J. Recent Research on Hybrid Hydrogels for Infection Treatment and Bone Repair. Gels. 2022; 8(5):306. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8050306
Chicago/Turabian StyleCao, Mengjiao, Chengcheng Liu, Mengxin Li, Xu Zhang, Li Peng, Lijia Liu, Jinfeng Liao, and Jing Yang. 2022. "Recent Research on Hybrid Hydrogels for Infection Treatment and Bone Repair" Gels 8, no. 5: 306. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8050306