Ginger Essential Oil as an Active Addition to Composite Chitosan Films: Development and Characterization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Chemical Components of GEO
2.2. Chemical Composition of Chitosan
2.3. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
2.4. Thermal Properties of Chitosan Films
2.5. X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
2.6. Antimicrobial Activity
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Extraction of GEO
GC-MS Characterization of GEO
4.3. Chitosan Preparation
4.4. Determination of Chemical Composition
4.5. Antimicrobial Film Preparation
4.6. Film Characterization
4.6.1. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
4.6.2. Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) Analysis
4.6.3. X-ray Diffraction Analysis
4.7. Antimicrobial Activity of BioActive Films
4.8. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Components | RT/min | % |
---|---|---|
α-Pinene | 5.510 | 4.69 |
Camphene | 5.925 | 15.07 |
α-Phellandrene | 6494 | 0.23 |
β-Pinene | 6.590 | 0.77 |
β-Myrcene | 7.018 | 2.03 |
Eucalyptol | 8.191 | 19.36 |
Norborneol | 12.18 | 4.47 |
α-Terpineol | 12.84 | 1.97 |
β-Bisabolene | 15.03 | 11.52 |
Cineol | 14.14 | 9.18 |
Lemomol | 14.53 | 0.63 |
Borneol | 15.23 | 0.33 |
α-Curcumene | 20.29 | 1.25 |
α-Zingiberene | 20.70 | 9.58 |
α-Farnesene | 20.93 | 1.81 |
Terpinolene | 20.97 | 1.21 |
γ-Elemene | 21.20 | 0.71 |
β-Sequiphellandrene | 21.35 | 3.31 |
Zingiberone | 21.93 | 0.45 |
Nerolidol | 22.26 | 0.29 |
Spathulenol | 22.57 | 0.59 |
Globulol | 22.74 | 0.48 |
Elemol | 23.85 | 0.46 |
Β-Selinenol | 24.49 | 1.42 |
Geraniol | 25.25 | 0.57 |
Geranialdehyde | 26.04 | 0.29 |
6-Gingerol | 26.40 | 0.15 |
Samples | Parameters (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Moisture | Ash | Protein | |
Shrimp shell | 44.25 ± 2.21 | 31.40 ± 3.11 | 33.57 ± 2.87 |
Chitosan | 6.89 ± 1.21 | 1.48 ± 1.92 | 3.72 ± 1.89 |
Characteristics | Film Samples | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
CH (a) | CHf/GEO 0.1% (b) | CHf/GEO 0.2% (c) | CHf/GEO 0.3% (d) | |
∆H(J/g) | 69.01 | 104.16 | 181.55 | 526.02 |
Tm | 88.51 | 275.11 | 280.21 | 260.01 |
Ton | 279.55 | 186.71 | 180.42 | 188.24 |
Tp | 314.03 | 281.81 | 274.53 | 245.79 |
Bacterial Strains | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CHf with GEO % | Escherichia coli 015:H7 | Staphylococcus aureus | Salmonella sp. | Bacillus subtilis | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Streptococcus sp. |
inhibition zone (mm) | ||||||
Control | 8.81 ± 0.00 a | 11.44 ± 0.11 a | 9.77 ± 0.360 a | 12.80 ± 0.006 a | 10.72 ± 0.008 a | 11.38 ± 0.010 a |
0.1% | 9.02 ± 0.01 b | 12.62 ± 0.00 b | 11.84 ± 0.017 b | 14.66 ± 0.005 b | 13.27 ± 0.008 b | 15.25 ± 0.00 b |
0.2% | 11.38 ± 0.01 c | 14.91 ± 0.005 c | 12.57 ± 0.008 c | 15.26 ± 0.021 c | 13.36 ± 0.015 b | 15.44 ± 0.015 b |
0.3% | 13.11 ± 0.02 d | 17.35 ± 0.01 d | 14.95± 0.017 d | 17.52 ± 0.008 d | 14.90 ± 0.012 c | 18.35 ± 0.012 c |
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Al-Hilifi, S.A.; Al-Ali, R.M.; Petkoska, A.T. Ginger Essential Oil as an Active Addition to Composite Chitosan Films: Development and Characterization. Gels 2022, 8, 327. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8060327
Al-Hilifi SA, Al-Ali RM, Petkoska AT. Ginger Essential Oil as an Active Addition to Composite Chitosan Films: Development and Characterization. Gels. 2022; 8(6):327. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8060327
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Hilifi, Sawsan Ali, Rawdah Mahmood Al-Ali, and Anka Trajkovska Petkoska. 2022. "Ginger Essential Oil as an Active Addition to Composite Chitosan Films: Development and Characterization" Gels 8, no. 6: 327. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8060327